饲用小麦营养价值评定及其聚类分析和变异度研究
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摘要
本论文选择分布全国16个省份的97个饲用小麦样品作为研究对象,分别测定了11项理化指标和11项营养指标,综合使用聚类分析和因子分析的方法,系统分析了各项指标在不同省份间以及同一省份内不同指标间的变异度和相关性,建立了不同产地饲用小麦肉仔鸡表观代谢能(AME)的预测模型。结果表明:我国饲用小麦同一理化、营养指标在不同省份间的变异度存在显著性差异(P<0.05),同一省份内的饲用小麦各理化、营养指标变异度差异显著(P<0.05);我国饲用小麦各理化指标之间以及营养指标之间均存在不同程度的相关性;97个饲用小麦根据22个理化和营养指标可以聚为6类,类间各指标中心距离呈显著性差异(P<0.05);代谢试验研究发现,肉仔鸡性别对饲用小麦AME和AMEn影响不显著(P>0.05),通过因子分析降维处理后,19种饲用小麦的22种理化指标可提取出8个主因子,各主因子与肉仔鸡的AMEn具有极显著的回归关系(P<0.01)。具体如下:
试验一研究了我国饲用小麦11项理化指标的相关性和变异度。结果表明,变异度最大的理化指标为最终黏度、峰值黏度和β-葡聚糖,糊化温度和容重的变异系数最小,其余指标变异系数均在10%以上。饲用小麦的千粒重、容重和糊化温度在各省份之间差异极显著(P<0.01),峰值黏度和最终黏度在各省间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。我国饲用小麦主要理化指标间均呈现不同程度的相关性。千粒重与容重呈极显著正相关关系(R=0.489,P<0.01),与直链淀粉呈显著性正相关(R=0.225,P<0.05);最终黏度与水溶性戊聚糖之间呈极显著负相关(R=-0.300,P<0.01);水溶性戊聚糖与戊聚糖含量有一定的正相关性(R=0.15,P>0.05);支链淀粉和总淀粉之间呈极显著正相关(R=0.979,P<0.01)。
试验二研究了我国饲用小麦11项营养指标的相关性和变异度。结果表明,变异度最大的指标为半纤维素、植酸磷和中性洗涤纤维,总能变异系数最小,其余指标变异系数均在10%以上。同省内各主要营养指标变异系数集中在15%以内。不同省份之间饲用小麦的植酸磷和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。小麦产量前十名的省份按粗蛋白平均水平排序依次为:河北>山东>甘肃>江苏>河南>山西>安徽>四川>陕西>湖北。我国饲用小麦主要营养指标间呈现不同程度的相关性。粗蛋白与总能之间呈极显著正相关(R=0.307,P<0.01),与NDF、半纤维素和总磷之间呈显著性相关(P<0.05);酸性洗涤纤维与总能呈显著性相关(R=0.202,P<0.05);总磷与灰分(R=0.602,P<0.01)、植酸磷(R=0.842,P<0.01)均呈极显著相关;植酸磷与灰分、总磷、植酸磷占总磷的比之间都呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与中性洗涤纤维呈显著性正相关(P<0.05)。
试验三对97个饲用小麦的22个理化和营养指标的测定结果进行了聚类分析。结果表明,同一省份内的饲用小麦营养价值差异较大,不同省份之间的小麦具有相近的饲用价值;通过聚类分析发现,97个饲用小麦样品可以聚为6类,第Ⅱ类和第Ⅳ类中饲用小麦的理化指标和营养指标相对较高,优于其他几类。
试验四选用22日龄AA肉仔鸡960只(公母各半),随机分成20个处理,每个处理8个重复(公母各4个重复),每个重复6只鸡,从试验三的聚类结果中选择具有代表性的19种饲用小麦,与基础日粮按照“50%基础日粮+50%饲用小麦”的模式配制成19种试验日粮,以基础日粮作为对照,用TiO2作指示剂测定了肉仔鸡饲用小麦的AME和AMEn。随后通过因子分析方法将19种饲用小麦的22种理化和营养指标降维成8个主因子,研究了不同主因子与AMEn的回归模型。研究结果表明,肉仔鸡性别对饲用小麦AME和AMEn影响不显著(P>0.05);不同聚类间代谢能未达到显著性差异(P>0.05),最高值与最低值相差1.683MJ/kg;19种饲用小麦的AME和AMEn差异显著(P<0.05),AME变异幅度在7.93～13.31 MJ/kgDM之间;矿物质因子、黏度因子、抗性因子和NDF均与肉仔鸡的AMEn具有极显著的回归关系(P<0.01)。
97 kinds of Feed-Grade Wheat(FGW)in 16 provinces (municipalities) were collected to determinate there physicochemical and nutritive characteristics. 11 kinds of physicochemical and the same number of nutritive characteristics have been measured systematically.The variation and correlation of the same indicator among different provinces and different indicators in same province were studied. A cluster analysis and a factorial analysis have been used integrative for the apparent metabolizable energy(AME)and its prediction model of broilers which fed by 19 sorts of FGW supplied from different place. In conclusion,the variety of same physicochemical and nutritive characteristics of FGW supplied from different provinces in China is remarkable different (P<0.05), and the variety of each physicochemical and nutritive characteristic of FGW which provided by same province is also significant difference (P<0.05). There was significant relationship between different physicochemical or nutritive characteristics (P<0.05). 97 FGW based on 22 indicators could be clustered into 6 categories,all kinds of characteristics between them had a significant difference(P<0.05).Gender was found no effect on FGW AME of broilers through metabolism energy trial(P>0.05).22 kinds of physicochemical and nutritive characteristics of 19 FGW could be reduced into 8 main-dimensional factor after dimensionality reduction,there was highly significant relationship between the main factor with AMEn(P<0.01).
Experiment 1,in this test,the variation and correlation of 11 physicochemical indexes of FGW have been researched. The result showed that the physicochemical index with max. variety was final viscosity,peak viscosity andβ-glucan. The min. coefficient of variation existed in pasting temperature and volume weight. The variation coefficient of all the rest indexes were more than 10%. The thousand-grain weight(TGW),volume weight and pasting temperature of FGW among various supplying province was significant difference (P<0.01). The difference between peak and final viscosity among provinces reached a significant level (P<0.05).Different relationship were exsit between the main physicochemical characteristics.The most conclusive relationship was found between TGW with volume weight (R=0.489,P<0.01) and amylose(R=0.225,P<0.05);A high negative correlation existed between soluble pentosans and final viscosity(R=-0.300,P<0.01),while positive correlation between soluble pentosans and total pentosans,but not significantly (R=0.15,P>0.05);Amylopectin was showed to be correlated(highly positively)to total starch(R=0.979,P<0.01).
Experiment 2,the variation and correlation of 11 nutritive characteristics of FGW have been researched.The results showed that hemicellulose,phytate phosphorus (Phy-P) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF)had the max. coefficient of variation while the gross energy(GE) was the minimum. The variation coefficient of all the remaining characteristics were more than 10% between different provinces. In the same province,the varaiation of coefficient of nutritive characteristics was almost lower than 15%. The Phy-P and NDF in different provinces was significant difference(P<0.01).Top ten provinces of wheat production was sequenced by the average level of cude protein(CP)as follows: Hebei> Shandong> Gansu> Jiangsu> Henan> Shanxi> Anhui> Sichuan> Shaanxi> Hubei.CP was positively correlated to GE(R=0.307,P<0.01), and significant correlated to NDF,hemicellulose and phosphorus(P<0.05);Acid detergent fiber(ADF) had significant correlation with GE(R=0.202,P<0.05);Total phosphorus(TP) was significant correlated to Ash(R=0.602,P<0.01)and Phy-P(R=0.842,P<0.01);Phy-P was significantly related to Ash、TP、Phy-P/TP (P<0.01)and NDF(R=0.209,P<0.05). Experiment 3,the cluster analysis was used to analyse all the 22 characteristics of 97 kinds of FGW.The results were showed that great variabilities of the nutrient value were observed between FGW in the same province,while FGW from diffferent provinces also had the similar nutrient value in some cases.97 FGW could be clustered into 6 categories.The physicochemical and nutritive characteristics in typeⅡandⅣhigher than other classification.
Experiment 4,960 22-day-old AA broilers were randomly assigned into 20 treatments,with 8 replicates (4 replicates for male and female broilers respectively) of 6 broilers each.The basis diets for one treatment as contrast ,the other 19 diets was composed by basis diets and FGW. 19 kinds of FGW selected from 6 categories clustered in exp.3 were incorporated at 50% in each trial diets respectively. Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) and Nitrogen Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AMEn)of FGW for broilers were measured and TiO2 used as the marker.Through factor analysis,22 kinds of physicochemical and nutritive characteristics of 19 FGW reduced into 8 main-dimensional factor after dimensionality reduction.The prediction model beween main-dimensional factor and AMEn also been studied.The results were as follows:there were no difference between male and female broilers on AME or AMEn(P>0.05) ; The AME of FGW in 6 cluster categories was no significant difference(P>0.05),the range was 1.683MJ/kg;Furthermore,a significant difference is found between AME and AMEn of 19 sorts of FGW (P<0.05),the variation rang of AME is 7.93～13.31 MJ/kg DM.There are highly significant regression relationship between AMEn and mineral factor,viscosity factor,anti-nutritional factor and NDF respectively(P<0.01).
试验一研究了我国饲用小麦11项理化指标的相关性和变异度。结果表明,变异度最大的理化指标为最终黏度、峰值黏度和β-葡聚糖,糊化温度和容重的变异系数最小,其余指标变异系数均在10%以上。饲用小麦的千粒重、容重和糊化温度在各省份之间差异极显著(P<0.01),峰值黏度和最终黏度在各省间的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。我国饲用小麦主要理化指标间均呈现不同程度的相关性。千粒重与容重呈极显著正相关关系(R=0.489,P<0.01),与直链淀粉呈显著性正相关(R=0.225,P<0.05);最终黏度与水溶性戊聚糖之间呈极显著负相关(R=-0.300,P<0.01);水溶性戊聚糖与戊聚糖含量有一定的正相关性(R=0.15,P>0.05);支链淀粉和总淀粉之间呈极显著正相关(R=0.979,P<0.01)。
试验二研究了我国饲用小麦11项营养指标的相关性和变异度。结果表明,变异度最大的指标为半纤维素、植酸磷和中性洗涤纤维,总能变异系数最小,其余指标变异系数均在10%以上。同省内各主要营养指标变异系数集中在15%以内。不同省份之间饲用小麦的植酸磷和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。小麦产量前十名的省份按粗蛋白平均水平排序依次为:河北>山东>甘肃>江苏>河南>山西>安徽>四川>陕西>湖北。我国饲用小麦主要营养指标间呈现不同程度的相关性。粗蛋白与总能之间呈极显著正相关(R=0.307,P<0.01),与NDF、半纤维素和总磷之间呈显著性相关(P<0.05);酸性洗涤纤维与总能呈显著性相关(R=0.202,P<0.05);总磷与灰分(R=0.602,P<0.01)、植酸磷(R=0.842,P<0.01)均呈极显著相关;植酸磷与灰分、总磷、植酸磷占总磷的比之间都呈极显著相关(P<0.01),与中性洗涤纤维呈显著性正相关(P<0.05)。
试验三对97个饲用小麦的22个理化和营养指标的测定结果进行了聚类分析。结果表明,同一省份内的饲用小麦营养价值差异较大,不同省份之间的小麦具有相近的饲用价值;通过聚类分析发现,97个饲用小麦样品可以聚为6类,第Ⅱ类和第Ⅳ类中饲用小麦的理化指标和营养指标相对较高,优于其他几类。
试验四选用22日龄AA肉仔鸡960只(公母各半),随机分成20个处理,每个处理8个重复(公母各4个重复),每个重复6只鸡,从试验三的聚类结果中选择具有代表性的19种饲用小麦,与基础日粮按照“50%基础日粮+50%饲用小麦”的模式配制成19种试验日粮,以基础日粮作为对照,用TiO2作指示剂测定了肉仔鸡饲用小麦的AME和AMEn。随后通过因子分析方法将19种饲用小麦的22种理化和营养指标降维成8个主因子,研究了不同主因子与AMEn的回归模型。研究结果表明,肉仔鸡性别对饲用小麦AME和AMEn影响不显著(P>0.05);不同聚类间代谢能未达到显著性差异(P>0.05),最高值与最低值相差1.683MJ/kg;19种饲用小麦的AME和AMEn差异显著(P<0.05),AME变异幅度在7.93～13.31 MJ/kgDM之间;矿物质因子、黏度因子、抗性因子和NDF均与肉仔鸡的AMEn具有极显著的回归关系(P<0.01)。
97 kinds of Feed-Grade Wheat(FGW)in 16 provinces (municipalities) were collected to determinate there physicochemical and nutritive characteristics. 11 kinds of physicochemical and the same number of nutritive characteristics have been measured systematically.The variation and correlation of the same indicator among different provinces and different indicators in same province were studied. A cluster analysis and a factorial analysis have been used integrative for the apparent metabolizable energy(AME)and its prediction model of broilers which fed by 19 sorts of FGW supplied from different place. In conclusion,the variety of same physicochemical and nutritive characteristics of FGW supplied from different provinces in China is remarkable different (P<0.05), and the variety of each physicochemical and nutritive characteristic of FGW which provided by same province is also significant difference (P<0.05). There was significant relationship between different physicochemical or nutritive characteristics (P<0.05). 97 FGW based on 22 indicators could be clustered into 6 categories,all kinds of characteristics between them had a significant difference(P<0.05).Gender was found no effect on FGW AME of broilers through metabolism energy trial(P>0.05).22 kinds of physicochemical and nutritive characteristics of 19 FGW could be reduced into 8 main-dimensional factor after dimensionality reduction,there was highly significant relationship between the main factor with AMEn(P<0.01).
Experiment 1,in this test,the variation and correlation of 11 physicochemical indexes of FGW have been researched. The result showed that the physicochemical index with max. variety was final viscosity,peak viscosity andβ-glucan. The min. coefficient of variation existed in pasting temperature and volume weight. The variation coefficient of all the rest indexes were more than 10%. The thousand-grain weight(TGW),volume weight and pasting temperature of FGW among various supplying province was significant difference (P<0.01). The difference between peak and final viscosity among provinces reached a significant level (P<0.05).Different relationship were exsit between the main physicochemical characteristics.The most conclusive relationship was found between TGW with volume weight (R=0.489,P<0.01) and amylose(R=0.225,P<0.05);A high negative correlation existed between soluble pentosans and final viscosity(R=-0.300,P<0.01),while positive correlation between soluble pentosans and total pentosans,but not significantly (R=0.15,P>0.05);Amylopectin was showed to be correlated(highly positively)to total starch(R=0.979,P<0.01).
Experiment 2,the variation and correlation of 11 nutritive characteristics of FGW have been researched.The results showed that hemicellulose,phytate phosphorus (Phy-P) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF)had the max. coefficient of variation while the gross energy(GE) was the minimum. The variation coefficient of all the remaining characteristics were more than 10% between different provinces. In the same province,the varaiation of coefficient of nutritive characteristics was almost lower than 15%. The Phy-P and NDF in different provinces was significant difference(P<0.01).Top ten provinces of wheat production was sequenced by the average level of cude protein(CP)as follows: Hebei> Shandong> Gansu> Jiangsu> Henan> Shanxi> Anhui> Sichuan> Shaanxi> Hubei.CP was positively correlated to GE(R=0.307,P<0.01), and significant correlated to NDF,hemicellulose and phosphorus(P<0.05);Acid detergent fiber(ADF) had significant correlation with GE(R=0.202,P<0.05);Total phosphorus(TP) was significant correlated to Ash(R=0.602,P<0.01)and Phy-P(R=0.842,P<0.01);Phy-P was significantly related to Ash、TP、Phy-P/TP (P<0.01)and NDF(R=0.209,P<0.05). Experiment 3,the cluster analysis was used to analyse all the 22 characteristics of 97 kinds of FGW.The results were showed that great variabilities of the nutrient value were observed between FGW in the same province,while FGW from diffferent provinces also had the similar nutrient value in some cases.97 FGW could be clustered into 6 categories.The physicochemical and nutritive characteristics in typeⅡandⅣhigher than other classification.
Experiment 4,960 22-day-old AA broilers were randomly assigned into 20 treatments,with 8 replicates (4 replicates for male and female broilers respectively) of 6 broilers each.The basis diets for one treatment as contrast ,the other 19 diets was composed by basis diets and FGW. 19 kinds of FGW selected from 6 categories clustered in exp.3 were incorporated at 50% in each trial diets respectively. Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) and Nitrogen Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AMEn)of FGW for broilers were measured and TiO2 used as the marker.Through factor analysis,22 kinds of physicochemical and nutritive characteristics of 19 FGW reduced into 8 main-dimensional factor after dimensionality reduction.The prediction model beween main-dimensional factor and AMEn also been studied.The results were as follows:there were no difference between male and female broilers on AME or AMEn(P>0.05) ; The AME of FGW in 6 cluster categories was no significant difference(P>0.05),the range was 1.683MJ/kg;Furthermore,a significant difference is found between AME and AMEn of 19 sorts of FGW (P<0.05),the variation rang of AME is 7.93～13.31 MJ/kg DM.There are highly significant regression relationship between AMEn and mineral factor,viscosity factor,anti-nutritional factor and NDF respectively(P<0.01).
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