身心调节训练的大脑功能与结构特性改变研究
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摘要
大脑的可塑性通常是指在外界环境或经验的作用下,大脑不断塑造其功能和结构的能力。虽然已有大量的研究证实了,成年人的大脑也具有功能和结构的可塑性。但采用同一种训练方式,对不同训练时期的大脑功能和结构改变进行的研究还很少。本文通过整体身心调节训练(Integrative Body Mind Training, IBMT)——一种在以往研究中被认为可以有效改变训练者情绪状态、免疫水平、脑血流以及自发脑电特征等心理、行为、生理表现的训练方式,分别对5天,2周,4周和长期训练者的大脑功能和结构变化进行研究。本文的研究结果总结如下：
1.实验一通过单光子断层成像,测量接受5天IBMT的被试在训练前后的局部脑血流变化情况。实验发现,IBMT可以增加与自我调节、执行控制、内知觉感受等相关脑区(主要包括眶额回、扣带回腹侧、扣带回背侧、脑岛以及纹状体等)的局部脑血流。
2.继实验一中证明IBMT可以对大脑的功能活动产生影响之后,实验二进一步通过弥散张量成像和高分辨率结构像,测量接受2周IBMT的被试在训练前后大脑白质各向异性分数(FA),轴向扩散系数(AD),径向扩散系数(RD)以及大脑灰质密度的改变。实验发现,2周IBMT后,反映轴突形态的AD值,在胼胝体、放射冠和矢状层等脑区发生了下降,但反映白质强度的FA值、髓鞘形态的RD值以及大脑灰质密度并没有变化。
3.与实验二采用同样的成像方法,实验三测量接受4周IBMT的被试在训练前后FA、AD、RD以及大脑灰质密度的改变。实验发现,胼胝体、放射冠和上纵束等脑区出现了FA值升高、AD与RD值下降的现象。这与其它训练方式中FA值的改变只伴随着RD值的变化不同。我们认为IBMT对大脑白质影响的神经机制,可能与其它训练方式存在着差异。实验结果还发现,4周IBMT仍未对大脑灰质密度产生影响。
4.实验四对老年长期IBMT训练者的大脑灰质密度以及反映脑老化程度的静息状态下功能连接系数进行研究。实验发现,长期IBMT训练者在纹状体具有更大的灰质密度,以及更强的前扣带回背侧到纹状体的功能连通。这也许是长期IBMT对训练者注意和自我调控提高的神经机制。
The brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its function and structure in order to adapt new environments. Tough it has been proved that even the adult brain has functional and structural plasticities, there are few studies about brain functional and structural alterations in different phases with a same training method. Current study focused on brain functional and structural plasticities in different training stages with IBMT (Integrative Body Mind Training) which has been demonstrated that it could improve one's emotion state, immunity level and properties of spontaneous EEG.
The main findings of this study as follows:
1. SPECT was used to measure the cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes between before and after5-day IBMT in experiment one. The results showed IBMT could strengthen CBF in the brain regions related to self-regulation, executive control, and interception, including Orbit frontal gyus, ventral ACC, dorsal ACC, insula, striatal and et al.
2. After it has been suggested IBMT could impact brain function by experiment one. DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) was used to measure the changes of fractional anisotropy (FA), Axial Diffusivity (AD) and Radial Diffusivity (RD) in white matter, meanwhile high resolution T1weight structure images were acquired to investigate gray matter alterations between before and after2-week IBMT. The results showed that AD value, which reflects axonal morphology, decreased in corpus callosum, rona radiata, sagittal stratum etc. during2-week IBMT. No differences were found in the FA value which indicated integrity of white matter, RD value which describes myelinization and density of gray matter.
3. With the same techniques to experiment two, FA, AD, RD, and gray matter density were investigated from the subjects before and after4-week IBMT. The results showed FA increase. AD and RD decrease in corpus callosum, rona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Differing from other trainings which increase FA value with only RD decrease,4-week IBMT enhanced FA value with AD and RD decrease simultaneously. Different neural mechanisms may exist in two processes of FA increase. The density of gray matter still didn't change after4week IBMT.
4. In experiment four, the density of gray matter and functional connectivity which could reflect brain aging were collected from long-term IBMT practicers and control group whose mean age is about67. The results showed long-term IBMT practicers have greater gray matter density in striatum and stronger correlation coefficient between striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, which may underlie improvement of attention and self-control.
1.实验一通过单光子断层成像,测量接受5天IBMT的被试在训练前后的局部脑血流变化情况。实验发现,IBMT可以增加与自我调节、执行控制、内知觉感受等相关脑区(主要包括眶额回、扣带回腹侧、扣带回背侧、脑岛以及纹状体等)的局部脑血流。
2.继实验一中证明IBMT可以对大脑的功能活动产生影响之后,实验二进一步通过弥散张量成像和高分辨率结构像,测量接受2周IBMT的被试在训练前后大脑白质各向异性分数(FA),轴向扩散系数(AD),径向扩散系数(RD)以及大脑灰质密度的改变。实验发现,2周IBMT后,反映轴突形态的AD值,在胼胝体、放射冠和矢状层等脑区发生了下降,但反映白质强度的FA值、髓鞘形态的RD值以及大脑灰质密度并没有变化。
3.与实验二采用同样的成像方法,实验三测量接受4周IBMT的被试在训练前后FA、AD、RD以及大脑灰质密度的改变。实验发现,胼胝体、放射冠和上纵束等脑区出现了FA值升高、AD与RD值下降的现象。这与其它训练方式中FA值的改变只伴随着RD值的变化不同。我们认为IBMT对大脑白质影响的神经机制,可能与其它训练方式存在着差异。实验结果还发现,4周IBMT仍未对大脑灰质密度产生影响。
4.实验四对老年长期IBMT训练者的大脑灰质密度以及反映脑老化程度的静息状态下功能连接系数进行研究。实验发现,长期IBMT训练者在纹状体具有更大的灰质密度,以及更强的前扣带回背侧到纹状体的功能连通。这也许是长期IBMT对训练者注意和自我调控提高的神经机制。
The brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its function and structure in order to adapt new environments. Tough it has been proved that even the adult brain has functional and structural plasticities, there are few studies about brain functional and structural alterations in different phases with a same training method. Current study focused on brain functional and structural plasticities in different training stages with IBMT (Integrative Body Mind Training) which has been demonstrated that it could improve one's emotion state, immunity level and properties of spontaneous EEG.
The main findings of this study as follows:
1. SPECT was used to measure the cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes between before and after5-day IBMT in experiment one. The results showed IBMT could strengthen CBF in the brain regions related to self-regulation, executive control, and interception, including Orbit frontal gyus, ventral ACC, dorsal ACC, insula, striatal and et al.
2. After it has been suggested IBMT could impact brain function by experiment one. DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging) was used to measure the changes of fractional anisotropy (FA), Axial Diffusivity (AD) and Radial Diffusivity (RD) in white matter, meanwhile high resolution T1weight structure images were acquired to investigate gray matter alterations between before and after2-week IBMT. The results showed that AD value, which reflects axonal morphology, decreased in corpus callosum, rona radiata, sagittal stratum etc. during2-week IBMT. No differences were found in the FA value which indicated integrity of white matter, RD value which describes myelinization and density of gray matter.
3. With the same techniques to experiment two, FA, AD, RD, and gray matter density were investigated from the subjects before and after4-week IBMT. The results showed FA increase. AD and RD decrease in corpus callosum, rona radiata and superior longitudinal fasciculus. Differing from other trainings which increase FA value with only RD decrease,4-week IBMT enhanced FA value with AD and RD decrease simultaneously. Different neural mechanisms may exist in two processes of FA increase. The density of gray matter still didn't change after4week IBMT.
4. In experiment four, the density of gray matter and functional connectivity which could reflect brain aging were collected from long-term IBMT practicers and control group whose mean age is about67. The results showed long-term IBMT practicers have greater gray matter density in striatum and stronger correlation coefficient between striatum and dorsal anterior cingulate gyrus, which may underlie improvement of attention and self-control.
引文
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