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秸秆还田和氮肥施用对夏玉米生育及产量影响的研究
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摘要
本文采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了秸秆还田和氮肥施用对夏玉米生长发育过程、籽粒形成、最终产量以及氮肥利用率的影响。探讨了小麦秸秆还田优化施氮、传统施氮等处理对夏玉米的株高、节根、叶面积、茎粗以及叶绿素含量等的影响;进而通过对灌浆速度、同化物运转等的分析,研究了秸秆还田和氮肥施用对夏玉米籽粒形成及最终产量的影响;并且通过研究,明确了秸秆还田对氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:
     (1)秸秆还田和氮肥施用促进了夏玉米的生长发育,尤其是秸秆还田+传统施氮、秸秆还田+优化施氮两个处理增强了夏玉米的营养生长,扩大了夏玉米的“源”,而且延缓了夏玉米的衰老。
     (2)秸秆还田和氮肥施用加快了夏玉米籽粒的灌浆速度,延长了最大灌桨速率持续期,促进了同化物向籽粒的运转。
     (1)秸秆还田和氮肥施用有利于夏玉米的物质生产,与秸秆不还田+不施氮相比,秸秆还田+优化施氮干物质增加了17.76%,最终籽粒产量以秸秆还田+优化施氮为最大,比秸秆不还田+不施氮提高了58.94%。
     (4)秸秆还田和氮肥施用在一定程度上提高了氮肥的利用率。与传统施氮相比,优化施氮使得氮肥的利用率增加了3.12-7.39kg/kg·hm~2。
     (5)从作物产量、经济效益和环境效益方面综合分析,与其它管理模式相比,秸秆还田+优化施氮是适宜在京郊推广的一种较好的模式。
In this paper, employed two factors randomized blocks design, effects of crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer on the growth, development, seed formation, yield formation and NUE(Nitrogen Use Efficiency) of summer maize were studied. We discussed the effects of different managements on height of summer maize, number of nodal root, leaf area, plant stem width and chlorophyll content etc. We analyzed grain filling rate and transference rate of (14)~C-assimilate, through which, we understood the effects of crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer on seed formation, final yield and NUE. The results showed as follows:
    (1) Crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer promoted the growth of summer maize, especially in the treatments of the optimized fertilization with crop residues and the traditional fertilization with crop residues. At the same time, nutrition growth of summer maize was enhanced, the "source" of summer maize was enlarged and senility was delayed.
    (2) Crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer accelerated the filling rate of summer maize, prolonged maximum filling continuous period and promoted assimilate transference from the ear leaf to grain.
    (3) Crop residues incorporation and N-fertilizer benefited the production of dry matter of summer maize. Compared with the treatment without straw and without N-fertilizer, the production of dry matte was raised 17.76% in the treatment of crop residues incorporation and optimized N-fertilization. And its final seed production was 7385.1kg/hm~(2), the biggest in the whole six treatments, which raised 58.94%, compared with the treatment of without straw -without N-fertilizer.
    (4) Using of straw and N-fertilizer, NUE was raised in some degree. The results indicated that optimized N-fertilizer enhanced the crops' NUE by 3.12-7.39kg/ kg.hm~(2) .
    (5) Analyzing crop yield, economically net income and environmental aspects, "crop residues incorporation + optimized N-fertilization" is the best model in our experiment and is worth popularizing in suburban district of Peking.
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