社会主义建设的经验教训与政治体制改革
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摘要
中国的社会主义建设有经验，也有教训。信阳事件就是解放后一次影响很大的灾难，其引发的主要原因不是自然灾害，而是由政治经济体制所造成。沉重的灾难虽然没能压垮共产党人和中国人民，但也没能让灾后反思的目光停留在具有决定性作用的体制上，这又注定走入后来噩梦般的十年动乱。故本文选取信阳事件作为个案分析对象。
政治体制的缺陷由信阳事件这一显例充分表现出来：崇尚威权的决策机制，使民主集中制不能得以执行，专制思想占居统治地位；不受监督制约的权力结构，使家长命令、只对上不对下负责地官僚作风与专制思想互相推波助澜，决策失误不能及时得到纠正；失去民主与法治的无序政治又让官僚作风逐渐恶化成地方法西斯行为，草菅人命。
本文提出了“加强中央，委任省区(民族自治区)，去市扩县，推行县政民主管理制度”和“党务官员现行制，政务官员选举制，事务官员委任制，干部人事任用失察失误追究制”的政策建议，试图铲除政治体制上的弊端，填补体制漏洞。
There are both experiences and lessons to be drawn from the events in the socialist construction of China. The Xinyang Incident is such an event just after the Liberation in 1949, with its far-reaching effects. The principal cause that triggered the incident was not natural calamity, but a failure in the political and economic system. Although the Communist Party and the Chinese people were able to triumph over the disaster, the experience did not lead them to rethink the system that facilitated the disaster in the first place. This lack of critical analysis was doomed to bring about subsequent nightmares like the Ten-year Turmoil(The Cultural Revolution). Hence the Xinyang Incident is chosen as the object of the case analysis of this paper.
The defects of the political system can be fully illustrated by the example of the Xinyang Incident. The advocating-authority and decision-making mechanism caused democratic centralism to fail to be practiced resulting in the idea of autarchy taking-the dominant position. The power structure, having been left unsupervised and unrestricted, allowed patriarchy and the tendency of bureaucracy, responsible for the upper-levels of government but not the lower-levels to add fuel to flames with the idea of despotism, which permitted the defects of the decision-making process to persist into the future. On the other hand, the anarchist government, which had subverted democracy and civil order, transformed the bureaucracy into local fascism, which treated human life casually.
This paper put forward the following suggestions on policy: reinforcing the
central government, appointing province-level leaders, removing the system of cities and expanding the system of counties, practicing democratic county-government administration, adopting the current system for the Party leaders, the election system for government officials, the commission system for officials of general affairs, the misconduct-investigation system for cadre-appointment, in an effort to eradicate the malpractices and close the loopholes of the political system.
政治体制的缺陷由信阳事件这一显例充分表现出来：崇尚威权的决策机制，使民主集中制不能得以执行，专制思想占居统治地位；不受监督制约的权力结构，使家长命令、只对上不对下负责地官僚作风与专制思想互相推波助澜，决策失误不能及时得到纠正；失去民主与法治的无序政治又让官僚作风逐渐恶化成地方法西斯行为，草菅人命。
本文提出了“加强中央，委任省区(民族自治区)，去市扩县，推行县政民主管理制度”和“党务官员现行制，政务官员选举制，事务官员委任制，干部人事任用失察失误追究制”的政策建议，试图铲除政治体制上的弊端，填补体制漏洞。
There are both experiences and lessons to be drawn from the events in the socialist construction of China. The Xinyang Incident is such an event just after the Liberation in 1949, with its far-reaching effects. The principal cause that triggered the incident was not natural calamity, but a failure in the political and economic system. Although the Communist Party and the Chinese people were able to triumph over the disaster, the experience did not lead them to rethink the system that facilitated the disaster in the first place. This lack of critical analysis was doomed to bring about subsequent nightmares like the Ten-year Turmoil(The Cultural Revolution). Hence the Xinyang Incident is chosen as the object of the case analysis of this paper.
The defects of the political system can be fully illustrated by the example of the Xinyang Incident. The advocating-authority and decision-making mechanism caused democratic centralism to fail to be practiced resulting in the idea of autarchy taking-the dominant position. The power structure, having been left unsupervised and unrestricted, allowed patriarchy and the tendency of bureaucracy, responsible for the upper-levels of government but not the lower-levels to add fuel to flames with the idea of despotism, which permitted the defects of the decision-making process to persist into the future. On the other hand, the anarchist government, which had subverted democracy and civil order, transformed the bureaucracy into local fascism, which treated human life casually.
This paper put forward the following suggestions on policy: reinforcing the
central government, appointing province-level leaders, removing the system of cities and expanding the system of counties, practicing democratic county-government administration, adopting the current system for the Party leaders, the election system for government officials, the commission system for officials of general affairs, the misconduct-investigation system for cadre-appointment, in an effort to eradicate the malpractices and close the loopholes of the political system.
引文
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22．高放主编，科学社会主义的理论与实践[M]，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999·7
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2．徐勇，徐勇自选集[M]，武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1999·9
3．徐勇，中国农村村民自治[M]，武汉：华中师范大学出版社，1997·12
4．萧克，李锐，龚育之等，我亲历过的政治运动[[M]，北京：中央编译出版社，1998·9
5．林蕴晖，顾训中，人民公社狂想曲[M]，郑州：河南人民出版社，1995·5
6．武斌，百年政治风云[M]，北京：中国经济出版社，2000·8
7．郭学德，百年大灾大难[M]，北京：中国经济出版社，2000·8
8．张树军，史言，中国共产党八十年重大事件实录[M]，长沙：湖南人民出版社，2001·5
9．沈久闻，张焕宗，姬丽萍，老新闻—共和国往事(1956-1958)[M]，天津：天津人民出版社，1998·9
10．江沛，周德喜，沈久闻，老新闻—共和国往事(1959-1961)[M]，天津：天津人民出版社，1998·9
11．浦兴祖，当代中国政治制度[M]，上海：复旦大学出版社，1999·8
12．董郁玉，施滨海，政治中国：面向新体制选择的时代[C]，北京：今日中国出版社，1998·7
13．俞祖华，王国洪，中国现代政治思想史[M]，济南：山东大学出版社，1999·11
14．袁亚愚等，社会学家的眼光：中国社会问题[M]，北京：中国社会出版社，1998·9
15．刘泽华等，中国传统政治哲学与社会整合[M]，北京：中国社会科学出版社，2000·11
16．张岱年，方克立主编，中国文化概论[M]，北京：北京师范大学出版社，1999·2
17．中国社会科学杂志社，民主的再思考[C]，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2000·12
18．刘军宁编，李柏光等译，民主与民主化[C]，北京：商务印书馆，1999·12
19．尹保云，什么是现代化：概念与范式的探讨[M]，北京：人民出版社，2001·10
20．(美)罗斯金等著，林震等译，政治科学[M]，北京：华夏出版社，2000·7
21．(美)里普森等著，刘晓等译，政治学的重大问题：政治学导论[M]，北京：华夏出版社，2001·5
22．高放主编，科学社会主义的理论与实践[M]，北京：中国人民大学出版社，1999·7
23．张玉瑜，毛泽东与中国社会主义[M]，上海：学林出版社，2001·10
24．(美)彼得斯著，吴爱明译，政府未来的治理模式[M]，北京：中国人民大学出版社，2001·11
25．荣敬本等，从压力型体制向民主合作体制的转变：县乡两级政治体制改革[M]，北京：中央编译出版社，1998·6