全球主要沙漠区大气沙尘气溶胶含量变化的研究
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摘要
沙尘气溶胶已经成为与CO2增温相对应的、重要的地球制冷剂之一,它以地球化学过程的方式将陆地、海洋和大气有机地结合起来,并成为了研究全球物质循环及气候变化的关键环节。目前的研究普遍认为大气中沙尘气溶胶主要来源于沙尘暴过程,然而一些观测事实特别是27年沙漠地区气溶胶指数(AI)的分布表明仅沙尘暴过程无法解释气溶胶指数的日、月变化。全球主要沙漠区气溶胶指数的分布显示,在沙尘暴发生频次明显减少的月份内,沙漠区的气溶胶指数依旧很大,这说明除沙尘暴外另有其他起沙机制影响大气中沙尘气溶胶含量的变化。热对流与尘卷风联合的起沙机制可能是主要的原因之一。然而我们对尘卷风的野外观测和研究在目前近乎为空白,无法直接对它进行分析,只能采用间接方法。研究表明热对流和尘卷风的形成都与太阳辐射密切相关,太阳辐射的变化可以间接反映尘卷风对大气中沙尘的供给。通过对影响气溶胶指数的太阳辐射、沙尘暴和降水量的分析,有可能使我们对沙漠地区大气沙尘的来源及变化的原因有新的认识,对这一科学问题的回答,不但可以解释模拟的沙尘通量远低于观测值的问题,而且有助于我们对沙尘的来源、沉降及环境效应等重大科学问题的理解或认识。
本文利用27年气溶胶指数资料,分析了撒哈拉、阿拉伯半岛、南亚、中国和澳大利亚等全球5个主要沙漠区大气沙尘气溶胶指数的时空分布,并结合对太阳辐射、沙尘暴、降水量等资料的分析,探讨了沙漠区大气沙尘气溶胶含量的变化及其原因。其主要研究结果如下：
(1)五个主要沙漠区的气溶胶指数几乎全年都在0.7以上,且高于其他非沙漠区。特别是沙尘暴发生期间,大量沙尘被扬起进入大气层,气溶胶指数显著增大,显然沙尘暴对沙漠区气溶胶指数的时空分布有着重要影响。然而在沙尘暴频次明显减少时,沙漠区的气溶胶指数值仍保持较高,这说明热对流和尘卷风可以向大气中输送沙尘。
(2)南、北半球沙漠区的太阳辐射和气溶胶指数在日变化、月变化上都有非常高的一致性,呈现显著的正相关。北半球沙漠区的气溶胶指数均在6月份左右达到峰值,而此时地处南半球的澳大利亚沙漠,其气溶胶指数是低值,相应的太阳辐射也很低,且两者存在明显的正相关关系。由此可排除气溶胶指数与太阳辐射存在假相关的可能,表明了太阳辐射是影响沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量主要的因子之一,同时也说明由太阳辐射诱发的热对流和尘卷风对大气中沙尘的含量有很大贡献。
(3)沙尘暴和尘卷风以及热对流能扬起大量沙尘,沙尘AI值变大；而沙漠中季节性降水对大气中的沙尘气溶胶有一定清除作用,使沙尘AI值变小。沙尘AI与沙尘暴和太阳辐射存在正相关关系,而降水与沙尘AI存在负相关关系。
(4)对5个主要沙漠区的气溶胶指数、太阳辐射、沙尘暴频次和降水量进行回归统计,发现它们可很好地拟合出气溶胶指数的变化趋势。
Dust aerosols with their cooling effect on earth surface are regarded as an Earth refrigerant contrary to the warming effect of carbon dioxide. Dust aerosls link land, sea and air in the geochemical processes, which is a key chain on global substance cycle and climate change. Currently, it is generally believed that dust aerosols are injected in the atmosphere during dust storms. Whereas, observations evidences, especially the27-year records of aerosol index(AI) of1979-2009, revealed that only dust storms can not explain the diurnal and monthly variation of observed dust aerosols. The AI-distribution over the major deserts of the world presented the high AI during the non-dust storm periods. This implies that the dust emission mechanisms except dust storms could lift dust aerosols into the atmosphere. These dust emission mechanisms include dust devils, convective plumes, and turbulent convection. It is difficult to observe dust devils and convective plumes with no available observation data for the current studies. However, the dust devils and convective plumes are driven by solar radiation. Therefore, the aerosol contributions of dust devils and convective plumes could implicitly be estimated in proportion to solar radiation. The analyses on the impacts of solar radiation、dust storm frequency and precipitation on the AI over the major deserts could interpret the underestimation of simulated dust emission fluxes and is also helpful in understanding the dust aerosol source, sedimentation and their environmental effects.
We analyze the AI-varaitions over five major desert regions including Sahara、the Arabian Peninsula、South Asia、China and Australia based on27year observation data. We also discuss the dust emissions from the desert regions in association with solar radiation、dust storm frequency and precipitation. The study results are concluded as follows:
(1) The annual AI values of almost over0.7in the five major desert regions and higher were higher than in other regions. During dust storm periods, a great quantity of dust aerosols emitted into the atmosphere with the significantly increasing AI. Although dust storms have an obvious influence on the tempo-spatial AI-distribution, the very high AI during non-dust storm periods was also observed over the global deserts contributed by dust devils and convective plumes.
(2) Solar radiation and AI over the major deserts in both Northern and Southern Hemisphere showed the significant positive correlations in the diurnal and monthly variation. AI over desert regions in the Northern Hemisphere peaked around June, when the low AI of Australian desert regions in the Southern Hemisphere was accompanied with the solar radiation, which further confirmed the positive correlation between AI and solar radiation. It is suggested that solar radiation is one of the most important factors controlling dust aerosols over the desert regions. Dust devils and convective plumes triggered by solar radiation had a large dust contribution to the aerosols in the atmosphere.
(3) High AI was resulted from the dust aerosols emitted by dust storm, dust devils and convective plumes. Nevertheless, precipitation could scavenge dust aerosols in the atmosphere reducing AI over the desert regions. Precipitation and AI had the negative correlations.
(4) Based on regression statistics, the trend in AI could be well built by solar radiation, dust storm frequency and precipitation.
本文利用27年气溶胶指数资料,分析了撒哈拉、阿拉伯半岛、南亚、中国和澳大利亚等全球5个主要沙漠区大气沙尘气溶胶指数的时空分布,并结合对太阳辐射、沙尘暴、降水量等资料的分析,探讨了沙漠区大气沙尘气溶胶含量的变化及其原因。其主要研究结果如下：
(1)五个主要沙漠区的气溶胶指数几乎全年都在0.7以上,且高于其他非沙漠区。特别是沙尘暴发生期间,大量沙尘被扬起进入大气层,气溶胶指数显著增大,显然沙尘暴对沙漠区气溶胶指数的时空分布有着重要影响。然而在沙尘暴频次明显减少时,沙漠区的气溶胶指数值仍保持较高,这说明热对流和尘卷风可以向大气中输送沙尘。
(2)南、北半球沙漠区的太阳辐射和气溶胶指数在日变化、月变化上都有非常高的一致性,呈现显著的正相关。北半球沙漠区的气溶胶指数均在6月份左右达到峰值,而此时地处南半球的澳大利亚沙漠,其气溶胶指数是低值,相应的太阳辐射也很低,且两者存在明显的正相关关系。由此可排除气溶胶指数与太阳辐射存在假相关的可能,表明了太阳辐射是影响沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶含量主要的因子之一,同时也说明由太阳辐射诱发的热对流和尘卷风对大气中沙尘的含量有很大贡献。
(3)沙尘暴和尘卷风以及热对流能扬起大量沙尘,沙尘AI值变大；而沙漠中季节性降水对大气中的沙尘气溶胶有一定清除作用,使沙尘AI值变小。沙尘AI与沙尘暴和太阳辐射存在正相关关系,而降水与沙尘AI存在负相关关系。
(4)对5个主要沙漠区的气溶胶指数、太阳辐射、沙尘暴频次和降水量进行回归统计,发现它们可很好地拟合出气溶胶指数的变化趋势。
Dust aerosols with their cooling effect on earth surface are regarded as an Earth refrigerant contrary to the warming effect of carbon dioxide. Dust aerosls link land, sea and air in the geochemical processes, which is a key chain on global substance cycle and climate change. Currently, it is generally believed that dust aerosols are injected in the atmosphere during dust storms. Whereas, observations evidences, especially the27-year records of aerosol index(AI) of1979-2009, revealed that only dust storms can not explain the diurnal and monthly variation of observed dust aerosols. The AI-distribution over the major deserts of the world presented the high AI during the non-dust storm periods. This implies that the dust emission mechanisms except dust storms could lift dust aerosols into the atmosphere. These dust emission mechanisms include dust devils, convective plumes, and turbulent convection. It is difficult to observe dust devils and convective plumes with no available observation data for the current studies. However, the dust devils and convective plumes are driven by solar radiation. Therefore, the aerosol contributions of dust devils and convective plumes could implicitly be estimated in proportion to solar radiation. The analyses on the impacts of solar radiation、dust storm frequency and precipitation on the AI over the major deserts could interpret the underestimation of simulated dust emission fluxes and is also helpful in understanding the dust aerosol source, sedimentation and their environmental effects.
We analyze the AI-varaitions over five major desert regions including Sahara、the Arabian Peninsula、South Asia、China and Australia based on27year observation data. We also discuss the dust emissions from the desert regions in association with solar radiation、dust storm frequency and precipitation. The study results are concluded as follows:
(1) The annual AI values of almost over0.7in the five major desert regions and higher were higher than in other regions. During dust storm periods, a great quantity of dust aerosols emitted into the atmosphere with the significantly increasing AI. Although dust storms have an obvious influence on the tempo-spatial AI-distribution, the very high AI during non-dust storm periods was also observed over the global deserts contributed by dust devils and convective plumes.
(2) Solar radiation and AI over the major deserts in both Northern and Southern Hemisphere showed the significant positive correlations in the diurnal and monthly variation. AI over desert regions in the Northern Hemisphere peaked around June, when the low AI of Australian desert regions in the Southern Hemisphere was accompanied with the solar radiation, which further confirmed the positive correlation between AI and solar radiation. It is suggested that solar radiation is one of the most important factors controlling dust aerosols over the desert regions. Dust devils and convective plumes triggered by solar radiation had a large dust contribution to the aerosols in the atmosphere.
(3) High AI was resulted from the dust aerosols emitted by dust storm, dust devils and convective plumes. Nevertheless, precipitation could scavenge dust aerosols in the atmosphere reducing AI over the desert regions. Precipitation and AI had the negative correlations.
(4) Based on regression statistics, the trend in AI could be well built by solar radiation, dust storm frequency and precipitation.
引文
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