花椒良种选育及丰产栽培技术研究
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摘要
花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim)为陕西重要生态型经济树种,其面积、产量在全国名列前茅。为了使陕西花椒发挥更大的经济、生态效能,经过10多年系统的潜心试验研究,选育出了3个花椒良种,解决了花椒育苗、建园、抚育管护中的一些技术难题。
一、采用生产调查、选优、区试、子代测定与品质测试,在大红袍种群中选育出了狮子头、南强1号、无刺椒等3个优良品种,其品质可达到或超过国家林业行业标准特级花椒的要求,盛果期产量较大红袍分别增产27.5%、25.0%、12.5%。并于2005年通过了陕西省林业良种审定委员会的审定。
二、花椒种子不发芽的原因有两个,一是种子经过曝晒,失去了生命能力,二是春季播种种子未经过脱脂处理。花椒种子湿沙层积贮藏简便易行,成本低,种子生命力可得到较好保护。用生石灰或洗衣粉水搓洗种子进行脱脂处理,方法简便,效果好。花椒育苗以每亩留苗量2.0万株左右较合理。
三、花椒雨季整地翌春栽植造林成活率最高,其次是春季随整地随栽植,最差为春季整地后,晾晒2—3天再栽植。在相同坡度(20—25度)、土壤理化性质、肥力等条件下,就花椒造林成活率而言,鱼鳞坑最高,反坡梯田与水平阶次之,两者相差不大,而全面整地最差。就6年生花椒株产而言,水平阶与反坡梯田最高,鱼鳞坑次之,而全面整地的最差。花椒随着定干高度的增加而造林成活率下降。花椒根系在空气中暴露时间越长,造林成活率越低。在各苗木处理中GGR6号+地膜、蘸泥浆+地膜造林成活率高、成本低。
四、大红袍花椒单行栽植以株距2.5m—3.0m为宜,片林以每亩56—63株为宜。
五、试验表明,8年生的花椒树,基肥施肥量以每株施农家肥60—70kg,三元复合肥1—1.5kg,稀土微肥1—1.5kg为宜。最经济的年追肥量为每株每年尿素0.5—1.0kg,过磷酸钙1.0—2.0kg,草木灰5—7kg。分两次施,第一次在花椒花蕾形成期,以N肥为主,N、P结合;第二次在花椒成熟前1个半月,以N、P肥为主,并施入少量钾肥。叶面喷肥费可提高产量24.7%,可用于花椒施肥的补充。
六、多主枝丛状形和自然开心形,成形块,整形技术易掌握,抗风、抗虫,宜大面积推广。修剪可改善光照,减轻病虫害,控制营养生长,盛果花椒树平均增产15.5%。
七、花椒窄吉丁在陕西韩城两年一代,世代重叠,虫态交错,主要危害部位在树干50cm以下。采取清除虫害木、刮除胶疤涂药、锤击流胶部位杀死皮下幼虫、叶面喷药杀成虫及加强树体、土壤管理,提高树木抗虫性等综合防治措施,可将其控制在不成灾的范围内。
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim is an important ecologically and economic tree species, and both its area and yield is among the tops in China. In order to have Z.bungeanum being play a more important role in economic and ecological aspects in Shaanxi, 3 good varieties of Z.bungeanum were selected after more than ten years’s research, and it solved some technical difficulties in its seedling production, orchard establishment, tending and management, etc.
1. Through production survey, selection of superior variety, regional test, progeny test and quality test, 3 superior varieties of Shizitou,Nanqiang 1 and Thornless Z. bungeanum, in the Dahongpao Variety population, and their quality reach or exceed the super-quality of Z. bungeanum of national forestry standard. Their yields during the high production period increase by 27.5%, 25.0% and 12.5% over Dahongpao. These varieties passed the appraisal by the Shaanxi Provincial forestry Superior Seed Appraisal Committee in 2005.
2. The study shows that the reasons that Z. bungeanum seed does not germinate are due to two factors: 1) after insolation of seed, it losses vitality; and 2) Seed which is sown in spring is not treated with degreasing. The storage of seed with stacked moist sand can be simply and easily operated with low cost, and the seed vitality can be well protected. Seeds can be degreased by washing them in quicklime solution or detergent, which is simple and has good result. It should maintain about 20000 Z. bungeanum seedlings per mu.
3. The test results showed that Z. bungeanum seedlings had high survival rate if site is prepared during the rainy season and planted in the next spring. It followed by both site preparation and planting was done in spring simultaneously. Planting after 2-3 days’site preparation in spring had the worst survival rate. Under same conditions of slope gradient (20-25o), soil physical and chemical properties, and soil fertility, planted Z. bungeanum seedlings in fish-scale pit had the highest survival rate, and there was no big difference between back-slope terracing and level terracing. Whole-area site preparation had the lowest survival rate. As to the yield of 6-year-old seedling, level terrace and back-slope terrace had the highest yield, which was followed by fish-scale pit. Whole-area site preparation had the lowest yield. The survival rate of planting Z. bungeanum seedlings decreases with increasing educated height of stem. The longer exposure of seedling root to air is, the lower the survival rate after planting is. Among the treatments, seedlings, which were treated with GGR6 plus plastic film or dipping seedlings in mud plus plastic film, had highest survival rate after planting, and low costs.
4. The results showed that for single row planting of Dahongpao, 2.5-3.0m distance between each tree is appropriate, and for Z. bungeanum orchard, 56-63 trees per mu are appropriate.
5. The results showed that for 8-year-sold Z. bungeanum tree, the amount of base fertilizer applied to each tree should be 60-70kg farm manure, 1– 1.5kg tri-element composite fertilizer and 1 - 1.5kg rare-earth, trace element. The most economic amount of annual top-application per tree is 0.5-1.0 kg urea, 1.0-2.0kg lime superphosphate and 5-7kg plant ash. They are applied in two times. First application is done during the period when Z. bungeanum tree forms flower bud, and nitrogen fertilizer as main fertilizer with integration of P fertilizer should be applied. The second application is done one and half month prior to the maturity period of Z. bungeanum, and N and P fertilizer as main fertilizer with integration of a small amount of K fertilizer. Foliage spraying can increase yield by 24.7%, and it can serve as a supplementary fertilizer for Z. bungeanum tree.
6. Multi-mainbranch fasciculate shape and natrual shape can quickly form tree shape and their training techniques can be easily learnt. They are both wind-resistant and insect-resistant, and can be widely applied. Pruning branch can improve illumination condition, reduce insect pest and disease damage, and control nutrition growth. The average increase of yield during full-fruit period is 15.5%.
7. The results showed that Agrilus zanthoxylumi Hou has one generation every two years in Hancheng of Shaanxi Province. They are alloiobiogenesis and its different form is alternating. It mainly damages the area of tree trunk below 50 cm in height. Its integrated pest control includes removing insect-damaged tree, scraping mucus scar and pasting chemical, hammering mucus part to kill larva underneath bark, and spraying chemical to kill adult insect as well as strengthening management of both trees and soil to improve tree’s insect-resistance and it can control its damage under allowable situation.
一、采用生产调查、选优、区试、子代测定与品质测试,在大红袍种群中选育出了狮子头、南强1号、无刺椒等3个优良品种,其品质可达到或超过国家林业行业标准特级花椒的要求,盛果期产量较大红袍分别增产27.5%、25.0%、12.5%。并于2005年通过了陕西省林业良种审定委员会的审定。
二、花椒种子不发芽的原因有两个,一是种子经过曝晒,失去了生命能力,二是春季播种种子未经过脱脂处理。花椒种子湿沙层积贮藏简便易行,成本低,种子生命力可得到较好保护。用生石灰或洗衣粉水搓洗种子进行脱脂处理,方法简便,效果好。花椒育苗以每亩留苗量2.0万株左右较合理。
三、花椒雨季整地翌春栽植造林成活率最高,其次是春季随整地随栽植,最差为春季整地后,晾晒2—3天再栽植。在相同坡度(20—25度)、土壤理化性质、肥力等条件下,就花椒造林成活率而言,鱼鳞坑最高,反坡梯田与水平阶次之,两者相差不大,而全面整地最差。就6年生花椒株产而言,水平阶与反坡梯田最高,鱼鳞坑次之,而全面整地的最差。花椒随着定干高度的增加而造林成活率下降。花椒根系在空气中暴露时间越长,造林成活率越低。在各苗木处理中GGR6号+地膜、蘸泥浆+地膜造林成活率高、成本低。
四、大红袍花椒单行栽植以株距2.5m—3.0m为宜,片林以每亩56—63株为宜。
五、试验表明,8年生的花椒树,基肥施肥量以每株施农家肥60—70kg,三元复合肥1—1.5kg,稀土微肥1—1.5kg为宜。最经济的年追肥量为每株每年尿素0.5—1.0kg,过磷酸钙1.0—2.0kg,草木灰5—7kg。分两次施,第一次在花椒花蕾形成期,以N肥为主,N、P结合;第二次在花椒成熟前1个半月,以N、P肥为主,并施入少量钾肥。叶面喷肥费可提高产量24.7%,可用于花椒施肥的补充。
六、多主枝丛状形和自然开心形,成形块,整形技术易掌握,抗风、抗虫,宜大面积推广。修剪可改善光照,减轻病虫害,控制营养生长,盛果花椒树平均增产15.5%。
七、花椒窄吉丁在陕西韩城两年一代,世代重叠,虫态交错,主要危害部位在树干50cm以下。采取清除虫害木、刮除胶疤涂药、锤击流胶部位杀死皮下幼虫、叶面喷药杀成虫及加强树体、土壤管理,提高树木抗虫性等综合防治措施,可将其控制在不成灾的范围内。
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim is an important ecologically and economic tree species, and both its area and yield is among the tops in China. In order to have Z.bungeanum being play a more important role in economic and ecological aspects in Shaanxi, 3 good varieties of Z.bungeanum were selected after more than ten years’s research, and it solved some technical difficulties in its seedling production, orchard establishment, tending and management, etc.
1. Through production survey, selection of superior variety, regional test, progeny test and quality test, 3 superior varieties of Shizitou,Nanqiang 1 and Thornless Z. bungeanum, in the Dahongpao Variety population, and their quality reach or exceed the super-quality of Z. bungeanum of national forestry standard. Their yields during the high production period increase by 27.5%, 25.0% and 12.5% over Dahongpao. These varieties passed the appraisal by the Shaanxi Provincial forestry Superior Seed Appraisal Committee in 2005.
2. The study shows that the reasons that Z. bungeanum seed does not germinate are due to two factors: 1) after insolation of seed, it losses vitality; and 2) Seed which is sown in spring is not treated with degreasing. The storage of seed with stacked moist sand can be simply and easily operated with low cost, and the seed vitality can be well protected. Seeds can be degreased by washing them in quicklime solution or detergent, which is simple and has good result. It should maintain about 20000 Z. bungeanum seedlings per mu.
3. The test results showed that Z. bungeanum seedlings had high survival rate if site is prepared during the rainy season and planted in the next spring. It followed by both site preparation and planting was done in spring simultaneously. Planting after 2-3 days’site preparation in spring had the worst survival rate. Under same conditions of slope gradient (20-25o), soil physical and chemical properties, and soil fertility, planted Z. bungeanum seedlings in fish-scale pit had the highest survival rate, and there was no big difference between back-slope terracing and level terracing. Whole-area site preparation had the lowest survival rate. As to the yield of 6-year-old seedling, level terrace and back-slope terrace had the highest yield, which was followed by fish-scale pit. Whole-area site preparation had the lowest yield. The survival rate of planting Z. bungeanum seedlings decreases with increasing educated height of stem. The longer exposure of seedling root to air is, the lower the survival rate after planting is. Among the treatments, seedlings, which were treated with GGR6 plus plastic film or dipping seedlings in mud plus plastic film, had highest survival rate after planting, and low costs.
4. The results showed that for single row planting of Dahongpao, 2.5-3.0m distance between each tree is appropriate, and for Z. bungeanum orchard, 56-63 trees per mu are appropriate.
5. The results showed that for 8-year-sold Z. bungeanum tree, the amount of base fertilizer applied to each tree should be 60-70kg farm manure, 1– 1.5kg tri-element composite fertilizer and 1 - 1.5kg rare-earth, trace element. The most economic amount of annual top-application per tree is 0.5-1.0 kg urea, 1.0-2.0kg lime superphosphate and 5-7kg plant ash. They are applied in two times. First application is done during the period when Z. bungeanum tree forms flower bud, and nitrogen fertilizer as main fertilizer with integration of P fertilizer should be applied. The second application is done one and half month prior to the maturity period of Z. bungeanum, and N and P fertilizer as main fertilizer with integration of a small amount of K fertilizer. Foliage spraying can increase yield by 24.7%, and it can serve as a supplementary fertilizer for Z. bungeanum tree.
6. Multi-mainbranch fasciculate shape and natrual shape can quickly form tree shape and their training techniques can be easily learnt. They are both wind-resistant and insect-resistant, and can be widely applied. Pruning branch can improve illumination condition, reduce insect pest and disease damage, and control nutrition growth. The average increase of yield during full-fruit period is 15.5%.
7. The results showed that Agrilus zanthoxylumi Hou has one generation every two years in Hancheng of Shaanxi Province. They are alloiobiogenesis and its different form is alternating. It mainly damages the area of tree trunk below 50 cm in height. Its integrated pest control includes removing insect-damaged tree, scraping mucus scar and pasting chemical, hammering mucus part to kill larva underneath bark, and spraying chemical to kill adult insect as well as strengthening management of both trees and soil to improve tree’s insect-resistance and it can control its damage under allowable situation.
引文
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