废弃电路板环氧树脂真空热裂解实验及机理研究
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摘要
随着科技的高速发展,电子产品的数量飞速增长并且使用寿命不断缩短,大量的电子废弃物给生态环境带来巨大的压力。越来越严格的法律法规对电子废弃物的处理与处置提出了更高的要求。印刷电路板是电子产品不可或缺的组成部分,废弃电路板目前多采用机械破碎分离金属,再将剩余物进行填埋或焚烧的方法处理,不仅浪费资源并且对环境造成极大的污染。真空热裂解作为一种较新的废弃电路板处理技术不仅将废弃电路板中的有机组分转化为化工原料和能源,而且能有效分离废弃电路板中的金属材料和非金属材料,并最终实现废弃电路板资源化、无害化回收处理目的。为了获得真空热解废弃电路板的基础数据,本文选用了典型的废弃印刷电路板(FR4板)作为实验对象,开展了如下工作：
利用TG、TG/DSC,考察了废弃电路板环氧树脂分别在氮气、氩气、空气气氛下和真空条件下的热裂解特性,对热失重率、热解温度、最大热解速率温度等重要参数进行了分析,并通过多种数据处理方法得到了热解动力学参数。研究表明：电路板环氧树脂真空热裂解的活化能低于常压惰性气氛条件下热裂解反应的活化能；氮气氛围和真空两种条件下裂解反应主反应阶段遵循共同的机理模型。
课题组自行设计并搭建了固定床真空热裂解实验装置,对废弃电路板真空热裂解液体、固体、气体产物进行了收集和分析,并研究了废弃电路板热解的规律及热解终温、升温速率、体系压力及保温时间等因素对真空热裂解产物产率的影响。发现热解温度对液体产物产率影响最为明显,其他条件相同时,冷凝温度降低可明显提高热解液体产物的产率。综合分析,以提高热解液体产物产率为目标的热解工艺条件为：热解终温500。C、升温速率30℃/min、体系压力15kPa、保温时间30min及冷凝温度-25℃。
采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、傅立叶转换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜-能谱联用仪(SEM-EDS)等多种分析测试手段研究了废弃电路板热解产物的组成和分布规律,并结合TG-FTIR数据探讨了电路板环氧树脂可能的热解机理。热解油主要成分为苯酚、异丙基苯酚、双酚A及苯酚的取代物；气体产物主要为C02、CO、H2、CH4,可以作为燃气回收；真空热解废弃电路板(光板)所得固体产物主要由热解炭和玻璃纤维组成,热解炭与玻璃纤维很容易分离；固体残渣中含有碳、氧、硅、铝、钙等元素；相比氮气气氛下的常压热裂解,真空热裂解固体产物中产生的热解炭较少；真空条件下的热解对电路板中玻璃纤维破坏很小,可重新回收利用。
考察了9种添加物对废弃电路板真空热解的影响,通过SEM,EDS检测并结合热力学分析发现,金属铁及铜铁的金属氧化物对溴的脱除能力较强,金属铁的脱溴反应进行得最完全,HBr的平衡分压非常低；反应生成的金属溴化物对热裂解反应存在一定的催化作用。
With the rapid development of science and technology, the number of the electronics is on the increase, meanwhile, their service life becomes shorter, which has produced a large amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE),and have brought enormous pressure on the ecological environment. As the severer laws and regulations are enforced, higher requirements for electronic waste disposal and recycling are needed. Printed circuit board (PCB) is an indispensable component of electrical and electronic equipment. WEEE is generally crushed mechanically to separate the metal, and then the residues are buried or burned. This processing method is resource-wasting as well as harmful to environment. As an environment-friendly technology of disposing waste PCB, vacuum pyrolysis can not only change the organic components in the PCBs into industrial chemicals and energy, but also separate the metal and nonmetal components effectively. Aiming at these questions, the typical kind of PCB named FR4was chosen as experimental materials and the involved studies are as follows:
The pyrolysis characteristics of waste printed circuit boards were investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer at different atmosphere and vacuum condition. The kinetics parameters were obtained by different kinetic data processing methods from the basic kinetics parameters such as thermogravimetric loss, initial and final pyrolysis temperature, the temperature at the maximum pyrolysis rate, and so on. The results showed that the pyrolysis under vacuum can significantly reduce the activation energy compared with decomposition under inert atmospheres. The pyrolysis actions under nitrogen and vacuum both belong to the same mechanism.
After a self-designed fixed-bed pyrolysis experimental device was set up and pyrolysis liquid, solid, gas products of waste PCBs were collected, a series of experiments were carried out to study the pyrolysis law of waste PCB, and the effect of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, condensing temperature, vacuum degree and heat preservation time on the vacuum pyrolysis procedure was detected. The results showed that the most effect of the pyrolysis oil yield is pyrolysis temperature, next is condensing temperature. Based on an overall consideration of factors, the optimum process condition for the liquid yield is as follows:the pyrolysis temperature is500℃, the system pressure at15kPa, the heat preservation time at30min, the heating rate at30℃/min and the condensing temperature at-25℃.
The pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR and SEM-EDS. The formation and distribution of brominated organic component during the thermal pyrolysis process was analyzed by combining the results of TG and FTIR, and the possible decomposition mechanism of epoxide resin in the PCB was studied. The main gaseous product is CO2, CO, H2and CH4, which can be recycled as combustible gas. The most considerable product in the liquid product was phenol followed by4-isopropylphenol,4,4'-(promane-2,2-diyl) diphenol and their substituent. The pyrolysis residues mainly consist of glass-fiber and carbon, and they can be separated and recycled easily. The residues contain several elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, etc. Comparing with the pyrolysis at atmosphere, the solid product from vacuum pyrolysis contains less carbon, and the glass-fiber is barely destroyed after pyrolysis and can be reused.
Nine kinds of additives were used to study the influence of additive on the vacuum pyrolysis of WPCB. According to the results of SEM, EDS and thermodynamic analysis, metallic iron, copper oxide and iron oxide have better debromination ability, among which the debromination reaction of iron is completest with quite low equilibrium HBr pressure. It was found that the produced metal bromide has some catalytic on the pyrolysis reaction.
利用TG、TG/DSC,考察了废弃电路板环氧树脂分别在氮气、氩气、空气气氛下和真空条件下的热裂解特性,对热失重率、热解温度、最大热解速率温度等重要参数进行了分析,并通过多种数据处理方法得到了热解动力学参数。研究表明：电路板环氧树脂真空热裂解的活化能低于常压惰性气氛条件下热裂解反应的活化能；氮气氛围和真空两种条件下裂解反应主反应阶段遵循共同的机理模型。
课题组自行设计并搭建了固定床真空热裂解实验装置,对废弃电路板真空热裂解液体、固体、气体产物进行了收集和分析,并研究了废弃电路板热解的规律及热解终温、升温速率、体系压力及保温时间等因素对真空热裂解产物产率的影响。发现热解温度对液体产物产率影响最为明显,其他条件相同时,冷凝温度降低可明显提高热解液体产物的产率。综合分析,以提高热解液体产物产率为目标的热解工艺条件为：热解终温500。C、升温速率30℃/min、体系压力15kPa、保温时间30min及冷凝温度-25℃。
采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)、傅立叶转换红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜-能谱联用仪(SEM-EDS)等多种分析测试手段研究了废弃电路板热解产物的组成和分布规律,并结合TG-FTIR数据探讨了电路板环氧树脂可能的热解机理。热解油主要成分为苯酚、异丙基苯酚、双酚A及苯酚的取代物；气体产物主要为C02、CO、H2、CH4,可以作为燃气回收；真空热解废弃电路板(光板)所得固体产物主要由热解炭和玻璃纤维组成,热解炭与玻璃纤维很容易分离；固体残渣中含有碳、氧、硅、铝、钙等元素；相比氮气气氛下的常压热裂解,真空热裂解固体产物中产生的热解炭较少；真空条件下的热解对电路板中玻璃纤维破坏很小,可重新回收利用。
考察了9种添加物对废弃电路板真空热解的影响,通过SEM,EDS检测并结合热力学分析发现,金属铁及铜铁的金属氧化物对溴的脱除能力较强,金属铁的脱溴反应进行得最完全,HBr的平衡分压非常低；反应生成的金属溴化物对热裂解反应存在一定的催化作用。
With the rapid development of science and technology, the number of the electronics is on the increase, meanwhile, their service life becomes shorter, which has produced a large amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE),and have brought enormous pressure on the ecological environment. As the severer laws and regulations are enforced, higher requirements for electronic waste disposal and recycling are needed. Printed circuit board (PCB) is an indispensable component of electrical and electronic equipment. WEEE is generally crushed mechanically to separate the metal, and then the residues are buried or burned. This processing method is resource-wasting as well as harmful to environment. As an environment-friendly technology of disposing waste PCB, vacuum pyrolysis can not only change the organic components in the PCBs into industrial chemicals and energy, but also separate the metal and nonmetal components effectively. Aiming at these questions, the typical kind of PCB named FR4was chosen as experimental materials and the involved studies are as follows:
The pyrolysis characteristics of waste printed circuit boards were investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer at different atmosphere and vacuum condition. The kinetics parameters were obtained by different kinetic data processing methods from the basic kinetics parameters such as thermogravimetric loss, initial and final pyrolysis temperature, the temperature at the maximum pyrolysis rate, and so on. The results showed that the pyrolysis under vacuum can significantly reduce the activation energy compared with decomposition under inert atmospheres. The pyrolysis actions under nitrogen and vacuum both belong to the same mechanism.
After a self-designed fixed-bed pyrolysis experimental device was set up and pyrolysis liquid, solid, gas products of waste PCBs were collected, a series of experiments were carried out to study the pyrolysis law of waste PCB, and the effect of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, condensing temperature, vacuum degree and heat preservation time on the vacuum pyrolysis procedure was detected. The results showed that the most effect of the pyrolysis oil yield is pyrolysis temperature, next is condensing temperature. Based on an overall consideration of factors, the optimum process condition for the liquid yield is as follows:the pyrolysis temperature is500℃, the system pressure at15kPa, the heat preservation time at30min, the heating rate at30℃/min and the condensing temperature at-25℃.
The pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR and SEM-EDS. The formation and distribution of brominated organic component during the thermal pyrolysis process was analyzed by combining the results of TG and FTIR, and the possible decomposition mechanism of epoxide resin in the PCB was studied. The main gaseous product is CO2, CO, H2and CH4, which can be recycled as combustible gas. The most considerable product in the liquid product was phenol followed by4-isopropylphenol,4,4'-(promane-2,2-diyl) diphenol and their substituent. The pyrolysis residues mainly consist of glass-fiber and carbon, and they can be separated and recycled easily. The residues contain several elements such as carbon, oxygen, silicon, aluminum, calcium, etc. Comparing with the pyrolysis at atmosphere, the solid product from vacuum pyrolysis contains less carbon, and the glass-fiber is barely destroyed after pyrolysis and can be reused.
Nine kinds of additives were used to study the influence of additive on the vacuum pyrolysis of WPCB. According to the results of SEM, EDS and thermodynamic analysis, metallic iron, copper oxide and iron oxide have better debromination ability, among which the debromination reaction of iron is completest with quite low equilibrium HBr pressure. It was found that the produced metal bromide has some catalytic on the pyrolysis reaction.
引文
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