优秀击剑运动员肌力特点、有氧、无氧能力及赛前机能状态研究
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摘要
研究目的:研究优秀击剑运动员等动肌力特征、各剑种有氧、无氧能力差别和不同剑种赛后血乳酸、血清CK、血BU的变化,在赛前训练中对运动员运动能力和机能状态进行评定与监控,为击剑训练实践提供理论依据,为大赛创造优异成绩奠定基础。
研究对象:国家击剑队备战2008奥运会集训队员26名,其中男子重剑运动员4名,男子花剑运动员5名,女子重剑运动员5名,女子花剑运动员4名,女子佩剑4名运动员,男子佩剑4名运动员,运动等级均为国际健将级运动员。其中20名运动员获第29届奥运会参赛资格。
研究方法:
1.等动肌力测试:采用IsoMed2000型等动测试仪,分别在集训前和训练后分别测定2次,测试等动向心峰力矩,双侧髋关节、膝关节、踝关节屈伸测试速度分别为60o/s和240o/s;躯干屈伸测试速度为60o/s;持剑手肩关节屈伸测试速度分别为60o/s和180o/s,肘关节屈伸、腕关节内收/外展(腕关节内旋90o)测试速度分别为60o/s和240o/s。
2.比赛心率、血乳酸及血清CK、BU测定:个人赛时测试运动员每场比赛场上心率,每场比赛结束均测定血乳酸,赛前、赛后和次日晨测定CK和BU。
3.有氧、无氧能力测定:在集训开始阶段对6个剑种运动员最大摄氧量与WAnT无氧功率进行测定,分析不同剑种运动员在有氧能力、ATP-CP供能和糖酵解供能能力方面的差别。
4.机能评定:集训开始阶段、训练前和大赛前分别进行3次最大摄氧量和WAnT测试;赛前训练中,每周一清晨、空腹测定Hb、CK和BUN,集训开始阶段、训练前和大赛前分别测定T、C。
研究结果:
1.等动肌力
下肢:击剑运动员左右腿在等动测试时表现出典型的不对称,在男子更加明显。前后腿髋关节屈伸肌群峰力矩差异显著(p<0.05),双腿伸肌群峰力矩显著大于屈肌,快速时前后腿髋关节伸肌群峰力矩差别更加明显(p<0.05);男运动员双侧膝关节屈肌群峰力矩差别显著(p<0.05),伸肌群差别更加显著(p<0.05),在快速下膝关节伸肌仍具显著差别(p<0.05);前腿踝关节屈伸肌群峰力矩明显大于后腿(p<0.05)。下肢三关节肌群等动肌力特点,无剑种差别(p>0.05);
上肢与躯干:持剑手肩关节伸肌在快速时较屈肌峰力矩增加更多,伸肌更适合等张向心工作,屈/伸比值在正常范围;持剑手肘关节,在慢速和快速测试时屈肌峰力矩均显著低于伸肌,伸肌更适合快速工作;腕关节在持剑位,总体为内收肌群峰力矩小于外展肌群,重剑运动员内收肌群在慢速时显著高于花剑( p<0.05),快速时男花外展肌群显著高于男重(p<0.05),快速时内收/外展峰力矩比值重剑显著高于花剑(p<0.05);击剑运动员躯干伸肌力量较强而屈肌力量薄弱。
2.有氧能力、无氧能力及比赛代谢特征
在半决赛和决赛时运动员赛后血乳酸显著高于之前场次(p<0.05),1/16比赛男女运动员赛后血乳酸为接近半决赛(p>0.05),1/4赛后血乳酸在所有场次中最低,显著低于半决赛和决赛(p<0.05);同性别不同剑种心率分布比较,男运动员在90%-100%HRmax分布从高到低依次为男重、男花和男佩;女运动员从高到低依次为女花、女重和女佩(p<0.05);赛后CK、BU均显著高于安静状态(p<0.01),男运动员显著高于女运动员(p<0.05),经过12小时的恢复后,次日晨运动员CK、BU均未恢复到安静状态(p<0.01)。
最大摄氧量花剑运动员最高,而女佩最低(p<0.05);WAnT测试,峰功率男佩显著高于男重和男花组(p<0.05);平均功率男花和男佩显著高于男重(p<0.05);功率衰减率分别为男佩、男重和男花(p<0.05)。女运动员中,峰功率并无显著差别,平均功率女花显著高于其他两组(p<0.05),功率衰减率女佩最高(p<0.05)。
3.赛前训练机能评定
大赛前除男子重剑运动员最大摄氧量有所降低外,其他各组运动员最大摄氧量均显著高于基础值(p<0.05);大赛前各组运动员WAnT测试峰功率与平均功率均显著高于基础值(p<0.05);躯干屈肌群峰力矩在60°/s均有增加趋势,但无显著差异(p>0.05),伸肌群显著增加(p<0.05);腕关节在持剑位下60°/s男女运动员腕关节内收肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),男运动员腕关节外展肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),女运动员腕内收/外展峰力矩比值显著增加(p<0.01);240°/s男运动员腕关节内收、外展肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),女运动员仅内收肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),腕内收/外展峰力矩比值男女均显著增加(p<0.05);运动员双侧踝关节、膝关节屈伸肌群在60°/s、240°/s时均有所增加,但无显著差异。
运动员整个训练阶段Hb均呈现为先降后升的趋势。其中,男花、男重运动员Hb在训练第2和第3周达到本阶段最低值(p<0.05),女花、女重运动员在训练第一周后Hb显著降低(p<0.05),女重运动员在随后的第2-第3周Hb基本保持不变,至赛前2周回升到训练前水平;女花在第2周Hb回升,其后无显著变化。
运动员CK的总体变化趋势为先升高后回降。在训练第一周后CK显著升高,在训练第2、第3周分别达峰值,第4周尚未恢复到训练前水平,在大赛前2周男重、女花CK仍显著高于训练前水平(p<0.05);男运动员BU在第2、第3周达峰值,男花在第4周恢复到训练前水平(p<0.05);男重在第4周和大赛前2周BU仍显著升高(p<0.05);女花第2、第3周达峰值,在第4周和大赛前2周与训练前无显著差异(p>0.05);女重在整个训练阶段BU虽有升高趋势但与训练前无显著差异(p>0.05),在大赛前2周BU达最高水平(p<0.05)。
男重运动员睾酮基础值显著高于其他剑种,女花显著高于女佩运动员(p<0.05),皮质醇测试结果中,男运动员之间无显著差异(p>0.05)。男重睾酮3次测定均无显著差别(p>0.05),男花在训练前和大赛前有升高趋势,但3次比较无显著差异(p>0.05);女重、女花训练前、大赛前2周显著高于基础状态(p<0.05);运动员皮质醇水平在训练前显著高于基础值,大赛前2周男重、男花皮质醇与基础无显著差异,女重、女花大赛前2周显著高于基础(p<0.05)。
研究结论:
1.击剑运动员下肢关节等动肌力不对称,力量的分布与击剑步伐用力一致,不存在剑种差别,可能是击剑项目的专项特征之一;上肢持剑手肩关节、肘关节与击剑刺动作关系密切;在持剑位腕关节内收、外展肌群不同剑种差别显著,可能是击剑项目专项特征之一;髋关节伸肌群、股后肌群、踝背伸肌群和躯干屈肌群可能是击剑运动员的薄弱肌群;
2.击剑运动是无氧供能为主导的项目;不同剑种运动员对有氧和无氧供能能力要求可能不同,运动员在ATP-CP系统、糖酵解系统供能能力和有氧能力的要求可能存在剑种差别;
3.针对性体能训练显著改善运动员有氧能力和无氧能力,运动员躯干屈伸肌群、手腕内收、外展力量改善明显;整个训练期,Hb、CK、BU发生了显著变化,CK对运动强度敏感,Hb、BU对运动量敏感;赛前2周T维持在较高水平,而C有所升高,教练员对运动负荷的控制适宜。
Background: Fencing was a unique sport, and this was reflected in the unusual patterns of musculoskeletal development possessed by fencers. It was one of the few sports in which the lower, as well as the upper, body becomed grossly asymmetrical in muscular development. Though three weapons were used in fencing, footwork actions were similar in combat. The physical demands of fencing competition were high; aerobic and anaerobic energy mechanisms might be specified in fencers for difference in rules, techanic and tactis models. Studies on above were very scarce or even non-existent.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the iskinetics strength, metabolic characteristics in competition, difference in aerbic and anaerobic capacity between weapons and monitor performance and functional status before important competition. Furthermore, the results of these evaluations were used to adjust training in an attempt to keep fencers at good condition, and provid theoretical support for training practice. Subjects: The subjects for this study consisted of 26 members of the 2008 China Olympic fencing squad. Each of the three fencing weapons was respensted; 4 men and 5 women used epee, 5 men and 4 women foil, 4 men and 4 women sabre. All subjects were international ranks, 20 of whom obtained the qualification for 2008 Olymipcs late.
Methods:
To test muscle forces, an IsoMed 2000 iskinetic dynamometry was used to assess the muscle performance. Bilateral legs’flexors and extensors concentric peak torques were measured including hips, knees and ankles at 60o/s and 240o/s; flexor and extensor PT of domiant upper limb’s shoulder was tested at 60o/s and 180o/s; elbow and wrist adduction/audition at 60o/s and 240o/s, tunk was accessed at 60o/s. Muscle strength tests were performed twice separately before and after training stage.
To estimate anaerobic and aerobic capacity, maximal oxygen uptake was tested on treadmill and 30s Wingate test was conductd thrice respectively before training, during training session, and after training stage.
During national fencing competition, heart rate, blood lactate concentrations assessed during direct elimination bouts and finals; the levels of creatine kinase and blood urea were tested at rest, immediately and the morning after competition.
To monitor functional status of fencers in pre-competition period, hemoglobin, serum creatine kinase and blood urea were tested every Monday monring on empty-stomach state; serum testosterone and plasma cortisol concentrations were assessed thrice before camp, in training period and after training stage respectively.
Results:
1. Isokinetic strength
Lower extremity: dynamic forces in fencers trail and leading leg showed a typical asymmetry, especially in men. Bilateral leg muscle forces of hip flexors and extensors were significantly different (p<0.05), extensor strength were significantly greater than flexors in both legs, forces of hip extensor differed more obviously at fast speed (p<0.05); Bilateral knee flexors strength was different significantly in men (p<0.05), more significant differences in extensors (p<0.05), knee extensor still significant different (p<0.05) under fast speed; ankle flexion and extension forces in leading leg was greater than in trialing leg (p<0.05). Muscle strength characteristics in three joints of lower extremities in fencers were not weapon-dependent (p>0.05);
Trunk and dominant upper extremity: dominant shoulder extensor force increased more than flexor at fast speed, extensor was more suitable for concentric contract, F/E ratio in normal range; flexor forces were significantly lower than extensor in dominant elbow at slow and fast test, extensor more suitable for fast contract; wrist abductor strength was overall less than auditor muscles at sword-holding postion, epee fencers’adductors were significantly high than in the foil at slow speed (p <0.05), while auditor of men’s foil fencers was significantly higher than men’s epee at fast speed (p <0.05), foil’s adductor/auditor ratio was significantly higher than epee at fast speed (p <0.05); trunk extensor strength in fencers was strong and flexor was weak.
2. Metabolic characteristic and pre-competition performance
Duiring national fenceing competition, blood lactate concentration (BLA) in semi-finals and finals were significantly higher than the other bouts (p<0.05); BLA in 1/16 qualification bouts were near semi-finals and finals (p>0.05); BLA of quarter-finals, in the lowest, differed significantly with semi-finals and finals (p<0.05). Heart rate in 90%-100%HRmax in combat were epee, foil and saber in men; and foil, epee and foil in women (p<0.05) from high to low. Blood creatine kinase and BU after competition were significantly higher than that at rest (p<0.01), and did not return to rest levels 12 hours after competition (p<0.01).
Maximal oxygen uptake of foil was the highest, while women sabre the lowest (p<0.05); WAnT peak power of men’s sabre fencers was significantly higher than foil and epee (p<0.05); average power of men’s foil and sabre were significantly higher than men’s epee group (p<0.05); power decrease were sabre, epee and foil fencers in man (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in peak power between women groups, average power of women’s foil was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05), the highest power decrease was sabre fencers in female groups (p<0.05).
3. Monitor functional status in pre-competition training
In addition, men's epee had lower maximal oxygen uptake before competition, the other groups were significantly higher than basic value (p<0.05); peak power and average power in each groups before competition were significantly higher than basic value (p<0.05); trunk flexor peaks torque at 60°/s trended to be increase, but had no significant difference (p>0.05), trunk extensor increased significantly (p<0.05);
At sword-holding position under 60°/s wrist adductor peak torque increased significantly for men and women fencers (p<0.05), wrist auditor peak torque increased significantly in men fencers (p<0.05), wrist adductor/auditor ratio increased significantly in women fencers (p<0.01); at 240°/s men fencers wrist adductor and auditor peak torque increased significantly (p<0.05), only a significant increase in adductor muscle PT in women fencers (p<0.05), wrist adductor/auditor PT ratio ratio increased significantly for both men and women (p<0.05); fencers bilateral ankle, knee flexor and extensor at 60°/s, 240°/s increased in both leg, however, no significant difference.
Throughout the training stage Hb showed going up following by falling. Among them, Hb of men’s foil, men’s eppe at the 2nd and 3rd weeks reached the lowest levels in this stage (p<0.05), Hb of women’s foil and epee showed significant drop after the 1st week (p<0.05), women’s epee’Hb in the subsequent two and three weeks remained unchanged, and returned to the pre-training level two weeks before the Olympics; women’foil’Hb rised in the second week followed by no significant changes.
The overall changes of CK in fencers trended to drop after increase. CK increased significantly after the 1st week of training, in the training of second and thrid 3 weeks reached peak value respectively, and still did not return to the level before training at the fourth week. Two weeks before the competition in men’s epee and women’s foil groups, CK still significantly higher than pre-training levels (p<0.05); men’BU reached peak value at the second and third weeks, BU of men’s foil returned to pre-training level in the fourth week (p<0.05); men’s epee shown markable increase in BU at the fourth week and two weeks before competition (p<0.05); BU reached the peak at the 2nd and 3rd weeks of training, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) at the fourth week and two weeks before competition; BU of women’s epee elevated in the training stage but no significant difference between each stages (p>0.05), two weeks before competition their BU reached the highest level (p<0.05).
Basic value of men’testosterone in epee was significantly higher than the others, foil fencers’was the highest in women groups (p<0.05); for cortisol test results, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between male groups. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in testosterone of men’s epee fencers for 3 tests, testosterone trended to increase in men’s foil before competition, no significant difference was found in 3 times (p>0.05); epee, foil fencers testosterone level before training and two weeks before competition in female was significantly higher than the basic level (p<0.05); the level of cortisol before training was significantly higher than the basic value, men’epee and foil fencers’level two weeks before competition were not significant change compared with basic value; cortisol in female, significant higher cortisol level were found 2 weeks before competition when compared with the basic (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
1. The bilateral lower limbs in isokinetic forces of fencers were asymmetries, the specificites of strength was closely related to fencing step actions; muscle strength in the dominant upper limb’s shoulder, elbows were interrelated with fencing touch; there were siginficant difference in wrist strength of adductor and auditor under sword-holding position between fencers used different weapons. The weak muscles of elite fencers were hip extensor, hamstring muscles, ankle extensor and trunk flexor.
2. Fencing was a typical anaerobic energy supply events, as glycolysis for the main energy pathway in fencing. The specificity of metabolic supply was different between weapons in ATP-CP system, glycolysis system; the requirements in aerobic and anaerobic capacity were different between weapons.
3. Specific physical training significantly improved aerobic and anaerobic capacity, trunk muscle strength in flexors and extensors, wrist adductor and auditors improved significantly; in the training period, Hb, CK and BU changed dramatically, CK was sensitive to intensity, Hb, BU sensitive to load; two weeks before 2008 Olympics, fencers’T was at high level, and C had increased, work loads was properly under coaches’control.
研究对象:国家击剑队备战2008奥运会集训队员26名,其中男子重剑运动员4名,男子花剑运动员5名,女子重剑运动员5名,女子花剑运动员4名,女子佩剑4名运动员,男子佩剑4名运动员,运动等级均为国际健将级运动员。其中20名运动员获第29届奥运会参赛资格。
研究方法:
1.等动肌力测试:采用IsoMed2000型等动测试仪,分别在集训前和训练后分别测定2次,测试等动向心峰力矩,双侧髋关节、膝关节、踝关节屈伸测试速度分别为60o/s和240o/s;躯干屈伸测试速度为60o/s;持剑手肩关节屈伸测试速度分别为60o/s和180o/s,肘关节屈伸、腕关节内收/外展(腕关节内旋90o)测试速度分别为60o/s和240o/s。
2.比赛心率、血乳酸及血清CK、BU测定:个人赛时测试运动员每场比赛场上心率,每场比赛结束均测定血乳酸,赛前、赛后和次日晨测定CK和BU。
3.有氧、无氧能力测定:在集训开始阶段对6个剑种运动员最大摄氧量与WAnT无氧功率进行测定,分析不同剑种运动员在有氧能力、ATP-CP供能和糖酵解供能能力方面的差别。
4.机能评定:集训开始阶段、训练前和大赛前分别进行3次最大摄氧量和WAnT测试;赛前训练中,每周一清晨、空腹测定Hb、CK和BUN,集训开始阶段、训练前和大赛前分别测定T、C。
研究结果:
1.等动肌力
下肢:击剑运动员左右腿在等动测试时表现出典型的不对称,在男子更加明显。前后腿髋关节屈伸肌群峰力矩差异显著(p<0.05),双腿伸肌群峰力矩显著大于屈肌,快速时前后腿髋关节伸肌群峰力矩差别更加明显(p<0.05);男运动员双侧膝关节屈肌群峰力矩差别显著(p<0.05),伸肌群差别更加显著(p<0.05),在快速下膝关节伸肌仍具显著差别(p<0.05);前腿踝关节屈伸肌群峰力矩明显大于后腿(p<0.05)。下肢三关节肌群等动肌力特点,无剑种差别(p>0.05);
上肢与躯干:持剑手肩关节伸肌在快速时较屈肌峰力矩增加更多,伸肌更适合等张向心工作,屈/伸比值在正常范围;持剑手肘关节,在慢速和快速测试时屈肌峰力矩均显著低于伸肌,伸肌更适合快速工作;腕关节在持剑位,总体为内收肌群峰力矩小于外展肌群,重剑运动员内收肌群在慢速时显著高于花剑( p<0.05),快速时男花外展肌群显著高于男重(p<0.05),快速时内收/外展峰力矩比值重剑显著高于花剑(p<0.05);击剑运动员躯干伸肌力量较强而屈肌力量薄弱。
2.有氧能力、无氧能力及比赛代谢特征
在半决赛和决赛时运动员赛后血乳酸显著高于之前场次(p<0.05),1/16比赛男女运动员赛后血乳酸为接近半决赛(p>0.05),1/4赛后血乳酸在所有场次中最低,显著低于半决赛和决赛(p<0.05);同性别不同剑种心率分布比较,男运动员在90%-100%HRmax分布从高到低依次为男重、男花和男佩;女运动员从高到低依次为女花、女重和女佩(p<0.05);赛后CK、BU均显著高于安静状态(p<0.01),男运动员显著高于女运动员(p<0.05),经过12小时的恢复后,次日晨运动员CK、BU均未恢复到安静状态(p<0.01)。
最大摄氧量花剑运动员最高,而女佩最低(p<0.05);WAnT测试,峰功率男佩显著高于男重和男花组(p<0.05);平均功率男花和男佩显著高于男重(p<0.05);功率衰减率分别为男佩、男重和男花(p<0.05)。女运动员中,峰功率并无显著差别,平均功率女花显著高于其他两组(p<0.05),功率衰减率女佩最高(p<0.05)。
3.赛前训练机能评定
大赛前除男子重剑运动员最大摄氧量有所降低外,其他各组运动员最大摄氧量均显著高于基础值(p<0.05);大赛前各组运动员WAnT测试峰功率与平均功率均显著高于基础值(p<0.05);躯干屈肌群峰力矩在60°/s均有增加趋势,但无显著差异(p>0.05),伸肌群显著增加(p<0.05);腕关节在持剑位下60°/s男女运动员腕关节内收肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),男运动员腕关节外展肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),女运动员腕内收/外展峰力矩比值显著增加(p<0.01);240°/s男运动员腕关节内收、外展肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),女运动员仅内收肌群峰力矩显著增加(p<0.05),腕内收/外展峰力矩比值男女均显著增加(p<0.05);运动员双侧踝关节、膝关节屈伸肌群在60°/s、240°/s时均有所增加,但无显著差异。
运动员整个训练阶段Hb均呈现为先降后升的趋势。其中,男花、男重运动员Hb在训练第2和第3周达到本阶段最低值(p<0.05),女花、女重运动员在训练第一周后Hb显著降低(p<0.05),女重运动员在随后的第2-第3周Hb基本保持不变,至赛前2周回升到训练前水平;女花在第2周Hb回升,其后无显著变化。
运动员CK的总体变化趋势为先升高后回降。在训练第一周后CK显著升高,在训练第2、第3周分别达峰值,第4周尚未恢复到训练前水平,在大赛前2周男重、女花CK仍显著高于训练前水平(p<0.05);男运动员BU在第2、第3周达峰值,男花在第4周恢复到训练前水平(p<0.05);男重在第4周和大赛前2周BU仍显著升高(p<0.05);女花第2、第3周达峰值,在第4周和大赛前2周与训练前无显著差异(p>0.05);女重在整个训练阶段BU虽有升高趋势但与训练前无显著差异(p>0.05),在大赛前2周BU达最高水平(p<0.05)。
男重运动员睾酮基础值显著高于其他剑种,女花显著高于女佩运动员(p<0.05),皮质醇测试结果中,男运动员之间无显著差异(p>0.05)。男重睾酮3次测定均无显著差别(p>0.05),男花在训练前和大赛前有升高趋势,但3次比较无显著差异(p>0.05);女重、女花训练前、大赛前2周显著高于基础状态(p<0.05);运动员皮质醇水平在训练前显著高于基础值,大赛前2周男重、男花皮质醇与基础无显著差异,女重、女花大赛前2周显著高于基础(p<0.05)。
研究结论:
1.击剑运动员下肢关节等动肌力不对称,力量的分布与击剑步伐用力一致,不存在剑种差别,可能是击剑项目的专项特征之一;上肢持剑手肩关节、肘关节与击剑刺动作关系密切;在持剑位腕关节内收、外展肌群不同剑种差别显著,可能是击剑项目专项特征之一;髋关节伸肌群、股后肌群、踝背伸肌群和躯干屈肌群可能是击剑运动员的薄弱肌群;
2.击剑运动是无氧供能为主导的项目;不同剑种运动员对有氧和无氧供能能力要求可能不同,运动员在ATP-CP系统、糖酵解系统供能能力和有氧能力的要求可能存在剑种差别;
3.针对性体能训练显著改善运动员有氧能力和无氧能力,运动员躯干屈伸肌群、手腕内收、外展力量改善明显;整个训练期,Hb、CK、BU发生了显著变化,CK对运动强度敏感,Hb、BU对运动量敏感;赛前2周T维持在较高水平,而C有所升高,教练员对运动负荷的控制适宜。
Background: Fencing was a unique sport, and this was reflected in the unusual patterns of musculoskeletal development possessed by fencers. It was one of the few sports in which the lower, as well as the upper, body becomed grossly asymmetrical in muscular development. Though three weapons were used in fencing, footwork actions were similar in combat. The physical demands of fencing competition were high; aerobic and anaerobic energy mechanisms might be specified in fencers for difference in rules, techanic and tactis models. Studies on above were very scarce or even non-existent.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the iskinetics strength, metabolic characteristics in competition, difference in aerbic and anaerobic capacity between weapons and monitor performance and functional status before important competition. Furthermore, the results of these evaluations were used to adjust training in an attempt to keep fencers at good condition, and provid theoretical support for training practice. Subjects: The subjects for this study consisted of 26 members of the 2008 China Olympic fencing squad. Each of the three fencing weapons was respensted; 4 men and 5 women used epee, 5 men and 4 women foil, 4 men and 4 women sabre. All subjects were international ranks, 20 of whom obtained the qualification for 2008 Olymipcs late.
Methods:
To test muscle forces, an IsoMed 2000 iskinetic dynamometry was used to assess the muscle performance. Bilateral legs’flexors and extensors concentric peak torques were measured including hips, knees and ankles at 60o/s and 240o/s; flexor and extensor PT of domiant upper limb’s shoulder was tested at 60o/s and 180o/s; elbow and wrist adduction/audition at 60o/s and 240o/s, tunk was accessed at 60o/s. Muscle strength tests were performed twice separately before and after training stage.
To estimate anaerobic and aerobic capacity, maximal oxygen uptake was tested on treadmill and 30s Wingate test was conductd thrice respectively before training, during training session, and after training stage.
During national fencing competition, heart rate, blood lactate concentrations assessed during direct elimination bouts and finals; the levels of creatine kinase and blood urea were tested at rest, immediately and the morning after competition.
To monitor functional status of fencers in pre-competition period, hemoglobin, serum creatine kinase and blood urea were tested every Monday monring on empty-stomach state; serum testosterone and plasma cortisol concentrations were assessed thrice before camp, in training period and after training stage respectively.
Results:
1. Isokinetic strength
Lower extremity: dynamic forces in fencers trail and leading leg showed a typical asymmetry, especially in men. Bilateral leg muscle forces of hip flexors and extensors were significantly different (p<0.05), extensor strength were significantly greater than flexors in both legs, forces of hip extensor differed more obviously at fast speed (p<0.05); Bilateral knee flexors strength was different significantly in men (p<0.05), more significant differences in extensors (p<0.05), knee extensor still significant different (p<0.05) under fast speed; ankle flexion and extension forces in leading leg was greater than in trialing leg (p<0.05). Muscle strength characteristics in three joints of lower extremities in fencers were not weapon-dependent (p>0.05);
Trunk and dominant upper extremity: dominant shoulder extensor force increased more than flexor at fast speed, extensor was more suitable for concentric contract, F/E ratio in normal range; flexor forces were significantly lower than extensor in dominant elbow at slow and fast test, extensor more suitable for fast contract; wrist abductor strength was overall less than auditor muscles at sword-holding postion, epee fencers’adductors were significantly high than in the foil at slow speed (p <0.05), while auditor of men’s foil fencers was significantly higher than men’s epee at fast speed (p <0.05), foil’s adductor/auditor ratio was significantly higher than epee at fast speed (p <0.05); trunk extensor strength in fencers was strong and flexor was weak.
2. Metabolic characteristic and pre-competition performance
Duiring national fenceing competition, blood lactate concentration (BLA) in semi-finals and finals were significantly higher than the other bouts (p<0.05); BLA in 1/16 qualification bouts were near semi-finals and finals (p>0.05); BLA of quarter-finals, in the lowest, differed significantly with semi-finals and finals (p<0.05). Heart rate in 90%-100%HRmax in combat were epee, foil and saber in men; and foil, epee and foil in women (p<0.05) from high to low. Blood creatine kinase and BU after competition were significantly higher than that at rest (p<0.01), and did not return to rest levels 12 hours after competition (p<0.01).
Maximal oxygen uptake of foil was the highest, while women sabre the lowest (p<0.05); WAnT peak power of men’s sabre fencers was significantly higher than foil and epee (p<0.05); average power of men’s foil and sabre were significantly higher than men’s epee group (p<0.05); power decrease were sabre, epee and foil fencers in man (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in peak power between women groups, average power of women’s foil was significantly higher than the other groups (p<0.05), the highest power decrease was sabre fencers in female groups (p<0.05).
3. Monitor functional status in pre-competition training
In addition, men's epee had lower maximal oxygen uptake before competition, the other groups were significantly higher than basic value (p<0.05); peak power and average power in each groups before competition were significantly higher than basic value (p<0.05); trunk flexor peaks torque at 60°/s trended to be increase, but had no significant difference (p>0.05), trunk extensor increased significantly (p<0.05);
At sword-holding position under 60°/s wrist adductor peak torque increased significantly for men and women fencers (p<0.05), wrist auditor peak torque increased significantly in men fencers (p<0.05), wrist adductor/auditor ratio increased significantly in women fencers (p<0.01); at 240°/s men fencers wrist adductor and auditor peak torque increased significantly (p<0.05), only a significant increase in adductor muscle PT in women fencers (p<0.05), wrist adductor/auditor PT ratio ratio increased significantly for both men and women (p<0.05); fencers bilateral ankle, knee flexor and extensor at 60°/s, 240°/s increased in both leg, however, no significant difference.
Throughout the training stage Hb showed going up following by falling. Among them, Hb of men’s foil, men’s eppe at the 2nd and 3rd weeks reached the lowest levels in this stage (p<0.05), Hb of women’s foil and epee showed significant drop after the 1st week (p<0.05), women’s epee’Hb in the subsequent two and three weeks remained unchanged, and returned to the pre-training level two weeks before the Olympics; women’foil’Hb rised in the second week followed by no significant changes.
The overall changes of CK in fencers trended to drop after increase. CK increased significantly after the 1st week of training, in the training of second and thrid 3 weeks reached peak value respectively, and still did not return to the level before training at the fourth week. Two weeks before the competition in men’s epee and women’s foil groups, CK still significantly higher than pre-training levels (p<0.05); men’BU reached peak value at the second and third weeks, BU of men’s foil returned to pre-training level in the fourth week (p<0.05); men’s epee shown markable increase in BU at the fourth week and two weeks before competition (p<0.05); BU reached the peak at the 2nd and 3rd weeks of training, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) at the fourth week and two weeks before competition; BU of women’s epee elevated in the training stage but no significant difference between each stages (p>0.05), two weeks before competition their BU reached the highest level (p<0.05).
Basic value of men’testosterone in epee was significantly higher than the others, foil fencers’was the highest in women groups (p<0.05); for cortisol test results, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between male groups. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in testosterone of men’s epee fencers for 3 tests, testosterone trended to increase in men’s foil before competition, no significant difference was found in 3 times (p>0.05); epee, foil fencers testosterone level before training and two weeks before competition in female was significantly higher than the basic level (p<0.05); the level of cortisol before training was significantly higher than the basic value, men’epee and foil fencers’level two weeks before competition were not significant change compared with basic value; cortisol in female, significant higher cortisol level were found 2 weeks before competition when compared with the basic (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
1. The bilateral lower limbs in isokinetic forces of fencers were asymmetries, the specificites of strength was closely related to fencing step actions; muscle strength in the dominant upper limb’s shoulder, elbows were interrelated with fencing touch; there were siginficant difference in wrist strength of adductor and auditor under sword-holding position between fencers used different weapons. The weak muscles of elite fencers were hip extensor, hamstring muscles, ankle extensor and trunk flexor.
2. Fencing was a typical anaerobic energy supply events, as glycolysis for the main energy pathway in fencing. The specificity of metabolic supply was different between weapons in ATP-CP system, glycolysis system; the requirements in aerobic and anaerobic capacity were different between weapons.
3. Specific physical training significantly improved aerobic and anaerobic capacity, trunk muscle strength in flexors and extensors, wrist adductor and auditors improved significantly; in the training period, Hb, CK and BU changed dramatically, CK was sensitive to intensity, Hb, BU sensitive to load; two weeks before 2008 Olympics, fencers’T was at high level, and C had increased, work loads was properly under coaches’control.
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