我国男子自由式摔跤运动员体能训练取得突破的关键点研究
|
摘要
为了更加深入的认识我国男子自由式摔跤运动员的体能特征,并提出体能训练中的关键性问题,通过文献资料、专家咨询、调查与测试、数理统计等方法,对参与合肥集训和后期组建的国家队男子自由式摔跤运动员进行了调查与测试,主要从身体机能和运动素质两个方面进行了研究论证(其中本研究中的运动素质主要是从力量素质方面展开的),主要得到以下结论：
1.就身体机能训练而言,实行“两极化”化模式可能更优于“乳酸阂”模式,具体来说主要体现在有氧与无氧训练的强度和比例两个方面。从强度来看,我国男子自由式摔跤长期进行高强度的有氧和无氧能力训练(即乳酸阈模式),这种训练不仅没有改变该项目的落后局面,甚至还有扩大化的趋势,致使训练中“慢不下来,快不上去”的现象突出；从比例关系来看,我国有氧训练的比例,尤其是低强度的有氧训练比例明显偏少,而国外许多优秀运动员有氧训练的比例明显高于我国运动员,尤其是低强度的有氧训练比例(2mmol/L),即“两级化”训练模式不突出。
2.本研究证实,运动员的有氧能力与功率下降率有显著的相关性(r=-0.626,p=0.000),即有氧能力越强,功率下降率越低,并且在随后的元分析中,也进一步证实了有氧能力与功率保持能力的显著相关关系,而功率保持能力显然对该项目运动员有着更为积极的意义。
3.该项目运动员应在最大力量基础上发展快速力量,最大力量与该项目运动员的运动水平有着最大的相关性(r最大力量=0.614,r力量耐力=0.532和r快速力量=0.511),然而,制胜的关键却是快速力量,运动员需要能够在高强度持续的对抗中具有快速移动的能力。同时,本研究也证实,最大力量和快速力量对运动水平存在显著的交互性作用(F=3.241,p=0.006,E2ta=0.176),进一步显示出单纯发展快速力量意义不大。
4.我国男子自由式摔跤运动员在体能训练方法上应体现两点,其一,需增加快速力量的训练手段,如增强式(plyometric)训练内容；其二,注重不同部位的力量训练,如上肢体现出最大力量的特点,下肢体现出快速力量的特点。
In order to know the characteristics and key points of physical training for man free style wrestlers in national teams, based on the literature, expert consulting, examination and mathematical statistics, the artical analyzed the body functions and physical fitness of china's wrestlers prepared the 2012 london Olympic game (the physical fitness is mainly
the strength fitness), the results are as follows:
1. As far as body functions are concerned, the polarized training model can be more effective than lactate threshold training model. As far as intensity is concerned, the wrestlers have a great of aerobic and anaerobic training of high intensity(i.e. lactate threshold training model), but the training model did not change the status, on the contrary, the status have extension trend, furthermore, it created the phenomenon on " not slow down, do not go fast". as far as proportion of aerobic training is concerned, compared with elite athletes in world, the proportion is very little, expecially, it is the proportion of low intensity (2mmol/l), it is to say that polarized training model is not
be highlighted.
2. This study confirmed that the significant relationship were seen between and power drop percentage (r=-0.626, p=0.000), that is to say, aerobic ability is stronger, the power maintenance will be stronger. Meanwhile, the meta-analysis confirmed that the significant relationship was also found between aerobic ability and power maintenance what is an
important role for wrestlers.
3. As far as different strength training are concerned, the athletes should improve the speed strength on the base of the maximum strength, the maximum strength has the important role for this event (rmaximum strength=0.614), it is very important for controlling the rival. However, the key factor of winning is speed strength, the athletes should have the ability of speed moving in long time and high intensity competition. Meanwhile, the study indicated that the interaction is significant between maximum strength and speed strength (F=3.241, P=0.006,=0.176).
4. The study shows that selection of training methods should pay attention to two points, one is to increase the speed strength training, such as polymetric training; the other is to pay attention to the different parts of body, for example, upper limb should improve the maximum strength, and lower limb should be the speed strength.
1.就身体机能训练而言,实行“两极化”化模式可能更优于“乳酸阂”模式,具体来说主要体现在有氧与无氧训练的强度和比例两个方面。从强度来看,我国男子自由式摔跤长期进行高强度的有氧和无氧能力训练(即乳酸阈模式),这种训练不仅没有改变该项目的落后局面,甚至还有扩大化的趋势,致使训练中“慢不下来,快不上去”的现象突出；从比例关系来看,我国有氧训练的比例,尤其是低强度的有氧训练比例明显偏少,而国外许多优秀运动员有氧训练的比例明显高于我国运动员,尤其是低强度的有氧训练比例(2mmol/L),即“两级化”训练模式不突出。
2.本研究证实,运动员的有氧能力与功率下降率有显著的相关性(r=-0.626,p=0.000),即有氧能力越强,功率下降率越低,并且在随后的元分析中,也进一步证实了有氧能力与功率保持能力的显著相关关系,而功率保持能力显然对该项目运动员有着更为积极的意义。
3.该项目运动员应在最大力量基础上发展快速力量,最大力量与该项目运动员的运动水平有着最大的相关性(r最大力量=0.614,r力量耐力=0.532和r快速力量=0.511),然而,制胜的关键却是快速力量,运动员需要能够在高强度持续的对抗中具有快速移动的能力。同时,本研究也证实,最大力量和快速力量对运动水平存在显著的交互性作用(F=3.241,p=0.006,E2ta=0.176),进一步显示出单纯发展快速力量意义不大。
4.我国男子自由式摔跤运动员在体能训练方法上应体现两点,其一,需增加快速力量的训练手段,如增强式(plyometric)训练内容；其二,注重不同部位的力量训练,如上肢体现出最大力量的特点,下肢体现出快速力量的特点。
In order to know the characteristics and key points of physical training for man free style wrestlers in national teams, based on the literature, expert consulting, examination and mathematical statistics, the artical analyzed the body functions and physical fitness of china's wrestlers prepared the 2012 london Olympic game (the physical fitness is mainly
the strength fitness), the results are as follows:
1. As far as body functions are concerned, the polarized training model can be more effective than lactate threshold training model. As far as intensity is concerned, the wrestlers have a great of aerobic and anaerobic training of high intensity(i.e. lactate threshold training model), but the training model did not change the status, on the contrary, the status have extension trend, furthermore, it created the phenomenon on " not slow down, do not go fast". as far as proportion of aerobic training is concerned, compared with elite athletes in world, the proportion is very little, expecially, it is the proportion of low intensity (2mmol/l), it is to say that polarized training model is not
be highlighted.
2. This study confirmed that the significant relationship were seen between and power drop percentage (r=-0.626, p=0.000), that is to say, aerobic ability is stronger, the power maintenance will be stronger. Meanwhile, the meta-analysis confirmed that the significant relationship was also found between aerobic ability and power maintenance what is an
important role for wrestlers.
3. As far as different strength training are concerned, the athletes should improve the speed strength on the base of the maximum strength, the maximum strength has the important role for this event (rmaximum strength=0.614), it is very important for controlling the rival. However, the key factor of winning is speed strength, the athletes should have the ability of speed moving in long time and high intensity competition. Meanwhile, the study indicated that the interaction is significant between maximum strength and speed strength (F=3.241, P=0.006,=0.176).
4. The study shows that selection of training methods should pay attention to two points, one is to increase the speed strength training, such as polymetric training; the other is to pay attention to the different parts of body, for example, upper limb should improve the maximum strength, and lower limb should be the speed strength.
引文
[1]刘卫军.摔跤[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2000.
[2]叶伟.我国徒手格斗项目(散打)优秀男子运动员核心竞技能力评价体系研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[3]何强.我国高水平女子自由式摔跤运动员体能训练特点的研究[D].北京：北京体育大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[4]何钢,史琳.对我国高水平男子自由式摔跤运动员力量训练的研究[J].体育科学研究,2007,11(1)：40-41.
[5]徐玄冲,张霞,许奎元等.新规则实施后我国摔跤项目体能训练特征研究[J]. 北京体育大学学报,2010,3(3)：101-104.
[6]沈海琴,王德英,陈立庭等.对我国摔跤运动员身体形态特点及选材的初步探讨[J].北京体育大学学报,1981,(2)：1-11.
[7]许永鹏,闫文霞,张永民.我国优秀女子摔跤运动员的体型特点及选材的初探[J].解放军体育学院学报,1995,14(1,2)：44-51.
[8]邢文华.奥运优秀运动员科学选材的研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[9]冯美云,张士祥,许奎元等.摔跤运动员模拟比赛后疲劳和恢复的生化研究[J].北京体育大学学报,1996,19(2)：18-26.
[10]章文,张小军,李明.女子摔跤运动员身体机能评定[J].山西体育科技,2003,23(3)：4-9.
[11]孙建.竞赛规则的改变对自由式摔跤技、战术产生的影响[J].西安体育学院学报,2007,24(3)：109-113.
[12]祝英,文舫,王树桐等.摔跤运动员不同季节赛前训练与血生化指标的变化特征[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(18)：3610-3611.
[13]何子红,陈观云,陶大浪等.优秀摔跤运动员训练疲劳与恢复的生理生化监控[J].体育科学,2005,25(11)：43-46.
[14]刘艳.自由式摔跤运动员训练期间生化指标的监控[J].实用预防医学,2008,15(6)：1935-1937.
[15]王艳琼.广西小级别优秀摔跤运动员竞技能力评价指标体系的研究[D].广西：广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[16]邢文华.奥运优秀运动员科学选材的研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[17]何钢,何强.浅谈男子自由式摔跤的专项力量训练[J].体育科学研究,2006.10(1)：58-62.
[15]王艳琼.广西小级别优秀摔跤运动员竞技能力评价指标体系的研究[D].广西：广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[18]Maffulli N.Making weight:a case study of two elite wrestlers[J].Br J Sports Med,1992,26 (2):107-116.
[19]Hickner R C, Horswill C A, Welker J M, et al. Test development for the study of physical performance in wrestlers following weight loss[J]. J Sports Med,1991,12(6):557-562.
[20]Oopik V, Paasuke M, Sikku T, et al. Effect of rapid weight loss on metabolism and isokinetic performance capacity. A case study of two well trainied wrestlers [J].J Sports Med Phys Fitness,1996,36 (2):127-131.
[21]Horswill C A. Applized physiology of amateur wrestling [J]. Sports Med,1992,14(2): 114-143.
[22]Yoon J. physiological profile of elite senior wrestlers [J]. Sports Med,2002,32 (4):225-233.
[23]Hubner E, Kosmal A.Lutoslawsla G, et al. Anaerobic performance of arms and legs in male and female free style wrestlers[J]. J Sci Med Sports,2004,7(4):473-480.
[24]Earle Liederman. The science of wrestling and the art of jiu-jitsu[M]. America:New york, 1923.
[25]JOHN C. MEYERS. Wresting from antiquity to date[M]. America:the united states of America by von Hoffmann press,1931.
[26]Belgrade. Basic principles of preparation and training in modem wrestling[M]. Lausanne: international amateur wrestling federation,1980.
[27]Terbizan DJ, Seljevold PJ. Physiological profile of age-group wrestlers[J]. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness,1996,36(3):178-185.
[28]Herman SL, Smith DT.Four-week dynamic stretching warm-up intervention elicits longer term performance benefits [J].J Strength Cond Res,2008,22(4):1286-1297.
[29]Houston M.E, Sharratt M T, Bruce R W. Glycogen depletion and lactate responses in freestyle wrestling [J].Can J Appl Sport Sci,1983,8(2):79-82.
[30]Razasoitani A,Ahmadi A,Nehzate M, et al.Cervial muscle strength measurement in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and free style wrestlers and a group of non-athletic subjects [J].Br J Sports Med,2005,39(7):440-443.
[31]Agel J,Ransone J, Dick R,et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's wrestling injures:National collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system,1988-1989 through 2003-2004[J]. J Athl Train,2007,42(2):303-312.
[32]Hewett T E, Pasque C,Heyl R, et al. Wrestling injures[J].Med Sports Sci,2005,48:152-178.
[33]赵宁,俞顺章Meta-analysis(元分析)[J].山西医学院学报,1995,26(3)：203-207.
[34]倪春春Meta-analysis统计分析方法[J].数理医药学杂志,2000,13(5)：396-398.
[35]GREE S A. A definition and systems view of anaerobic capacity[J].Eur J Appl Physiology, 1994,69:168-173.
[36]从湖平.体育统计[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002.
[37]Martin D, Carl K, Lehnertz K. Handbuch traingingslehre[M]. Schorndorf,1991.
[38]田麦久.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2000.
[39]Scholich M. Die bewegungseigenschaften und ihre komplexitat[J]. Theor Prax Korperkult,1965,14:481-495.
[40]Nett T. Zum begrigg "schnellkrafttraining" [J]. Lehre der leichtathletik,1968,25:743-746.
[41]Harre D. Trainingslehre[M].Berlin,1976.
[42]万德光.现代力量训练[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2003.
[43]胡永宏,贺思辉.综合评定方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2000.
[44]马利华,姚颂平.等速测试在肌肉力量评定上的应用(综述)[J].体育科学,1993,13(1)：59-64.
[45]杨涛,李之俊.等速测试在评价运动员肌力中的应用[J].体育科研,2007,28(3)：68-71.
[46]田文学,田学礼.体能与体能训练的系统结构分析[J].安徽体育科技,2009,30(1)：23-26.
[47]仹晓东,李建平.对抗性亚类项群运动员体能训练的比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2001,35(2)：26-27.
[48]郁红莹,姜成杰.运动员体能训练的负荷安排[J].辽宁体育科技,2004,26(2)：98.
[49]Hausswirth C, Argentin F, Le M, et al. Endurance and strength training effects on physiological and muscular parameters during prolonged cycling[J]. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology,2010,20:330-339.
[50]Rob D, Johann E, David B, et al. The relationship between the 2max slow component, muscle metabolites and performance during very-heavy exhaustive exercise[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2007,10:127-134.
[51]陈小平.竞技运动训练实践发展的理论思考[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[52]Fehimeh E, Paul B, Laursen. Manipulation high-intensity internal training: effects on maximum oxygen uptate, the lactate threshold and 3000m running performance in moderately trained males [J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2007,10:27-35.
[53]Tomlin DL, Wenger HA. The relationship between aerobc fitness power maintenance and oxygen consumption during intense intermittent exercise[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2002,5(3):194-203.
[54]Fiskerstrand A, Seiler K. Training and performance characteristics among Nowegian international rowers 1970-2001 [J]. J. Med. Sci. Sports,2004,14: 303-310.
[55]Neumann G, Prützner A, Berbalk A. Optimiertes Ausdauer Training [M]. Aachen:Meyer and meyer verlag,2001.
[56]Hartmann U. Die neue entwicklungstendenz des hohentraininges[Z]. Shanghai:Vortrag in shanghai,2006.
[57]Jay D.提高代谢水平的训练技巧[Z].国家体育总局教练员培训材料,2010.
[58]陈小平.“乳酸阈模式”还是“两极化模式”—当前关于耐力训练强度的主要分歧[J].体育科学,2007,27(6)：封三.
[59]Pfützner A, Reiβ M. Internationale und national Entwicklungstendenzen anf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse der olymischen sommerspiele und der olypiazklusanalyse 2004 mit folgerungen für den olympiazyklus bis 2008[J]. Leistungssport,2005,35 (1):21-27.
[60]Biihrle M. Empirische untersuchung zur abgrenzung verschiedener kraftausdauerf(?)higkerten [D].Tu München Unv. Dissertation.1991.
[61]Wrbaskié N, Dowling JJ. The relationship between strength, power and ballistic performance [J]. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology,2009,92:e12-e22.
[62]Goran M, Igor J, Dragan M, et al. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance[J]. Journal of Stren Cond Research,2007,21(2):543-549.
[63]Hubert M, Tomasz S. Effects of plyometric training on maximal power output and jumping ability[J]. Human movement,2010,11(1):17-22.
[64]Tomasz B, Jerzy U. The effect of plyometric training on strength-speed abilities of basketball players[J].Med Sport Press,2008,14(1):14-19.
[65]Adam H, Ploeg M,Miller W, et al. The effects of high volume aquatic plyometric training on vertical jump,muscle power and torque[J]. International Journal of aquatic research and education,2010,4:39-48.
[66]Andrea C, Brown BS, Tobin J, et al. Effects of plyometric training versus traditional weight training on strength,power, and asthetic jumping ability in female collegiate dancers[J]. J of Dance Med and Sci,2007,11(2):38-45.
[67]Andrew B, Carter TW, Kaminski AT, et al. Effects of high volume upper extremity plyometric training on throwing velocity and functional strength ratios of the shoulder rotators in collegiate baseball players[J].J Stren and Cond Research,2007,21(1):208-215.
[68]Benjamin H, Todd M, Carrie L, et al. The effect of plyometric training on peroneal latency[J]. J Sport Reha,2010,19:288-300.
[69]Buckley JD, Brinkworth GD, Abbett MJ. Effects of bovine colostrums on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin like growth factor[J]. J Sport Sci,2003,21:577-588.
[70]Christos K. Effect of plyometric training on running performance and vertical jumping in prepubertal boys[J]. J Sren and Cond Research,2006,20(2):441-445.
[71]Foure A, Nordez M, Guette CC. Effects of plyometric training on passive stiffness of gastrocnemii and the musculo-articular complex of the ankle joint[J]. Scand J Med Sports, 2009,19:811-818.
[72]Goran M, Igor J, Dragan M, et al. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on morphological characteristics in physically active men[J]. Kinesiology,2005,37(1):32-39.
[73]Goran M, Igor J, Dragan M, et al. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance [J]. J Stren and Cond Research,2007,21(2):543-549.
[74]Gregory D, Myer K, Ford JL, et al. The effects of plyometric vs. dynamic stabilization and balance training on power,balance, and landing force in female athletes[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2006,20(2):345-353.
[75]Jessca A, Schulte E, George J, et al. The effects of plyometric training of the posterior shoulder and elbow[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2005,19(1):129-134.
[76]Jorge PG, Hugo O, Safira DG, et al. Effects of weight lifting training combined with plyometric exercise on physical fitness, body composition, and knee extension velocity during kicking in football[J]. Appl. Physiol.Nutr. Metab,2008,33:501-510.
[77]Katherine E, Burgess MJ, Connick, et al. Plyometric vs. isometric training influences on tendon properties and musle output[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2007,21(3):986-989.
[78]Maffiuletti NA, Dugnani S, Folz M, et al. Effects of combined electro stimulation and plyometric training on vertical jump heightJ]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,2002,34:1638-1644.
[79]Michal L, Ivona L, Milan E. Changes in speed and strength in female volleyball players during and after a plyometric training program[J]. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc,2009,39 (1):59-67.
[80]Nicholas A, Ratamess WJ, Kraemer JS, et al. The effects of ten weeks of resistance and combined plyometric/sprint training with the meridian elyte athletic shoe on muscular performance in women[J].J Stren and Cond Research,2007,21(3):882-887.
[81]Philo U, Saunders RD, Telford DB, et al. Short-term plyometric training improves running economy in highly trained middle and long distance runners[J]J Stre and Cond Research, 2006,20(4):947-954.
[82]Rahman R, Parvin A, Naser B, et al. Evaluation of plyometric,weight training and their combination on angular velocity[J]. Physical Education and Sport,2006,4(1):1-8.
[83]Randall L J, William PE. Quantifying plyometric intensity via rate of force development, knee joint, and ground reaction forces[J].J Stren and Cond Res,2007,21(3):763-767.
[84]GRAY C. Functional training for the torso[J]. NSCAjournal,1997,(4):14-19.
[85]Ethen R. Strength training for wrestling[J]. Proquest Education Journals,1994,63:80.
[86]何子红.新规则下我国摔跤专项体能和技术训练方法的创新性研究及国外主要对手训练方法和信息的分析研究[C].国家体育总局2008年奥运攻关课题结题报告,2008.
[87]王卫星,廖小军.核心力量训练的作用及方法[J].中国体育教练员,2008,16(2)：12-15.
[88]Marius S F, Jan H, Markus G, et al. Functional maximal strength training induces neural transfer to single-joint tasks[J]. Eur J Appli Physiol,2009,107:21-29.
[89]李红玲,徐凌娇.H反射及其在中枢神经系统疾患中的应用[J].中国康复医学杂志,2009,24(3)：278-280.
[90]国家体育总局干部培训中心.高水平竞技运动体能训练研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2009：238.
[91]Silvestre R, Kraemer WJ, West C, et al. Body composition and physical performance during a national collegiate athletic association division I men's soccer season[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2006,20(4):962-970.
[92]Fleck S.J, Kraemer W.J. Designing resistance training programs[M]. Human Kinetics,2004.
[93]Valdimir MZ, William JK. Science and practice of strength training[M]. America:Human Kinetic,2006.
[94]Steven JK. Optimizing strength training[M]. America:Human Kinetics,2007.Valdimir MZ, William JK. Science and practice of strength training[M]. America:Human Kinetic,2006.
[95]Nuno G, Daniel AM, Victor MR, et al. Does combined dry land strength and aerobic training inhabit performance of young competitive swimmers[J]. J Sports Science and Med,2010,(9): 300-310.
[96]Dudley G, Djamil R. Incompatibility of endurance and strength training modes of exercise[J]. J Appli Physiol,1985,59:1446-1451.
[97]Abernethy P, Quigley B. Concurrent strength and endurance training of the elbow extensors [J].J Stren and Cond Research,1993,7(7):234-240.
[98]Hennessey LC, Watson WC. The interference effects of training for strength and endurance simultaneously[J].J Stren and Cond Research,1994,8(1):12-19.
[99]Bell G, Syrotuik D, Socha T, et al. Effects of strength training or concurrent strength and endurance training on strength testosterone, and cortisol[J].J Strength Cond Res,1997,11 (1):57-64.
[100]Billat V, Slawinski J, Bocquet L, et al. Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptate enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptates for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol,2000,81:88-96.
[101]Billat V,L Binsse V, Petit B, et al. High level runners are able to maintain a vo2 steady-state below vo2max in an all-out run over their critical velocity [J].Arch Physiol Biochem, 1998,106(1):38-45.
[102]Bishop D, Jenkins D, Mackinnon L, et al. The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristic[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,1999,31:886-891.
[103]Clare M, Catherine W. Strength training improves supramaximal cycling but not anaerobic capacity[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2008,102:659-666.
[104]Duffiied R, Johann E, David B, et al. The relationship between the vo2 slow component, muscle metabolites and performance during very-heavy exhaustive exercise[J]. J Sci Med Sport,2007,10:127-134.
[105]Gleen W, Peter LR. The relationship between repeated sprint ability and the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems[J].J Sci Med sport,1998,1(2):100-110.
[106]Johnston, DL, Bahamonde R. Power output estimate in university athletes[J]. J Stren Cond Res,1997,10:161-166.
[107]Mccarthy JP, Agre JC, Graf B, et al. Compatibility of adaptive responses with combing strength and endurance training[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,1995,27:429-436.
[108]Gamble P. A skill-based conditioning games approach to metabolic conditioning for elite rugby football players[J]. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004,18(3):491-497.
[109]Cliff E, Keith G. Position specific rehabilitation for rugby union players.Part ⅡI:Evidence-based examples[J].Physicat Therapy in Sport,2006,(7):30-35.
[2]叶伟.我国徒手格斗项目(散打)优秀男子运动员核心竞技能力评价体系研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[3]何强.我国高水平女子自由式摔跤运动员体能训练特点的研究[D].北京：北京体育大学硕士学位论文,2006.
[4]何钢,史琳.对我国高水平男子自由式摔跤运动员力量训练的研究[J].体育科学研究,2007,11(1)：40-41.
[5]徐玄冲,张霞,许奎元等.新规则实施后我国摔跤项目体能训练特征研究[J]. 北京体育大学学报,2010,3(3)：101-104.
[6]沈海琴,王德英,陈立庭等.对我国摔跤运动员身体形态特点及选材的初步探讨[J].北京体育大学学报,1981,(2)：1-11.
[7]许永鹏,闫文霞,张永民.我国优秀女子摔跤运动员的体型特点及选材的初探[J].解放军体育学院学报,1995,14(1,2)：44-51.
[8]邢文华.奥运优秀运动员科学选材的研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[9]冯美云,张士祥,许奎元等.摔跤运动员模拟比赛后疲劳和恢复的生化研究[J].北京体育大学学报,1996,19(2)：18-26.
[10]章文,张小军,李明.女子摔跤运动员身体机能评定[J].山西体育科技,2003,23(3)：4-9.
[11]孙建.竞赛规则的改变对自由式摔跤技、战术产生的影响[J].西安体育学院学报,2007,24(3)：109-113.
[12]祝英,文舫,王树桐等.摔跤运动员不同季节赛前训练与血生化指标的变化特征[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(18)：3610-3611.
[13]何子红,陈观云,陶大浪等.优秀摔跤运动员训练疲劳与恢复的生理生化监控[J].体育科学,2005,25(11)：43-46.
[14]刘艳.自由式摔跤运动员训练期间生化指标的监控[J].实用预防医学,2008,15(6)：1935-1937.
[15]王艳琼.广西小级别优秀摔跤运动员竞技能力评价指标体系的研究[D].广西：广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[16]邢文华.奥运优秀运动员科学选材的研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[17]何钢,何强.浅谈男子自由式摔跤的专项力量训练[J].体育科学研究,2006.10(1)：58-62.
[15]王艳琼.广西小级别优秀摔跤运动员竞技能力评价指标体系的研究[D].广西：广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2008.
[18]Maffulli N.Making weight:a case study of two elite wrestlers[J].Br J Sports Med,1992,26 (2):107-116.
[19]Hickner R C, Horswill C A, Welker J M, et al. Test development for the study of physical performance in wrestlers following weight loss[J]. J Sports Med,1991,12(6):557-562.
[20]Oopik V, Paasuke M, Sikku T, et al. Effect of rapid weight loss on metabolism and isokinetic performance capacity. A case study of two well trainied wrestlers [J].J Sports Med Phys Fitness,1996,36 (2):127-131.
[21]Horswill C A. Applized physiology of amateur wrestling [J]. Sports Med,1992,14(2): 114-143.
[22]Yoon J. physiological profile of elite senior wrestlers [J]. Sports Med,2002,32 (4):225-233.
[23]Hubner E, Kosmal A.Lutoslawsla G, et al. Anaerobic performance of arms and legs in male and female free style wrestlers[J]. J Sci Med Sports,2004,7(4):473-480.
[24]Earle Liederman. The science of wrestling and the art of jiu-jitsu[M]. America:New york, 1923.
[25]JOHN C. MEYERS. Wresting from antiquity to date[M]. America:the united states of America by von Hoffmann press,1931.
[26]Belgrade. Basic principles of preparation and training in modem wrestling[M]. Lausanne: international amateur wrestling federation,1980.
[27]Terbizan DJ, Seljevold PJ. Physiological profile of age-group wrestlers[J]. Journal Sports Medicine Physical Fitness,1996,36(3):178-185.
[28]Herman SL, Smith DT.Four-week dynamic stretching warm-up intervention elicits longer term performance benefits [J].J Strength Cond Res,2008,22(4):1286-1297.
[29]Houston M.E, Sharratt M T, Bruce R W. Glycogen depletion and lactate responses in freestyle wrestling [J].Can J Appl Sport Sci,1983,8(2):79-82.
[30]Razasoitani A,Ahmadi A,Nehzate M, et al.Cervial muscle strength measurement in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and free style wrestlers and a group of non-athletic subjects [J].Br J Sports Med,2005,39(7):440-443.
[31]Agel J,Ransone J, Dick R,et al. Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's wrestling injures:National collegiate athletic association injury surveillance system,1988-1989 through 2003-2004[J]. J Athl Train,2007,42(2):303-312.
[32]Hewett T E, Pasque C,Heyl R, et al. Wrestling injures[J].Med Sports Sci,2005,48:152-178.
[33]赵宁,俞顺章Meta-analysis(元分析)[J].山西医学院学报,1995,26(3)：203-207.
[34]倪春春Meta-analysis统计分析方法[J].数理医药学杂志,2000,13(5)：396-398.
[35]GREE S A. A definition and systems view of anaerobic capacity[J].Eur J Appl Physiology, 1994,69:168-173.
[36]从湖平.体育统计[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2002.
[37]Martin D, Carl K, Lehnertz K. Handbuch traingingslehre[M]. Schorndorf,1991.
[38]田麦久.运动训练学[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2000.
[39]Scholich M. Die bewegungseigenschaften und ihre komplexitat[J]. Theor Prax Korperkult,1965,14:481-495.
[40]Nett T. Zum begrigg "schnellkrafttraining" [J]. Lehre der leichtathletik,1968,25:743-746.
[41]Harre D. Trainingslehre[M].Berlin,1976.
[42]万德光.现代力量训练[M].北京：人民体育出版社,2003.
[43]胡永宏,贺思辉.综合评定方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2000.
[44]马利华,姚颂平.等速测试在肌肉力量评定上的应用(综述)[J].体育科学,1993,13(1)：59-64.
[45]杨涛,李之俊.等速测试在评价运动员肌力中的应用[J].体育科研,2007,28(3)：68-71.
[46]田文学,田学礼.体能与体能训练的系统结构分析[J].安徽体育科技,2009,30(1)：23-26.
[47]仹晓东,李建平.对抗性亚类项群运动员体能训练的比较研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2001,35(2)：26-27.
[48]郁红莹,姜成杰.运动员体能训练的负荷安排[J].辽宁体育科技,2004,26(2)：98.
[49]Hausswirth C, Argentin F, Le M, et al. Endurance and strength training effects on physiological and muscular parameters during prolonged cycling[J]. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology,2010,20:330-339.
[50]Rob D, Johann E, David B, et al. The relationship between the 2max slow component, muscle metabolites and performance during very-heavy exhaustive exercise[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2007,10:127-134.
[51]陈小平.竞技运动训练实践发展的理论思考[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2008.
[52]Fehimeh E, Paul B, Laursen. Manipulation high-intensity internal training: effects on maximum oxygen uptate, the lactate threshold and 3000m running performance in moderately trained males [J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2007,10:27-35.
[53]Tomlin DL, Wenger HA. The relationship between aerobc fitness power maintenance and oxygen consumption during intense intermittent exercise[J]. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,2002,5(3):194-203.
[54]Fiskerstrand A, Seiler K. Training and performance characteristics among Nowegian international rowers 1970-2001 [J]. J. Med. Sci. Sports,2004,14: 303-310.
[55]Neumann G, Prützner A, Berbalk A. Optimiertes Ausdauer Training [M]. Aachen:Meyer and meyer verlag,2001.
[56]Hartmann U. Die neue entwicklungstendenz des hohentraininges[Z]. Shanghai:Vortrag in shanghai,2006.
[57]Jay D.提高代谢水平的训练技巧[Z].国家体育总局教练员培训材料,2010.
[58]陈小平.“乳酸阈模式”还是“两极化模式”—当前关于耐力训练强度的主要分歧[J].体育科学,2007,27(6)：封三.
[59]Pfützner A, Reiβ M. Internationale und national Entwicklungstendenzen anf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse der olymischen sommerspiele und der olypiazklusanalyse 2004 mit folgerungen für den olympiazyklus bis 2008[J]. Leistungssport,2005,35 (1):21-27.
[60]Biihrle M. Empirische untersuchung zur abgrenzung verschiedener kraftausdauerf(?)higkerten [D].Tu München Unv. Dissertation.1991.
[61]Wrbaskié N, Dowling JJ. The relationship between strength, power and ballistic performance [J]. Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology,2009,92:e12-e22.
[62]Goran M, Igor J, Dragan M, et al. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance[J]. Journal of Stren Cond Research,2007,21(2):543-549.
[63]Hubert M, Tomasz S. Effects of plyometric training on maximal power output and jumping ability[J]. Human movement,2010,11(1):17-22.
[64]Tomasz B, Jerzy U. The effect of plyometric training on strength-speed abilities of basketball players[J].Med Sport Press,2008,14(1):14-19.
[65]Adam H, Ploeg M,Miller W, et al. The effects of high volume aquatic plyometric training on vertical jump,muscle power and torque[J]. International Journal of aquatic research and education,2010,4:39-48.
[66]Andrea C, Brown BS, Tobin J, et al. Effects of plyometric training versus traditional weight training on strength,power, and asthetic jumping ability in female collegiate dancers[J]. J of Dance Med and Sci,2007,11(2):38-45.
[67]Andrew B, Carter TW, Kaminski AT, et al. Effects of high volume upper extremity plyometric training on throwing velocity and functional strength ratios of the shoulder rotators in collegiate baseball players[J].J Stren and Cond Research,2007,21(1):208-215.
[68]Benjamin H, Todd M, Carrie L, et al. The effect of plyometric training on peroneal latency[J]. J Sport Reha,2010,19:288-300.
[69]Buckley JD, Brinkworth GD, Abbett MJ. Effects of bovine colostrums on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin like growth factor[J]. J Sport Sci,2003,21:577-588.
[70]Christos K. Effect of plyometric training on running performance and vertical jumping in prepubertal boys[J]. J Sren and Cond Research,2006,20(2):441-445.
[71]Foure A, Nordez M, Guette CC. Effects of plyometric training on passive stiffness of gastrocnemii and the musculo-articular complex of the ankle joint[J]. Scand J Med Sports, 2009,19:811-818.
[72]Goran M, Igor J, Dragan M, et al. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on morphological characteristics in physically active men[J]. Kinesiology,2005,37(1):32-39.
[73]Goran M, Igor J, Dragan M, et al. Effects of sprint and plyometric training on muscle function and athletic performance [J]. J Stren and Cond Research,2007,21(2):543-549.
[74]Gregory D, Myer K, Ford JL, et al. The effects of plyometric vs. dynamic stabilization and balance training on power,balance, and landing force in female athletes[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2006,20(2):345-353.
[75]Jessca A, Schulte E, George J, et al. The effects of plyometric training of the posterior shoulder and elbow[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2005,19(1):129-134.
[76]Jorge PG, Hugo O, Safira DG, et al. Effects of weight lifting training combined with plyometric exercise on physical fitness, body composition, and knee extension velocity during kicking in football[J]. Appl. Physiol.Nutr. Metab,2008,33:501-510.
[77]Katherine E, Burgess MJ, Connick, et al. Plyometric vs. isometric training influences on tendon properties and musle output[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2007,21(3):986-989.
[78]Maffiuletti NA, Dugnani S, Folz M, et al. Effects of combined electro stimulation and plyometric training on vertical jump heightJ]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,2002,34:1638-1644.
[79]Michal L, Ivona L, Milan E. Changes in speed and strength in female volleyball players during and after a plyometric training program[J]. Acta Univ. Palacki. Olomuc,2009,39 (1):59-67.
[80]Nicholas A, Ratamess WJ, Kraemer JS, et al. The effects of ten weeks of resistance and combined plyometric/sprint training with the meridian elyte athletic shoe on muscular performance in women[J].J Stren and Cond Research,2007,21(3):882-887.
[81]Philo U, Saunders RD, Telford DB, et al. Short-term plyometric training improves running economy in highly trained middle and long distance runners[J]J Stre and Cond Research, 2006,20(4):947-954.
[82]Rahman R, Parvin A, Naser B, et al. Evaluation of plyometric,weight training and their combination on angular velocity[J]. Physical Education and Sport,2006,4(1):1-8.
[83]Randall L J, William PE. Quantifying plyometric intensity via rate of force development, knee joint, and ground reaction forces[J].J Stren and Cond Res,2007,21(3):763-767.
[84]GRAY C. Functional training for the torso[J]. NSCAjournal,1997,(4):14-19.
[85]Ethen R. Strength training for wrestling[J]. Proquest Education Journals,1994,63:80.
[86]何子红.新规则下我国摔跤专项体能和技术训练方法的创新性研究及国外主要对手训练方法和信息的分析研究[C].国家体育总局2008年奥运攻关课题结题报告,2008.
[87]王卫星,廖小军.核心力量训练的作用及方法[J].中国体育教练员,2008,16(2)：12-15.
[88]Marius S F, Jan H, Markus G, et al. Functional maximal strength training induces neural transfer to single-joint tasks[J]. Eur J Appli Physiol,2009,107:21-29.
[89]李红玲,徐凌娇.H反射及其在中枢神经系统疾患中的应用[J].中国康复医学杂志,2009,24(3)：278-280.
[90]国家体育总局干部培训中心.高水平竞技运动体能训练研究[M].北京：北京体育大学出版社,2009：238.
[91]Silvestre R, Kraemer WJ, West C, et al. Body composition and physical performance during a national collegiate athletic association division I men's soccer season[J]. J Stre and Cond Research,2006,20(4):962-970.
[92]Fleck S.J, Kraemer W.J. Designing resistance training programs[M]. Human Kinetics,2004.
[93]Valdimir MZ, William JK. Science and practice of strength training[M]. America:Human Kinetic,2006.
[94]Steven JK. Optimizing strength training[M]. America:Human Kinetics,2007.Valdimir MZ, William JK. Science and practice of strength training[M]. America:Human Kinetic,2006.
[95]Nuno G, Daniel AM, Victor MR, et al. Does combined dry land strength and aerobic training inhabit performance of young competitive swimmers[J]. J Sports Science and Med,2010,(9): 300-310.
[96]Dudley G, Djamil R. Incompatibility of endurance and strength training modes of exercise[J]. J Appli Physiol,1985,59:1446-1451.
[97]Abernethy P, Quigley B. Concurrent strength and endurance training of the elbow extensors [J].J Stren and Cond Research,1993,7(7):234-240.
[98]Hennessey LC, Watson WC. The interference effects of training for strength and endurance simultaneously[J].J Stren and Cond Research,1994,8(1):12-19.
[99]Bell G, Syrotuik D, Socha T, et al. Effects of strength training or concurrent strength and endurance training on strength testosterone, and cortisol[J].J Strength Cond Res,1997,11 (1):57-64.
[100]Billat V, Slawinski J, Bocquet L, et al. Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptate enables subjects to remain at maximal oxygen uptates for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol,2000,81:88-96.
[101]Billat V,L Binsse V, Petit B, et al. High level runners are able to maintain a vo2 steady-state below vo2max in an all-out run over their critical velocity [J].Arch Physiol Biochem, 1998,106(1):38-45.
[102]Bishop D, Jenkins D, Mackinnon L, et al. The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristic[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,1999,31:886-891.
[103]Clare M, Catherine W. Strength training improves supramaximal cycling but not anaerobic capacity[J].Eur J Appl Physiol,2008,102:659-666.
[104]Duffiied R, Johann E, David B, et al. The relationship between the vo2 slow component, muscle metabolites and performance during very-heavy exhaustive exercise[J]. J Sci Med Sport,2007,10:127-134.
[105]Gleen W, Peter LR. The relationship between repeated sprint ability and the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems[J].J Sci Med sport,1998,1(2):100-110.
[106]Johnston, DL, Bahamonde R. Power output estimate in university athletes[J]. J Stren Cond Res,1997,10:161-166.
[107]Mccarthy JP, Agre JC, Graf B, et al. Compatibility of adaptive responses with combing strength and endurance training[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc,1995,27:429-436.
[108]Gamble P. A skill-based conditioning games approach to metabolic conditioning for elite rugby football players[J]. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004,18(3):491-497.
[109]Cliff E, Keith G. Position specific rehabilitation for rugby union players.Part ⅡI:Evidence-based examples[J].Physicat Therapy in Sport,2006,(7):30-35.