基于有限元分析的双转子永磁风力发电机设计及研究
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摘要
随着资源的日益枯竭和环境保护意识的加强,风力发电作为最具竞争力、最有发展前景的一项可再生能源技术,在全球范围内得到了高度重视。双转子永磁风力发电机具有与传统电机不同的旋转模式,其电枢转子与永磁转子相向旋转,同样风速条件下发电能力提高一倍,最低工作风速降为普通永磁风力发电机的一半,最高工作风速与普通永磁风力发电机一样,能加宽工作风速范围和提高风能利用率。同时,同样的极对数下双转子永磁风力发电机的工作转速只需普通永磁风力发电机的一半即可,因此在风力发电尤其是直驱式风力发电领域具有独特的优势。
双转子永磁风力发电机的结构设计和电磁设计相对普通电机更加复杂,动态性能与普通电机有很大不同,目前我国双转子永磁风力发电机的研究还处于起步阶段,因此对其进行设计和研究将具有重要的理论和实际意义。为此,本文设计了一种具有低起动风速的双转子永磁风力发电机,并采用有限元法对其进行了全面分析。
首先简单介绍了双转子永磁风力发电机的工作原理、特性及数学模型,对其结构和电磁部分进行了设计。在设计过程中,利用等效磁路法对双转子永磁风力发电机进行分析计算,提出了一些新的参数计算和选取方法,在此基础上编制了基于C++语言的双转子永磁风力发电机场路结合电磁设计程序。
针对双转子永磁风力发电机空载和负载时的模型进行了静态电磁场分析和计算,基于有限元分析和电磁设计程序详细分析了长径比、气隙长度和永磁体磁化方向长度对双转子永磁风力发电机其他参数和性能的影响,并以此为根据对这三个参数进行了优化选取,以提高双转子永磁风力发电机设计的可靠性。
双转子永磁风力发电机作为一种新型电机,其最大创新点在于内、外转子可以自由旋转,静态磁场的分析不足以反映其动态性能,本文采用场路耦合时步有限元法对双转子永磁风力发电机进行了分析。用有限元法计算瞬态磁场时,需要考虑内、外转子之间的相对运动,普通电机运动边界的处理方法已不适用,针对双转子永磁风力发电机提出了一种双运动边界法以建立内、外转子运动边界上节点的对应关系。建立了双转子永磁风力发电机的场路耦合数学模型,并对时间进行离散,采用Newton-Raphson法处理非线性的方程组,详细分析了空载和不同负载条件下的磁场分布情况和相关性能指标。最后,基于能量法和傅立叶变换推导了双转子永磁风力发电机齿槽转矩的解析表达式,并采用Maxwell tensor法针对极弧系数的选择计算了双转子永磁风力发电机的齿槽转矩。
用两台直流电机分别拖动内、外转子同速相向旋转,进行了三相及整流稳压后的空载、额定负载以及效率试验等,输出电压、功率及效率均达到设计要求且试验结果与程序计算结果、有限元仿真结果吻合较好,验证了双转子永磁风力发电机设计及分析的正确性。
With the increasing depletion of fuel resources and strengthening awareness of environmental protection, wind power generation, as the most competitive and promising renewable energy technologies, is receiving more and more attention all over the world. Dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator has a unique advantage due to its different rotation mode from the traditional motors, which is the armature part and the permanent-magnet rotor revolve at the opposite direction. Consequently, the capability of power generation is twice as much as that of traditional wind generators at the same wind speed. Furthermore, the lowest working wind speed can reduce to the half of that of traditional permanent-magnet generators while the highest keeps the same, thus widening the range of the working wind speed and improving the wind utilization. Meanwhile, the working speed of dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is half of that of traditional permanent-magnet generators at the same poles, which means it would be more welcomed in the direct-driven wind generation.
However, its structure design and electromagnetic design are more complicated and the dynamic performance is very different. So far, the research on dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generators is still in its early stage in China,thus its design and research has an important theoretical and practical significance. A dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator with a low starting wind speed is designed in this paper, and the finite element method is used for a comprehensive analysis.
A brief introduction about the principle, characteristics and mathematical model of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is presented and the equivalent magnetic circuit method is applied to design and analyze the generator. In this process, some new methods for the calculation and selection of several parameters are proposed. At last, the electromagnetic design program of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator based on the field-circuit coupled method is compiled by C++ language.
Then, this paper analyses and calculates the static electromagnetic field of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator at no-load and rated-load based on the finite element analysis and design process. A detailed analysis about the impact of the ratio of length to diameter, airgap length and permanent magnet length on the performance and other parameters of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is executed, thus providing the optimization of the three parameters and improving the reliability of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator design.
The greatest innovation of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is its rotation mode and the magnetostatic field analysis does not reflect its dynamic performance adequately,so its field-circuit coupled time-stepping finite element analysis is carried out. When using finite element method to calculate the transient magnetic field, the relative motion between the outer and inner rotor needs to be considered and the traditional motion band method is no longer applicable, so a new double motion band method is developed to establish the relationship between the corresponding nodes. After that, a field-circuit coupled model is presented and solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The results under no-load and different load condition are given according to the model. Furthermore, the analytical expression of the cogging torque is obtained by energy method and Fourier transform and its calculation results under different pole embraces are shown by Maxwell tensor method.
At last, the prototype test, including the no-load, rated-load and efficiency test, is finished by using two DC motors to drive the two rotors inversely at the same speed. The output voltage, power and efficiency are satisfied the design targets and a good agreement is achieved among the test, calculated and finite element results, which verifies the validity of the design and analysis of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator.
双转子永磁风力发电机的结构设计和电磁设计相对普通电机更加复杂,动态性能与普通电机有很大不同,目前我国双转子永磁风力发电机的研究还处于起步阶段,因此对其进行设计和研究将具有重要的理论和实际意义。为此,本文设计了一种具有低起动风速的双转子永磁风力发电机,并采用有限元法对其进行了全面分析。
首先简单介绍了双转子永磁风力发电机的工作原理、特性及数学模型,对其结构和电磁部分进行了设计。在设计过程中,利用等效磁路法对双转子永磁风力发电机进行分析计算,提出了一些新的参数计算和选取方法,在此基础上编制了基于C++语言的双转子永磁风力发电机场路结合电磁设计程序。
针对双转子永磁风力发电机空载和负载时的模型进行了静态电磁场分析和计算,基于有限元分析和电磁设计程序详细分析了长径比、气隙长度和永磁体磁化方向长度对双转子永磁风力发电机其他参数和性能的影响,并以此为根据对这三个参数进行了优化选取,以提高双转子永磁风力发电机设计的可靠性。
双转子永磁风力发电机作为一种新型电机,其最大创新点在于内、外转子可以自由旋转,静态磁场的分析不足以反映其动态性能,本文采用场路耦合时步有限元法对双转子永磁风力发电机进行了分析。用有限元法计算瞬态磁场时,需要考虑内、外转子之间的相对运动,普通电机运动边界的处理方法已不适用,针对双转子永磁风力发电机提出了一种双运动边界法以建立内、外转子运动边界上节点的对应关系。建立了双转子永磁风力发电机的场路耦合数学模型,并对时间进行离散,采用Newton-Raphson法处理非线性的方程组,详细分析了空载和不同负载条件下的磁场分布情况和相关性能指标。最后,基于能量法和傅立叶变换推导了双转子永磁风力发电机齿槽转矩的解析表达式,并采用Maxwell tensor法针对极弧系数的选择计算了双转子永磁风力发电机的齿槽转矩。
用两台直流电机分别拖动内、外转子同速相向旋转,进行了三相及整流稳压后的空载、额定负载以及效率试验等,输出电压、功率及效率均达到设计要求且试验结果与程序计算结果、有限元仿真结果吻合较好,验证了双转子永磁风力发电机设计及分析的正确性。
With the increasing depletion of fuel resources and strengthening awareness of environmental protection, wind power generation, as the most competitive and promising renewable energy technologies, is receiving more and more attention all over the world. Dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator has a unique advantage due to its different rotation mode from the traditional motors, which is the armature part and the permanent-magnet rotor revolve at the opposite direction. Consequently, the capability of power generation is twice as much as that of traditional wind generators at the same wind speed. Furthermore, the lowest working wind speed can reduce to the half of that of traditional permanent-magnet generators while the highest keeps the same, thus widening the range of the working wind speed and improving the wind utilization. Meanwhile, the working speed of dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is half of that of traditional permanent-magnet generators at the same poles, which means it would be more welcomed in the direct-driven wind generation.
However, its structure design and electromagnetic design are more complicated and the dynamic performance is very different. So far, the research on dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generators is still in its early stage in China,thus its design and research has an important theoretical and practical significance. A dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator with a low starting wind speed is designed in this paper, and the finite element method is used for a comprehensive analysis.
A brief introduction about the principle, characteristics and mathematical model of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is presented and the equivalent magnetic circuit method is applied to design and analyze the generator. In this process, some new methods for the calculation and selection of several parameters are proposed. At last, the electromagnetic design program of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator based on the field-circuit coupled method is compiled by C++ language.
Then, this paper analyses and calculates the static electromagnetic field of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator at no-load and rated-load based on the finite element analysis and design process. A detailed analysis about the impact of the ratio of length to diameter, airgap length and permanent magnet length on the performance and other parameters of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is executed, thus providing the optimization of the three parameters and improving the reliability of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator design.
The greatest innovation of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator is its rotation mode and the magnetostatic field analysis does not reflect its dynamic performance adequately,so its field-circuit coupled time-stepping finite element analysis is carried out. When using finite element method to calculate the transient magnetic field, the relative motion between the outer and inner rotor needs to be considered and the traditional motion band method is no longer applicable, so a new double motion band method is developed to establish the relationship between the corresponding nodes. After that, a field-circuit coupled model is presented and solved by the Newton-Raphson method. The results under no-load and different load condition are given according to the model. Furthermore, the analytical expression of the cogging torque is obtained by energy method and Fourier transform and its calculation results under different pole embraces are shown by Maxwell tensor method.
At last, the prototype test, including the no-load, rated-load and efficiency test, is finished by using two DC motors to drive the two rotors inversely at the same speed. The output voltage, power and efficiency are satisfied the design targets and a good agreement is achieved among the test, calculated and finite element results, which verifies the validity of the design and analysis of the dual-rotor permanent-magnet wind generator.
引文
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