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喷施6-BA和PP_(333)对小麦籽粒产量、淀粉形成与品质的调控效应研究
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摘要
在大田试验条件下,通过设置不同喷施时期和不同施用浓度试验,研究了6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-benzyladenine,6-BA)和氯丁唑(paclobutrazol,PP_(333))对强、中、弱三种筋力类型小麦品种产量和淀粉品质性状的影响,从中筛选出了能促进小麦产量与淀粉品质同步提高的最佳施用浓度和喷施时期。在此基础上,从蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成关键酶、内源激素和胚乳细胞发育等方面,重点研究了这两种植物生长调节物质对中筋型小麦品种豫麦49籽粒产量、淀粉形成和淀粉品质性状的调控效应。其主要研究结果如下:
     一、从所设置的72个处理组合中(3个品种、2种植物生长调节物质,各设3个处理时期,每个时期各设4个喷施浓度),筛选出花前1d喷施4.5mg/L的6-BA、花后14d喷施1.0mg/L的PP_(333)可明显提高小麦产量,改善籽粒淀粉品质。同时发现,施用PP_(333)对小麦产量和淀粉品质调控效应在不同筋型品种间表现不同。二者配施对小麦产量和淀粉品质也有明显的促进效果。在此基础上,进一步对这三种处理对中筋型品种豫麦49产量与淀粉品质的调控机理进行了深入的探讨。
     二、花前1d喷施4.5mg/L的6-BA和花后14d喷施1.0mg/L的PP_(333)能明显提高中筋品种豫麦49旗叶的蔗糖合成能力和籽粒中蔗糖的降解能力,促进了籽粒中淀粉的形成与积累,从而有利于产量的提高。两个单因子处理间比较,花后14d喷施PP_(333)对提高籽粒中蔗糖代谢的效果更加明显,最终导致粒重的明显提高。二者配施处理对蔗糖代谢的促进作用体现在籽粒总淀粉含量的提高上。
     三、根据对豫麦49籽粒灌浆期间淀粉合成关键酶活性的测定结果及其淀粉积累速率关系的分析可以看出,施用6-BA和PP_(333)均能明显提高籽粒中AGPP、SSS、GBSS、SBE和DBE活性,加速了籽粒中总淀粉、支链淀粉和直链淀粉积累,从而有利于粒重和产量的提高。相关分析结果表明,所测定的5个淀粉合成关键酶与总淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率的关系比对直链淀粉的关系更为密切。同时,由于两个单因子处理条件下籽粒中GBSS活性和直链淀粉积累速率的提高幅度均较小,因而能明显提高籽粒中淀粉支/直比例,进而改善籽粒的淀粉品质。此外,二者互作配施处理对籽粒中AGPP、SSS、SBE、DBE4个淀粉合成关键酶活性,以及总淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率还表现出较强的正调控效应,因而该处理的总淀粉含量和淀粉支/直比例明显高于两个单因子处理。各处理对5个淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响效应不同是导致处理间淀粉积累差异的重要原因。
     四、对不同处理条件下籽粒中内源激素含量的测定结果表明,施用6-BA和PP_(333)处理后在籽粒不同灌浆阶段对不同内源激素含量的影响效应不同。与对照相比,两个单因子处理籽粒中ZR含量在整个灌浆期间均有增加;灌浆中期籽粒中ABA含量提高,而IAA、GAs含量降低;灌浆后期籽粒中GAs含量升高,ABA含量降低。二者配施处理对灌浆中前期的
Field experiments were carried out in growth-seasons of 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 to evaluate the effects of 6-BA(6-benzyladenine) and PP_(333)(paclobutrazol) on grain yield and starch quality of wheat cultivars differing in gluten strength(strong-, medium- and weak-gluten wheat cultivars). The optimal spaying concentration and time for these regulators would be confirmed. Especially, Yumai 49, a medium-strong gluten cultivar, was used to evaluate the sucrose metabolism, key enzymes involved in starch synthesis, changes of endogenous contents and dynamic of the endosperm cells number. The main results were as follows:
    1. Among the 72 treatments (three cultivars, two regulators with four spaying concentrations and three spraying stages), 4.5 mg/L of 6-BA sprayed 1d before anthesis (DBA) and 1.0 mg/L PP_(333) sprayed 14 days after anthesis(DAA) improved grain yield and starch quality obviously. In addition, effects of PP_(333) on grain yield and starch quality were different among cultivars with different gluten-strength. Positive interactions between PP_(333) and 6-BA on grain yield and starch quality were also found in the experiment. The regulation mechanism of these regulators on grain yield and starch quality was further investigated.
    2. Both treatments of 4.5 mg/L 6-BA application 1 DBA and 1 mg/L PP_(333) application 14 DAA promoted sucrose synthesis in flag leaves and enhanced sucrose supply and its degradation capacity in grains of Yumai49. In the treatments total starch accumulation was increased and grain yield was improved. Comparing between the two treatments, effect of PP_(333) on activity of sucrose metabolism was larger than 6-BA, which resulted in a significant increase of grain weight. Obvious interactions between PP_(333) and 6-BA were found on increase of total starch content.
    3. From the results of changes of key enzyme activities and starch accumulation rate of Yumai49 in grain filling stage, it was concluded that 6-BA and PP_(333) increased activities of AGPP, SSS, GBSS, SBE and DBE , and accelerated accumulation of total starch, amylopectin and amylose, which was favorable to the increase of grain yield
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