仿生·动态·可持续
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摘要
建筑适应气候一直是建筑领域研究与实践的追求，随着几十年的智能建筑和表皮技术的不断发展，促使建筑与建筑表皮逐渐具有了整合智能、动态和可持续特征的可能性。本课题基于“生物气候适应机制对研究思路的技术创新性”提出这样的研究假设：从仿生学的思路出发，将生物气候适应性的特征，从自然模型的层面上转移到建筑可持续层面的建筑表皮设计中；同时，面向未来城市、建筑空间和人的互动性趋势发展，将界面的动态特征融合其中，最终形成“仿生性的动态建筑表皮（Bio-inspired Kinetic Envelopes）”。无论是作为设计思路，抑或是理论体系，该研究都可以为建筑领域提供一个崭新的和极具特色的发展方向。
本课题的研究围绕仿生设计、动态建筑和可持续设计三个主题展开，并采用BIM建筑信息模型的参数化设计作为整合三个主题的核心研究方法。全文共分七章，从导论一章的提出问题，确定研究的思路和假设，过渡到第二章相关表皮、动态建筑和仿生三个内容的基本理论阐述，为本课题研究提供基本的理论支持，而后的研究主体内容基本上按照如下“问题的启发设计”（Human problem-driveninspired design）的研究思路展开：1）定义研究对象（第三章动态建筑及动态建筑表皮的类型研究和实验探索，以及第五章建筑表皮与建筑能耗的关联性研究）；2）重构研究问题（第四章中生物与建筑表皮在气候适应性上的对应）；3）探索相关生物系统（第四章中生物气候适应性的各类系统分析和整理）；4）提炼生物启发设计的逻辑应用模型（第四章中生物气候适应性的模型分析和启发设计框架）；5）实验性应用（第六章基于BIM参数化方法的仿生动态建筑表皮实验性设计）。在这其中，实验性应用的研究过程是通过一个具体实例和生物模型展开，其主要作用在于对整个思路和架构的示例，以及对仿生性动态建筑表皮设计的思路总结。
第七章结论中重申了课题的核心成果，包括动态建筑和动态建筑表皮的类型及其特征、生物气候适应性的启发设计框架、以气候适应为目标的建筑表皮和能耗之间的变量结构关系、BIM建筑信息模型的参数化方法、仿生性动态建筑表皮设计与发展的三维空间体系五个内容。
There has been long a pursuit in architecture to make buildings respond to climate.Over the past decades, the development of intelligent building and envelopetechnologies has promised opportunities that buildings and envelopes are able to besmart, kinetic and sustainable. Based on the innovation nature of biologicalacclimatization related to climate, the research conducted through bio-inspired designmethods proposes that: natural models’ acclimatization can be translated to buildingenvelopes design aiming at building sustainability. In the tendency of interactivearchitecture and urban environments, this translation can be combined with kineticfeatures and in turn shape―Bio-inspired Kinetic Envelopes‖. The research presents aninnovative and unique insight into architecture at the level of both design methods andtheories.
The research focuses on three main issues——bio-inspired design, kineticarchitecture and sustainable design, and integrates these three topics by a newresearch method related to BIM (Building Information Modeling) parametric design.This dissertation includes seven chapters. The first chapter proposes questions anddefines the research hypothesis. The second chapter about literature reviews embracesthe issues of building envelope, kinetic architecture and bio-inspired design, and itprovides the theory foundation to this study. The following three chapters areaccording to the processes of bio-inspired design:1) Defines the research subjects(typology study and exploration on kinetic architecture and kinetic envelope in theThird Chapter, and study on the energy transfer from building envelopes in the FifthChapter);2) Reframes the problems (the analogy study between biology and buildingenvelopes in the Fourth Chapter);3) Biological solutions search (analysis andcollections on biological models related to acclimatization in the Fourth Chapter);4)Principle extraction from acclimatization (bio-inspired design frameworks fromnatural models in the Fourth Chapter);5) Experimental application (design process ofbio-inspired kinetic building envelopes by using the BIM parametric method in theSixth Chapter). Among this process, the experimental application is through a designcase study related to specific biological model, which aims at establishing the wholestructure of research and generalizing the design process of bio-inspired kineticenvelopes. The final chapter restate the research results including the typology of kineticarchitecture and envelopes, the design framework inspired by biologicalacclimatization, the energy transfer and distributions from building envelopes, theBIM parametric method, the3D model representation of the design and thedevelopment of the bio-inspired kinetic building envelope.
本课题的研究围绕仿生设计、动态建筑和可持续设计三个主题展开，并采用BIM建筑信息模型的参数化设计作为整合三个主题的核心研究方法。全文共分七章，从导论一章的提出问题，确定研究的思路和假设，过渡到第二章相关表皮、动态建筑和仿生三个内容的基本理论阐述，为本课题研究提供基本的理论支持，而后的研究主体内容基本上按照如下“问题的启发设计”（Human problem-driveninspired design）的研究思路展开：1）定义研究对象（第三章动态建筑及动态建筑表皮的类型研究和实验探索，以及第五章建筑表皮与建筑能耗的关联性研究）；2）重构研究问题（第四章中生物与建筑表皮在气候适应性上的对应）；3）探索相关生物系统（第四章中生物气候适应性的各类系统分析和整理）；4）提炼生物启发设计的逻辑应用模型（第四章中生物气候适应性的模型分析和启发设计框架）；5）实验性应用（第六章基于BIM参数化方法的仿生动态建筑表皮实验性设计）。在这其中，实验性应用的研究过程是通过一个具体实例和生物模型展开，其主要作用在于对整个思路和架构的示例，以及对仿生性动态建筑表皮设计的思路总结。
第七章结论中重申了课题的核心成果，包括动态建筑和动态建筑表皮的类型及其特征、生物气候适应性的启发设计框架、以气候适应为目标的建筑表皮和能耗之间的变量结构关系、BIM建筑信息模型的参数化方法、仿生性动态建筑表皮设计与发展的三维空间体系五个内容。
There has been long a pursuit in architecture to make buildings respond to climate.Over the past decades, the development of intelligent building and envelopetechnologies has promised opportunities that buildings and envelopes are able to besmart, kinetic and sustainable. Based on the innovation nature of biologicalacclimatization related to climate, the research conducted through bio-inspired designmethods proposes that: natural models’ acclimatization can be translated to buildingenvelopes design aiming at building sustainability. In the tendency of interactivearchitecture and urban environments, this translation can be combined with kineticfeatures and in turn shape―Bio-inspired Kinetic Envelopes‖. The research presents aninnovative and unique insight into architecture at the level of both design methods andtheories.
The research focuses on three main issues——bio-inspired design, kineticarchitecture and sustainable design, and integrates these three topics by a newresearch method related to BIM (Building Information Modeling) parametric design.This dissertation includes seven chapters. The first chapter proposes questions anddefines the research hypothesis. The second chapter about literature reviews embracesthe issues of building envelope, kinetic architecture and bio-inspired design, and itprovides the theory foundation to this study. The following three chapters areaccording to the processes of bio-inspired design:1) Defines the research subjects(typology study and exploration on kinetic architecture and kinetic envelope in theThird Chapter, and study on the energy transfer from building envelopes in the FifthChapter);2) Reframes the problems (the analogy study between biology and buildingenvelopes in the Fourth Chapter);3) Biological solutions search (analysis andcollections on biological models related to acclimatization in the Fourth Chapter);4)Principle extraction from acclimatization (bio-inspired design frameworks fromnatural models in the Fourth Chapter);5) Experimental application (design process ofbio-inspired kinetic building envelopes by using the BIM parametric method in theSixth Chapter). Among this process, the experimental application is through a designcase study related to specific biological model, which aims at establishing the wholestructure of research and generalizing the design process of bio-inspired kineticenvelopes. The final chapter restate the research results including the typology of kineticarchitecture and envelopes, the design framework inspired by biologicalacclimatization, the energy transfer and distributions from building envelopes, theBIM parametric method, the3D model representation of the design and thedevelopment of the bio-inspired kinetic building envelope.
引文
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[1]张玉坤，黄水坤，山水照人迷向背只寻孤塔认西东—在历史的理性中反思当今标志性建筑，中外建筑，2005（6）
[2]范东辉，张玉坤，复杂形态与开放建筑——评蓝天组的“复杂学”建筑，建筑师，2004，112（12）：54-58
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[4]陶郅，郭嘉，创造多元互动的行为载体系统，华南理工大学学报，2002，（10）：19
[5]罗杰斯克鲁顿，刘先觉译，建筑美学，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003，90
[6]王振，李保峰,双层皮玻璃幕墙的气候适应性设计策略研究—以夏热冬冷地区大型建筑工程为例，2006（11）：6-9
[7]梁思成，中国建筑史，天津：百花文艺出版社，2005，9
[8]柯布西耶著，陈志华译，走向新建筑，陕西师范大学出版社，2004，29
[9]洪悦，双层换气幕墙的典型类别与节能效益分析，建筑学报，2006（5）：33-36
[10]李燕，张玉坤，当代仿生建筑及其特质，城市建筑，2005（05）：68-71
[11]赵继龙，张玉坤，生物气候建筑设计方法探析，山东建筑大学学报，2010，25（1）：74-78
[12]徐卫国，游牧建筑，城市环境设计，2010（10）：18-19
[13]林京，杨经文及其生物气候学在高层建筑中的运用，世界建筑，1996（4）：23-25
[14]曾鹏，信息时代建筑的探索者——荷兰NOX作品解读，世界建筑，2006（04）
[15]邓金坷，马剑，颐和园夜景光生态研究，硕士学位论文，天津大学，2006，2-72
[16]刘念雄，秦佑国，建筑热环境,北京：清华大学出版社，2005，10
[17]李文杰,建筑室内自然环境下基于生理—心理的人体热舒适研究,博士学位论文，重庆大学
[18]丁洪涛等，民用建筑能耗初步统计分析，暖通空调，2009，39（10）：1-3
[19]李保峰，适应夏热冬冷地区气候的建筑表皮之可变化设计策略研究，博士学位论文，清华大学，41
[20]江德明，窗墙比对居住建筑能耗的影响，建筑技术，2009，40（12）：1099-1102
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[25]赵继龙，徐娅琼，源自白蚁丘的生态智慧——津巴布韦东门中心仿生设计解析，建筑科学，2010，26（2）：19-23
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[28]刘辉晖，范同祥，蝶翅结构多孔二氧化钛的制备与光催化性能研究，2011，41(1)：58-61
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