柴油芳烃选择性开环反应的研究
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摘要
芳烃选择性开环是提高柴油十六烷值的有效途径。Y分子筛由于其具有可调变酸性以及其独特的孔道结构,被广泛应用在催化裂化、加氢裂化和异构化等石油炼制过程中,特别是在柴油馏分芳烃加氢开环反应中得到广泛的研究。本文以Y型分子筛为载体,以Pd-Pt为活性组分,研究了十氢萘开环反应性能。
本文通过改变离子交换程度制备了一系列具有不同酸量的催化剂,以十氢萘作为探针分子,研究了不同酸量的催化剂上的选择性开环反应以及酸性对产物分布的影响。采用了NH3-TPD、XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,酸性位是十氢萘发生选择性开环反应的活性位,酸性位越多对反应越有利;另一方面酸性对产物分布有影响,十氢萘开环的裂解产物与强酸中心有直接的关联,开环反应和异构反应主要是在中强酸位上进行的,因此要达到较高的开环产物的选择性,则需要考虑催化剂酸性的分布情况,单纯提高催化剂的酸量是行不通的。
对比研究了以NaY,NH4Y,HY作为载体,通过离子交换的方法负载活性组分Pd-Pt,以十氢萘的开环反应为模型反应,考察了载体酸性,负载金属以及制备方法对开环活性以及产物分布的影响。采用了NH3-TPD、XRD、AAS以及CO吸附等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,载体酸量的差别影响了金属在载体表面的分散度,从而影响了催化剂的开环活性,而且适中的酸量是对催化剂的开环活性有利的;贵金属与载体表面酸性存在着相互作用,贵金属的加入大大提高了催化剂的开环活性以及开环产物的选择性;催化剂制备程序的不同使得金属的分散度不同,从而影响了催化剂的开环活性及产物分布。
Selective ring opening reaction of aromatics was an effective way to enhance the cetane numbers of diesel. Y zeolites can be widely used in the catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and the ring opening of decalin for its adjustable acid and zeolite topology. In this work, palladium-platinum catalysts supported on Y zeolite were prepared by ion exchange method and the ring opening activity was investigated.
A series of HY zeolites with varying degrees of ion exchanges was prepared to study the acid functions to the activity of selective ring opening and the products distribution. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, temperature programmed desorption of NH3. It was found that the acid site was the activity site of the ring opening of the decalin and more acid site can achieve higher activity. In addition, the acidity can also influence the distribution of the products. The cracking product can be achieved on the strong acid sites, while the ring opening and isomerization was obtained on the middle strong acid sites. In order to get high selectivity of the ring opening products, it was useless to increase the density of the acid sites.
Palladium-platinum catalysts supported on NaY,NH4Y and HY were prepared by ion exchange method. XRD, NH3-TPD, AAS and CO chemisorption were employed to characterize the catalyst. It was shown that the acid amount of the support can influence the activity of the catalysts, while the moderate acid amount favored the selectivity ring opening reaction. The activity of the catalysts and the selectivity of the SRO were increased for the interaction between the metal and the acid sites. The process of the preparation can also influence the activity of the catalysts and the distribution of the products.
本文通过改变离子交换程度制备了一系列具有不同酸量的催化剂,以十氢萘作为探针分子,研究了不同酸量的催化剂上的选择性开环反应以及酸性对产物分布的影响。采用了NH3-TPD、XRD等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,酸性位是十氢萘发生选择性开环反应的活性位,酸性位越多对反应越有利;另一方面酸性对产物分布有影响,十氢萘开环的裂解产物与强酸中心有直接的关联,开环反应和异构反应主要是在中强酸位上进行的,因此要达到较高的开环产物的选择性,则需要考虑催化剂酸性的分布情况,单纯提高催化剂的酸量是行不通的。
对比研究了以NaY,NH4Y,HY作为载体,通过离子交换的方法负载活性组分Pd-Pt,以十氢萘的开环反应为模型反应,考察了载体酸性,负载金属以及制备方法对开环活性以及产物分布的影响。采用了NH3-TPD、XRD、AAS以及CO吸附等手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,载体酸量的差别影响了金属在载体表面的分散度,从而影响了催化剂的开环活性,而且适中的酸量是对催化剂的开环活性有利的;贵金属与载体表面酸性存在着相互作用,贵金属的加入大大提高了催化剂的开环活性以及开环产物的选择性;催化剂制备程序的不同使得金属的分散度不同,从而影响了催化剂的开环活性及产物分布。
Selective ring opening reaction of aromatics was an effective way to enhance the cetane numbers of diesel. Y zeolites can be widely used in the catalytic cracking, hydrocracking and the ring opening of decalin for its adjustable acid and zeolite topology. In this work, palladium-platinum catalysts supported on Y zeolite were prepared by ion exchange method and the ring opening activity was investigated.
A series of HY zeolites with varying degrees of ion exchanges was prepared to study the acid functions to the activity of selective ring opening and the products distribution. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, temperature programmed desorption of NH3. It was found that the acid site was the activity site of the ring opening of the decalin and more acid site can achieve higher activity. In addition, the acidity can also influence the distribution of the products. The cracking product can be achieved on the strong acid sites, while the ring opening and isomerization was obtained on the middle strong acid sites. In order to get high selectivity of the ring opening products, it was useless to increase the density of the acid sites.
Palladium-platinum catalysts supported on NaY,NH4Y and HY were prepared by ion exchange method. XRD, NH3-TPD, AAS and CO chemisorption were employed to characterize the catalyst. It was shown that the acid amount of the support can influence the activity of the catalysts, while the moderate acid amount favored the selectivity ring opening reaction. The activity of the catalysts and the selectivity of the SRO were increased for the interaction between the metal and the acid sites. The process of the preparation can also influence the activity of the catalysts and the distribution of the products.
引文
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[2] Cooper B H, Donnis B B L. Aromatic saturation of distillates: an overview. Appl Catal A: General, 1996, 137: 203~223
[3] Song C. An overview of new approaches to deep desulfurization for ultra-clean gasoline, diesel fuel and jet fuel. Catal Today, 2003, 86: 211~263
[4] Mester Z C. Trends in diesel fuel sulfur regulations. Preprints, 2000, 45: 681~682
[5] Okamaoto Y, Breysse M, Dhar G M. Effect of support in hydrotreating catalysis for ultra clean fuels. Catal Today, 2003, 86: 1~3
[6] Suchanek A J. Catalytic routes to low-aromatics diesel look promising. Oil Gas J, 1990, 88: 109~119
[7] Arribas M A, Corma A, Diaz-Cabanas M J, et al. Hydrogenation and ring opening of tetralin over bifunctional catalysts based on the new ITQ-21 zeolite. Appl Catal A: General, 2004, 273: 277~286
[8] Breysse M, Djega-Mariadassou G, Pessayre S, et al. Deep desulfurization: reactions, catalysts and technological challenges. Catal Today, 2003, 4: 129~138
[9] Santikunaporn M, Herrera J E, Jongpatiwut S. Ring opening of decalin and tetralin on HY and Pt/HY zeolit catalysts. J Catal, 2004, 228: 100~113
[10] McVicker G B, Daage M, Touvelle M S, et al. Selective ring opening of naphthenic molecules. J Catal, 2002, 210: 137~148
[11] Corma A, Gonzalez-Alfaro V, Orchilles A V. Decalin and tetralin as probe molecules for cracking and hydrotreating the light cycle oil. J Catal, 2001, 200: 34~44
[12] Jacquin M, Jones D J, Roziere J, et al. Novel supported Rh, Pt, Ir and Ru mesoporous aluminosilicates as catalysts for the hydrogenation of naphthalene. Appl Catal A: General, 2003, 251: 131~141
[13] Albertazzi S, Busca G, Finocchio E, et al. New Pd/Pt on Mg/Al basic mixed oxides for the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of naphthalene. J Catal, 2004, 223: 372~381
[14] Quesada D E, Robles J M, Torres P M, et al. Hydrogenation and ring opening of tetralin on supported nickel zirconium-doped mesoporous silica catalysts. Influence of the nickel precursor. Langmuir, 2003, 19: 4985~4991
[15] Arribas M A, Martinez A. The influence of zeolite acidity for the coupled hydrogenation and ring opening of 1-methylnaphthalene on Pt/USY catalysts. Appl Catal A: General, 2002, 230: 203~217
[16] Arribas M A, Concepcion P, Martinez A. The role of metal sites during the coupled hydrogenation and ring opening of tetralin on bifunctional Pt(Ir)/USY catalysts. Appl Catal A: General, 2004, 267: 111~119
[17] Kubicka D, Kumar N, Arvela P M, et al. Ring opening of decalin over zeolites.I, Activity and selectivity of proton-form zeolites. J Catal, 2004, 222: 65~79
[18] Kubicka D, Kumar N, Arvela P M, et al. Ring opening of decalin over zeolites. II. Activity and selectivity of platinum-modified zeolites. J Catal, 2004, 227: 313~327
[19] Castellon E R, Robles J M, Diaz, et al. Hydrogenation and ring opening of tetralin on noble metal supported on zirconium doped mesoporous silica catalysts. Appl Catal A: General, 2004, 260: 9~18
[20]李清华,柳云骐,刘春英,环烷烃分子在贵金属催化剂上的开环化学规律研究,分子催化,2004,18:475~480
[21]胡志海,石玉林,史建文等,劣质催化裂化柴油加氢改质技术的开发及工业应用,石油炼制与化工,2000,31:6~9
[22] Weitkemp J, Ernst S. Large pore molecular sieves: Chapter 5 catalytic test reactions for probing the pore width of large and super-large pore molecular sieves. Catal Today, 1994, 19: 107~149
[23] Song C S, Schmitz A D. Zeolite-supported Pd and Pt catalysts for low-temperature hydrogenation of naphthalene in the absence and presence of benzothiophene. Energy and Fuels, 1997, 11: 656~661
[24] Walter C G, Coq B, Figueras F, et al. Competitive reaction of methylcyclohexane and n-hexane over alumina-supported platinum, iridium and ruthenium catalysts. Appl Catal A: General, 1995, 133: 95~102
[25] Rabo J A, Schomaker V, Pickert P E. Sulfur-resistant isomerization catalyst: study of atomic platinum dispersions on a zeolite support. In: Sachtler W M H, Schuit G C A, Zwietering P, eds. Proc 3rd Int Cong catal. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1965. 1264~1276
[26] Dalla Betta R A, Boudart M. Well-dispersed platinum on Y zeolite: preparation and catalystic acitivity . In: Hightower J W, ed. Proc 5th Int Cong Catal. Amsterdant: North Holland, 1973. 1329~1341
[27] Dauns H, Ernst S, Weitkamp J. The influence of hydrogen sulfide in hydrocracking of n-dodecane over palladium/faujasite catalysts. In: Murakami Y, Iijima A, Ward J W, eds. New developments in zeolite science and technology: proceedings of the 7th international zeolite conference. Amsterdam: Elsevier,1986.787~794
[28] de Mallmann A, Barthomeuf D. Correlation between benzene hydrogenation activity and zeolite basicity in Pt-faujasites. J Chim Phys, 1990, 87: 535~538
[29] Figueras F, Gomez R, Primet M. Adsorption and catalytic properties of palladium Supported by silica, alumina, magnesia, and amorphous and crystalline silica-aluminas In: Meier W M, Uytterhoeven J B, eds. Molecular Sieves. Washington: American Chemical Society, 1973. 480~489
[30] Webber R S, Boudart M. Electron deficiency in platinum clusters supported on Y-zeolites. In: Bourdon J, ed. Growth and properties of metal clusters. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980. 415~420
[31] Sachtler W M H, Stakheev A Y, Electron-deficient palladium clusters and bifunctional sites in zeolites. Catal Today, 1992, 12: 283~295
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