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世界双遗产地武夷山风景名胜区景观演变时空特征、干扰模拟与生态安全预警研究
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摘要
世界遗产地是被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会确认的具有普遍价值、人类罕见、无法替代的文化和自然财富。长期以来,地震、海啸、飓风、战争、城市建设、旅游开发、环境破坏等各种自然和人为因素使得世界遗产遭受着严重的破坏甚至是毁灭,对世界遗产的保护已经迫在眉睫。武夷山是我国继泰山、黄山、峨眉山—乐山大佛之后,第4个被列入世界双重遗产名录之山。它不仅是“罕见的自然美地带”和“尚存的珍稀或濒危动植物的栖息地”,同时又是“一种已消逝的文明见证”和“具有特殊普遍意义的传统思想发源地之一”,是全球同纬度带最完整、最典型、面积最大的中亚热带原生性森林生态系统,世界生物多样性保护的关键地区。在世界遗产旅游迅猛发展的大背景下,人类对旅游地自然、社会,经济及当地文化的干扰日益加重。作为世界级名山,武夷山以其丹霞地貌、自然山水、历史文化名山吸引了无数国内外游客的同时,其自然、社会、经济复合生态系统正面临着巨大压力,遗产保护面临挑战。因此,研究武夷山遗产地生态安全及其变化机理与发展趋势,对保护并合理利用这一珍贵的自然与文化双遗产地具有重要意义。
     景观生态学作为生态学与地理学交叉的新兴学科,关注的是较大时空尺度上的生态学问题,其产生和发展给世界遗产地的生态安全研究带来了新的思维和方法。本文以世界文化和自然遗产地武夷山中受自然和人类生态过程作用最为强烈和频繁的武夷山风景名胜区为研究对象,选择武夷山风景名胜区发展历程中的3个关键时期(1986年、1997年、2009年),结合掌握的基础资料、遥感影像资料、社会经济资料及前人研究成果,在3S技术的支持下,运用景观生态学和生态安全的理论与方法,分析了武夷山风景名胜区景观格局演变的时空特征,揭示了导致景观变迁的主要干扰因子及驱动机制;采用典范对应分析方法探讨了景观格局与环境因子尺度效应问题;构建了景区主要自然干扰源(森林火灾和松毛虫害)的风险指标体系并识别了其风险格局;利用空间统计学方法分析了景观生态安全度的时空分异特征及其演变规律;应用逐步回归分析方法分析了景区生态系统服务价值时空变化及其环境响应。同时,构建了新的景观生态安全指数的度量指标——景观复合生态安全指数,并运用人工神经网络方法模拟了驱动因子与生态安全间的非线性关系;通过对目前主流的几种景观格局变化模型的比较,采用CLUE-S模型模拟预测了景区未来景观演变趋势。最后创新性地提出双遗产地的生态安全概念,构建生态安全预警框架模型及指标体系,引入可托分析方法开展景区生态安全预警研究,并首次对基于遗产损失度概念的世界遗产地保护和管理的排序原则的做了探索。主要研究结果如下:
     (1)武夷山风景名胜区内马尾松林、茶园、农田、建设用地、河流为主要景观类型,其中,马尾松林为基质景观。景区发展旅游的二十几年间,景观格局发生变化明显,茶园、建设用地大面积持续增加,马尾松林、农田、裸地大面积减少;马尾松林、农田破碎度增加,建设用地趋于规则化,茶园干扰显著,河流景观最为稳定。景观格局演变在不同时期呈现变化特征不同。
     (2)1986年、1997年、2009年景区风景廊道总长度分别为94.218km、156.715km、197.574km;1986~1997年风景廊道增加以公路为主,而1997~2009年公路增加程度放缓,步道明显增加;1986~2009年间景区公路建设率、廊道密度、曲度均不同程度增加。1986~2009年间景区线点率、连通度和环通度均呈现增加趋势,景区网络结构趋于复杂,山北景区尤为明显,2009年山北景区的线点率(1.387)、连通度(0.494)及环通度(0.228)均为各景区最大。步道长度、曲度、密度、公路建设率与垃圾量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、植物Simpson多样性指数、植物均匀度指数、景观重要值存在显著相关关系;网络结构指标与生态环境指标均不相关。
     (3)武夷山风景名胜区河流单位面积生态系统服务价值最高,达93707元/hm2a,裸地最低,仅为354元/hm2a。1986~1997年间生态系统服务价值损失较大,1997~2009年间得到一定程度弥补,但1986~2009年间生态系统服务价值变化为亏损趋势,植被景观类型向建设用地转化是导致生态系统服务价值降低的重要原因。生态系统服务价值与环境因子中的郁闭度相关行最为密切,相关系数为0.70**,环境因子间郁闭度与蓄积量则密切相关,相关系数为0.86**。武夷山风景名胜区植被景观生态系统服务价值与环境因子的拟合效果(R~2=0.7524,P<0.001)好与非植被景观(R~2=0.5370,P<0.001)。可应用拟合回归方程对植被景观生态系统服务价值予以估算。
     (4)武夷山风景名胜区景观格局与环境因子间的关系具有尺度效应,各环境因子对排序轴相关系数的影响规律在研究设置6个取样尺度内(30m~450m)可尺度推绎。6个尺度中环境因子与景观格局的平均相关系数从大到小依次为:郁闭度(0.7989**)、腐殖质层厚度(0.7248**)、海拔(0.6083**)、坡度(0.6132**)、经度(-0.4064**)、土层厚度(0.3696**)、纬度(0.0614)、坡向(0.0295),其中,郁闭度相关性最强,坡度最弱。根据景观类型与环境因子的关系可将景区景观类型划分为3类:即裸地、河流、建设用地、农田景观(与海拔因子密切相关);杉木林、马尾松林、阔叶林景观(与土壤因子密切相关);茶园、经济林、竹林、灌草丛景观(与人类活动密切相关)。
     (5)自然环境的制约作用、经济利益驱动下的生产行为模式转变、人口和旅游发展带来的开发建设、政策法规和管理的导向作用等是武夷山风景名胜区景观格局演变的主要定性驱动因素。以海拔、坡向、坡度等定量自然驱动因子,以到道路的最近距离、到河流的最近距离、到居民点的最近距离,到停车场(旅游集散地)的最近离距等定量人为驱动因子作为景观模拟的定量驱动因子,采用CLUE-S模型模拟预测了武夷山风景名胜区2020年3种情景下的景观格局,揭示了了敏感景观的变化特征。
     (6)1986~2009年武夷山风景名胜区景观生态安全度总体上呈递增趋势。1986~2009年景区景观生态安全度Morans’s I表现为一定程度的正相关,1986~1997年间正相关关系明显增强,且景观生态安全度全局自相关存在尺度响应。1997年和2009年景区景观生态安全度局域自相关格局较一致,而景观生态安全度的集群结构及显著水平在1986~1997年间发生明显改变。景区各时期景观生态安全度所表现出的较强空间相关性是结构性因素和非结构性因素综合作用的结果,地形地貌、土壤类型等结构因素对景区景观生态安全度的空间分布起着决定性作用,而非结构因素(旅游开发建设、毁林种茶、弃农种茶等人类行为)对景观生态安全度的演变有重要影响。
     (7)武夷山风景名胜区内森林火灾发生风险低,人类活动是引起森林火灾的主要因素,较安全和一般安全的区域占景区森林面积的98.79%。溪南景区和溪东旅游服务区是防火工作的重点。景区马尾松有近1393.83hm2处于高风险区域,占马尾松林面积的34.26%。高风险区基本包围了景区内的精华景区,九曲溪沿线北岸风险高于南岸,对九曲溪沿岸森林景观虫害防治是重中之重。
     (8)构建的复合生态安全指数合理反映了景区生态安全空间格局状况,人工神经网络模型对驱动因子与复合生态安全指数的模拟精度达92.04%,精度高、效果好,对驱动因子作用机理解释合理。
     (9)武夷山风景名胜区生态安全预警准确率达84%。1997和2009年景区生态安全等级均处于Ⅰ级安全水平(无警状态),但2009年生态安全水平较1997年更加趋于向Ⅱ级转变,系统风险增加,1997年和2009年时期处于敏感预警等级的指标有所差异。
     本研究不仅紧紧抓住生态安全研究的热点与难点问题,而且顺应了世界遗产地保护的时代需求;同时在拓展生态安全研究对象、丰富世界遗产研究内容等方面具有积极的参考价值和现实指导意义。
A world Heritage Site is a place recognized by the World Heritage Committee of the UNESCO as akind of cultural and natural wealth of universal value, infrequency and irreplaceability.. For a long time,world heritages sites suffer serious damages or even devastation from a variety of human and naturalfactors, for example, earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, war, urban construction, tourism development andenvironmental destruction. Therefore, it is urgent to provide more protection for world heritage sites.Located in the northwestern part of Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain is the most outstanding area forbiodiversity conservation in southeast China and a refuge for a large number of ancient, relict species,many of them endemic to China. In December1999, Wuyi Mountain was included on the World Naturaland Cultural Heritage List by the23rd Session of the World Heritage Committee of the UNESCO, beinggiven the comment “a natural landscape so unique, rare and marvelous, is the beauty of nature andembodiment of the harmonious relations between human being and environment”. Wuyi Mountain is nowthe largest of China' s World Heritage sites which covers a total area of999.75square kilometers. Thenominated area is divided into4parts, with the Biodiversity Preserve to the west, Nine-twist StreamEcological Preserve in the center, Natural Beauty and Cultural Landscape Preserve to the east (i.e.Wuyishan Scenery District) and the ancient Chencun Minyue Relics to the southeast.
     With the tourism of world heritage sites developing rapidly, human beings are producing more andmore disturbances to the nature, society, economy and local culture in these sites. As a world-renowedmountain, Wuyi Mountain has attracted numerous domestic and foreign tourists for its Danxia landform,natural landscape, historically and culturally famous mountains. However, at the same time, the compositeecosystem of nature, society and economy in Wuyi Mountain is facing tremendous pressure, which cast aheavy burden on the protection of world heritage. Therefore,, a study on ecological security status and itschange mechanism and trend in Wuyi Mountain will have great significance to the protection and rationalutilization of the cultural and natural mixed heritage sites.
     Landscape ecology is considered as an emerging interdiscipline between ecology and geography,focusing on ecological issues on large spatial scale and temporal scale. Landscape ecology theories providenew idea and approaches to ecological security research on world heritage sites. Wuyishan Scenery Districtis chosen as a study region in the paper, as have been disturbed most severely compared to the other threesub-regions, although in general all of the four regions have been well protected under strict managementmeasures required for protecting a world heritage site. Utilizing3S technology and combining with basicdata, remote sensing image, social and economic material and previous research results, we conduct aseries of research in the three critical periods of1886,1997and2009on the basis of the theories andmethods on landscape ecology and ecological security. An analysis is made for the law of change oflandscape pattern, and an explanation of main interference factors and driving mechanism is given.Canonical correspondence method is used to analyze a multi-scale effect between landscape pattern andenvironmental factors. A risk indicators system is constructed to identify risk pattern of main naturalsources including forest fires and dendrolimus punetatus walker damage. Spatial statistics method isadopted to deal with temporal-spatial differentiation and change rules of landscape ecological security degree. Step regression is used to analyze characteristics of temporal-spatial change of ecosystem servicesvalue and its responses to environmental factors. Further, a composite ecological security index is firstestablished, and the simulation of nonlinear relationship between this index and driving factors performswell by artificial neural network (ANN) method. Compared with the currently main models, a CLUE-Smodel is chose to simulate and forecast the future change of landscape pattern. In addition, the paper putsforward a concept of ecological security on cultural and natural heritage sites and then constructs anearly-warning frame and system index of ecological security in mixed sites; an extension analysis methodis introduced to give an analysis of ecological security early warning in Wuyishan Scenery District. At theend, an ordering rule for protection and management in world heritage sites is discussed on the basis ofdegree of loss (DL) for the first time. Primary results are as follows:
     (1) Landscape types in the study area are divided into eleven categories including Pinus massonianaforest, Camellia sinensis plantation, farmland, bare area, construction land, Cunninghamia lanceolataforest, broad-leaved forest, shrub and grassland, bamboo forest, economic forest, and river. The mainlandscape types are Pinus massoniana forest (matrix landscape), Camellia sinensis plantation, farmland,construction land and river. Landscape pattern from1986to2009changed significantly with thecontinuous increase in the area of Camellia sinensis plantation and construction land, while the large-scaledecrease in the area of Pinus massoniana forest, farmland, and bare area. With the fragmentation of Pinusmassoniana forest and farmland, the construction land became more regular in a patch shape. Significantdisturbances took place in Camellia sinensis plantation while the river landscape maintained stable. Thedifferent characteristic of the change of landscape pattern occurred in different development periods (1986-1997and1997-2009).
     (2) Total lengths of the scenic corridors in1986,1997and2009were94.218km,156.725km and197.574km, respectively. As a major change in elements of scenic corridor, the roads increased by64.659km from1986to1997. From1997to2009, the length of roads had only a increase by22.172km while thatof trails by18.687km. Between1986and2009, the construction ratio of roads vary from0.31to0.60; thedensity of corridors increased from1.34km/km2to2.81km/km2; curvature increased from1.19to1.56.The ratio of line to node, circuitry and connectivity had an increasing trend during the period of1986to2009, which leaded to a more complicated network structure, especially at the mountain’s north scenicregion,. The three above indices of this region were1.387,0.494,0.228in2009, respectively, all higherthan that of other scenic regions. Visitor trails, curvature, density, and construction ratio of roads weresignificantly associated with garbage quantity, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, plant Simpson diversityindex, plant evenness index and landscape important value. The network structure indicators were notcorrelated with the ecological environment indicators.
     (3) In terms of unit area of ecosystem services value in study area, river bears a maximum of93707RMB/hm2a and bare area bears a minimum of354RMB/hm2a. Although ecosystem services valueachieved a certain degree offset from1997to2009, it still remained a deficit trend in the period of1986to2009. This is due to that vegetation landscapes were transformed to construction land in that time.Ecosystem services value has a medium correlation level with environmental factors. Correlation coefficient between canopy density and service value is the maximum0.7**, and the one between canopydensity and volume was the maximum (0.86**) in various environmental factors. The fitting results ofvegetation landscape types of ecosystem services value(R~2=0.7524, p<0.0001) has an advantages overnon-vegetation one (R~2=0.5370, p<0.0001).
     (4) Multi-scale effect between landscape pattern and environmental factors, and the response law ofenvironment factors to ordination axes could be scaled within six sampling scales(30m~450m). Theaverage correlation coefficients of environment factors with landscape pattern in a descending order werecanopy density (0.7989**), humus thickness (0.7248**), elevation (0.6083**), slope (0.6132**), longitude(-0.4064**), soil thickness(0.3696**), latitude (0.0614), aspect(0.0295). The canopy density is mostcorrelated with landscape pattern while the slope is least correlated. According to the relationship betweenthe landscape types and environmental factors, landscapes in the area can be classified into three categories:the elevation related landscapes including bare land, rivers, construction land, and farmland,; the soilrelated landscape including Cunninghamia lanceolata forest, Pinus massoniana forest, broad-leaved forest;and human managed landscape including Camellia sinensis plantation, economic forest, bamboo forest,shrub and grassland.
     (5) The main reasons causing the landscape succession in Wuyishan Scenery District came from fouraspects: the restrictive function of the natural environment, the behavior pattern change driven by theeconomy profit, development construction caused by the tourism development and population growth, andthe orientation function of laws and regulations and management. In order to simulate the landscape change,both natural driving factors (altitude, slope, slope etc.) and human driving factors (the closest distance toroads, to river, to residential areas, to the parking areas) are selected as quantitative driving factors. Underthree scenarios, landscape pattern in2020is simulated by CLUE-S model to forecast the change ofsensitive landscape types.
     (6) During the period of1986to2009, the ecological security degree displayed a gradual increase inWuyishan Scenery District. Morans’s I of ecological security degree showed a certain degree positivecorrelation, and this correlation was most distinct between1986and1997. General auto correlation oflandscape ecological security degree had a scale response. In the period of1997to2009, localautocorrelation pattern was consistent. However, the cluster structure and significant level of ecologicalsecurity degree presented obvious change between1986and1997. The strong spatial correlation forecological security degree was the result of combined influence from structural factors and non-structuralfactors. Structural factors such as topographic and landform and agrotype played a conclusive role in itsspace distribution. And non-structural factors including tourism development and construction,deforestation and shifting farmland to plant tea, had an important influence on its evolution.
     (7)There is little possibility of forest fire, and forest fire results mainly from human activities. Risklevel of forest fire the this area is at better safety grade and general safety grade. The area of both gradesaccounts for98.79%of the scenic forests. Both the South Stream Scenic Zone and the Travel Service Zoneare the focus of fire prevention work. Besides, there are1393.83hm2of Pinus massoniana forest exposes inhigh-risk area, accounting for34.26%of the total Pinus massoniana forest area. The high-risk areas basically covers the essence scenic spots in the district., And the risk on the north bank of the JiuquxiStream is higher than that of the south bank. It is very important to implement forest landscape pest controlin both sides of Jiuquxi Stream in Wuyishan Scenery District
     (8) Composite ecological security index better explains the ecological security spatial pattern.Prediction92.04%of accuracy can be achieved by artificial neural network (ANN) method to simulate thenonlinear relationship between this index and driving factors, with high precision and good effect.Meanwhile, It gives a good explanation of mechanism driving factors affecting ecological security pattern.
     (9) The accuracy result of extension analysis method introduced to perform ecological security earlywarning is84%. Early warming rank is at a Ⅰ level (no alarm status) in both the year of1997and2009.Nonetheless, the rank in2009is easier than the one in1997to transform to the Ⅱ rank that has a more risk.At the same time, early-warning indices belong to sensitive ranks have some difference between1997and2009.
     The study not only agrees with hot topics and trend in the field of ecological security, but also meetsthe need of current world heritage protection. Meanwhile, this study provides certain reference value andpractical significance in the aspects of developing ecological security research objects and enriching worldheritage research content.
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