免标记光学探针和多模态成像探针的构建
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摘要
生物标志物的检测分析是疾病早期诊断的有效手段,对于预防和控制疾病以及检测病情发展具有重要意义,在临床实验和干预治疗评价等方面具有极大的应用价值。免标记光学探针制备方法简单,检测过程方便,在生物标志物的检测方面具有很大的临床应用潜能；活体成像技术是临床医学上广泛应用的分析手段,由于其可以“看到”病情的发展情况以及目标物在活体中的含量和分布范围,因而在临床诊断和医学科研方面发挥着重要的作用,是其他技术无法取代和比拟的。活体成像探针的设计是活体成像技术的关键。生物标志物的检测和活体成像相辅相成,共同构成临床诊断和科研的基础。本论文旨在一方面：拓宽免标记方法在多种光谱方法上的应用,构建基于荧光法、比色法、共振光散射检测的不同传感体系对生物分子的识别和检测；另一方面针对目前活体成像探针制备存在的一些问题,初步探索了新型多模态探针的制备及其在活体成像中的应用。
(1)基于同型半胱氨酸诱导聚乙烯亚胺包覆的银纳米簇的自组装,发展了一种简单、快速、灵敏和高选择性的共振光散射方法用于检测同型半胱氨酸。因为巯基和银纳米簇之间的配位作用,以及同型半胱氨酸上的羧基和聚乙烯亚胺上的氨基的静电相互作用,所以同型半胱氨酸可以作为一个桥梁将银纳米簇和聚乙烯亚胺连接起来。这种组装体的共振光信号比组装前有显著的增强。由于同型半胱氨酸的还原能力要强于半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽,本方法对同型半胱氨酸的检测具有很高的选择性。本方法检出限为42nM,成功用于生物体液中同型半胱氨酸的检测。
(2)基于指示剂置换策略和Ni2+-组氨酸的高亲和力,发展了一种简单有效的比色法用于裸眼检测生物体液中组氨酸含量。通过本方法实现了对组氨酸的选择性检测。将组氨酸引入到紫脲酸铵-Ni2+中,由于组氨酸和紫脲酸铵对Ni2+的竞争结合作用,会使溶液由黄色转变为紫色,使得我们通过裸眼即可检测组氨酸。本方法检出限为0.4μM,线性范围为2-30μM。十一次重复检测8μM的组氨酸的相对标准偏差为2.0%。,本方法不需要复杂的样品前处理过程,可以快速、灵敏和选择性地检测人尿样中的组氨酸含量,加标回收率为97-105%。
(3)基于孔雀石绿/G-四联体体系发展了一种免标记近红外荧光法用于检测DNase I活性。在Na+或者K+存在的条件下,单链DNA可以形成G-四联体结构,这种结构可以增强孔雀石绿分子的刚性使其荧光显著增强。由于DNase I可以无选择性的将各种DNA水解成核苷酸,因此在DNase I存在的条件下,G-四联体会被水解,使得其对孔雀石绿的荧光增敏减弱。DNaseⅠ可以减弱孔雀石绿/G-四联体体系的近红外荧光,这提供了一个平台用于免标记、简便的检钡DNase I的方法。在最优的条件下,该方法用于检测DNase I活性的检出限为1u mL-1,十一次测定50umL-1DNaseⅠ的相对标准偏差为3.2%。本方法成功应用于加标人尿样中DNase Ⅰ活性的检测,加标回收率为99.1-109.0%。
(4)发展了一步模拟生物矿化过程制备Gd2O3/Au杂化纳米探针用于活体近红外和核磁共振成像。由于牛血清白蛋白具有大量的活性基团包括羧基、氨基以及35个潜在的巯基官能团,因此它被广泛用于制备纳米材料的模板,在本实验中即以牛血清白蛋白作为模板。所制备的Gd2O3/Au杂化纳米探针具有优良的化学稳定性、生物相容性、强烈的近红外发光以及良好的核磁共振成像能力。该探针成功应用于活体近红外荧光血池成像。将RGD多肽修饰在该探针上,使其具有靶向识别能力,并成功应用于活体肿瘤成像。
The detection of biomarkers is an effective method for early diagnosis of disease, and it is significant for the prevention and control of disease, and monitoring the development process of disease. The detection of biomarkers is also valuable in the aspects of clinical trials and intervention treatment evaluation. Due to simple preparation and convenient detection process, label-free optical probes have a great potential in clinical applications for the detection of biomarkers. In vivo imaging is widely used in clinical medicine, which could "see" the disease development and the distribution of targets in vivo, playing an important role in the clinical diagnosis and medical research. The design of imaging probes plays a key role in the development of imaging. Biomarker detection and in vivo imaging complement each other and together to form the basis of clinical diagnosis and research. The thesis of the article aims on two aspects:On the one hand:to broaden the application of label-free methods in a variety of spectroscopic methods, and fabricate various optical biosensors for detecting biological molecular based on fluorescent detection, colorimetric assay and resonance light scattering methods; On the other hand, to solve the problems in the preparation of imaging probe using obtained methods, a novel dual modal imaging probe was fabricated and applied in vivo imaging.
(1) A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective RLS bioassay for detecting Hey based on Hcy-involved assembly of PEI-capped Ag-nanoclusters. Hey may act as a bridge to link the Ag cores and hyperbranched PEI due to the strong affinity of SH to Ag and the interaction between the amino groups of PEI can interact with the carboxyl groups of Hey, leading to assembling of the Ag-nanoclusters. The resultant adjoining nanoclusters can interact with one another, giving rise to the oscillation coupling of individual nanoclusters and enhancing the RLS signal. As Hey has stronger reducing ability than Cys and GSH, the proposed bioassay allows discriminating Hey from Cys, GSH and other amino acids with a detection limit of42nM, and permits detecting trace Hey in biological liquid.
(2) A simple and efficient colorimetric method for the naked-eye detection and quantification of histidine in biological fluids was developed based on an indicator-displacement assay (IDA) and the Ni2+-histidine affinity pair. In this IDA approach, a commercially available dye, murexide, was used as the indicator and the selective detection of histidine was achieved based on the competition between indicator and histidine for the binding with Ni2+. The competition of histidine with murexide for Ni2+resulted in an obvious color change of the solution from yellow to purple, and the permitted naked-eye detection of trace histidine. The detection limit of the developed bioassay was0.4μM with a linear range from2to30μM. The relative standard deviation for11replicate detections of8μM histidine was2.0%. The developed bioassay allows the rapid, sensitive and selective detection of histidine in urine samples with recoveries from97to105%, and does not need complicated sample pretreatment.
(3) A label-free NIR fluorescent assay was developed for selective determination of DNase I activity based on malachite green (MG)/G-quadruplexes. In the presence of Na+or K+, single stranded DNA (ssDNA) is able to form a G-quadruplex structure, thus to increase the rigidity of MG structure and result in a remarkable NIR fluorescence. As DNase I is capable of cleaving all types of DNA indiscriminately to release nucleotide products, the G-quadruplexes are cleaved into oligonucleotides in the presence of DNase I. As a result, the rigidity of MG structure is reduced, and the NIR fluorescence of the solution decreases with increase of DNase I activity, providing a useful platform for low-cost, label-free and convenient detection of DNase I activity. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed label-free NIR fluorescent assay gave a detection limit of1u mL-1, and a relative standard deviation of3.2%for eleven replicate detections of50umL-1DNase I. The proposed assay was applied to the determination of DNase I activity in spiked human urine samples with recoveries from99.1to109.0%.
(4) One-pot biomineralization synthesis of Gd2O3/Au hybrid nanoprobe was developed and applied for dual-modal imaging (near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and MRI) in vivo. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as the template in the biomineralization synthesis as it is plenty of active chemical groups including carboxyl groups in aspartic and glutamate residues and35potential thiol groups, and thus widely used as the template for biomineralization synthesis of nanomaterials. The fabricated BSA-Gd2O3/Au nanoprobe showed excellent chemical stability, excellent biocompatibility, intense NIR fluorescence and good MRI ability. The dual-modal imaging potential of the prepared multifunctional nanoprobe was demonstrated by successful NIR fluorescent blood pool imaging. Further modification with RGD peptide enabled the nanoprobe for targeted tumor imaging in vivo.
(1)基于同型半胱氨酸诱导聚乙烯亚胺包覆的银纳米簇的自组装,发展了一种简单、快速、灵敏和高选择性的共振光散射方法用于检测同型半胱氨酸。因为巯基和银纳米簇之间的配位作用,以及同型半胱氨酸上的羧基和聚乙烯亚胺上的氨基的静电相互作用,所以同型半胱氨酸可以作为一个桥梁将银纳米簇和聚乙烯亚胺连接起来。这种组装体的共振光信号比组装前有显著的增强。由于同型半胱氨酸的还原能力要强于半胱氨酸和谷胱甘肽,本方法对同型半胱氨酸的检测具有很高的选择性。本方法检出限为42nM,成功用于生物体液中同型半胱氨酸的检测。
(2)基于指示剂置换策略和Ni2+-组氨酸的高亲和力,发展了一种简单有效的比色法用于裸眼检测生物体液中组氨酸含量。通过本方法实现了对组氨酸的选择性检测。将组氨酸引入到紫脲酸铵-Ni2+中,由于组氨酸和紫脲酸铵对Ni2+的竞争结合作用,会使溶液由黄色转变为紫色,使得我们通过裸眼即可检测组氨酸。本方法检出限为0.4μM,线性范围为2-30μM。十一次重复检测8μM的组氨酸的相对标准偏差为2.0%。,本方法不需要复杂的样品前处理过程,可以快速、灵敏和选择性地检测人尿样中的组氨酸含量,加标回收率为97-105%。
(3)基于孔雀石绿/G-四联体体系发展了一种免标记近红外荧光法用于检测DNase I活性。在Na+或者K+存在的条件下,单链DNA可以形成G-四联体结构,这种结构可以增强孔雀石绿分子的刚性使其荧光显著增强。由于DNase I可以无选择性的将各种DNA水解成核苷酸,因此在DNase I存在的条件下,G-四联体会被水解,使得其对孔雀石绿的荧光增敏减弱。DNaseⅠ可以减弱孔雀石绿/G-四联体体系的近红外荧光,这提供了一个平台用于免标记、简便的检钡DNase I的方法。在最优的条件下,该方法用于检测DNase I活性的检出限为1u mL-1,十一次测定50umL-1DNaseⅠ的相对标准偏差为3.2%。本方法成功应用于加标人尿样中DNase Ⅰ活性的检测,加标回收率为99.1-109.0%。
(4)发展了一步模拟生物矿化过程制备Gd2O3/Au杂化纳米探针用于活体近红外和核磁共振成像。由于牛血清白蛋白具有大量的活性基团包括羧基、氨基以及35个潜在的巯基官能团,因此它被广泛用于制备纳米材料的模板,在本实验中即以牛血清白蛋白作为模板。所制备的Gd2O3/Au杂化纳米探针具有优良的化学稳定性、生物相容性、强烈的近红外发光以及良好的核磁共振成像能力。该探针成功应用于活体近红外荧光血池成像。将RGD多肽修饰在该探针上,使其具有靶向识别能力,并成功应用于活体肿瘤成像。
The detection of biomarkers is an effective method for early diagnosis of disease, and it is significant for the prevention and control of disease, and monitoring the development process of disease. The detection of biomarkers is also valuable in the aspects of clinical trials and intervention treatment evaluation. Due to simple preparation and convenient detection process, label-free optical probes have a great potential in clinical applications for the detection of biomarkers. In vivo imaging is widely used in clinical medicine, which could "see" the disease development and the distribution of targets in vivo, playing an important role in the clinical diagnosis and medical research. The design of imaging probes plays a key role in the development of imaging. Biomarker detection and in vivo imaging complement each other and together to form the basis of clinical diagnosis and research. The thesis of the article aims on two aspects:On the one hand:to broaden the application of label-free methods in a variety of spectroscopic methods, and fabricate various optical biosensors for detecting biological molecular based on fluorescent detection, colorimetric assay and resonance light scattering methods; On the other hand, to solve the problems in the preparation of imaging probe using obtained methods, a novel dual modal imaging probe was fabricated and applied in vivo imaging.
(1) A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective RLS bioassay for detecting Hey based on Hcy-involved assembly of PEI-capped Ag-nanoclusters. Hey may act as a bridge to link the Ag cores and hyperbranched PEI due to the strong affinity of SH to Ag and the interaction between the amino groups of PEI can interact with the carboxyl groups of Hey, leading to assembling of the Ag-nanoclusters. The resultant adjoining nanoclusters can interact with one another, giving rise to the oscillation coupling of individual nanoclusters and enhancing the RLS signal. As Hey has stronger reducing ability than Cys and GSH, the proposed bioassay allows discriminating Hey from Cys, GSH and other amino acids with a detection limit of42nM, and permits detecting trace Hey in biological liquid.
(2) A simple and efficient colorimetric method for the naked-eye detection and quantification of histidine in biological fluids was developed based on an indicator-displacement assay (IDA) and the Ni2+-histidine affinity pair. In this IDA approach, a commercially available dye, murexide, was used as the indicator and the selective detection of histidine was achieved based on the competition between indicator and histidine for the binding with Ni2+. The competition of histidine with murexide for Ni2+resulted in an obvious color change of the solution from yellow to purple, and the permitted naked-eye detection of trace histidine. The detection limit of the developed bioassay was0.4μM with a linear range from2to30μM. The relative standard deviation for11replicate detections of8μM histidine was2.0%. The developed bioassay allows the rapid, sensitive and selective detection of histidine in urine samples with recoveries from97to105%, and does not need complicated sample pretreatment.
(3) A label-free NIR fluorescent assay was developed for selective determination of DNase I activity based on malachite green (MG)/G-quadruplexes. In the presence of Na+or K+, single stranded DNA (ssDNA) is able to form a G-quadruplex structure, thus to increase the rigidity of MG structure and result in a remarkable NIR fluorescence. As DNase I is capable of cleaving all types of DNA indiscriminately to release nucleotide products, the G-quadruplexes are cleaved into oligonucleotides in the presence of DNase I. As a result, the rigidity of MG structure is reduced, and the NIR fluorescence of the solution decreases with increase of DNase I activity, providing a useful platform for low-cost, label-free and convenient detection of DNase I activity. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed label-free NIR fluorescent assay gave a detection limit of1u mL-1, and a relative standard deviation of3.2%for eleven replicate detections of50umL-1DNase I. The proposed assay was applied to the determination of DNase I activity in spiked human urine samples with recoveries from99.1to109.0%.
(4) One-pot biomineralization synthesis of Gd2O3/Au hybrid nanoprobe was developed and applied for dual-modal imaging (near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging and MRI) in vivo. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as the template in the biomineralization synthesis as it is plenty of active chemical groups including carboxyl groups in aspartic and glutamate residues and35potential thiol groups, and thus widely used as the template for biomineralization synthesis of nanomaterials. The fabricated BSA-Gd2O3/Au nanoprobe showed excellent chemical stability, excellent biocompatibility, intense NIR fluorescence and good MRI ability. The dual-modal imaging potential of the prepared multifunctional nanoprobe was demonstrated by successful NIR fluorescent blood pool imaging. Further modification with RGD peptide enabled the nanoprobe for targeted tumor imaging in vivo.
引文
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