火成岩系统广义定量化结构分析及其意义
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摘要
本博士论文在火成岩狭义定量化结构分析基础上，提出并探索了火成岩系统广义定量化结构分析。广义定量化结构分析以岩架复杂系统和火成岩复杂晶体群为出发点，将岩石结构作为火成岩系统研究的核心和纽带，把其中的地质学、岩石学、矿物学、岩矿物理化学和地球化学紧密联系在一起，特别强调了它们之间的定量联系，这种整合分析聚焦于火成岩系统中时间、空间、温度、压力和成分等五个主要变量之间的有机联系，并以此为据力图阐明火成岩系统中的某些基础学科问题。通过广义定量化结构分析的探索，论文取得以下一些主要成果和认识：
1，首次系统的将狭义的火成岩定量化结构分析引入国内，并在学校985学科平台建设的资助下，建立了定量化结构分析实验室。发展和完善了一套切实可行的火成岩定量化结构分析方法。
2，为了获得代表性样品的大小和其约束条件，基于全晶质岩石结构的特征，以理想的花岗岩成分为基础，利用模拟统计的方法，初步探讨了代表性样品与矿物含量和矿物粒径之间的关系，获得了矿物含量和粒径变化时，样品大小对矿物实际含量和真实含量间最大可能差值的影响。统计样品截面视域中斑晶数目的多少，可以获取样品中矿物实际含量与真实含量的差距。利用斑晶的平均粒度可以近似获得代表性样品的大小。相同大小样品下，粒径大的样品偏离真实含量的程度更高，斑晶或等粒结构中的粗粒矿物含量是20%时，所需代表性样品最大。最后以麻棚岩体和房山岩体为实例进行了验证和应用说明，其中房山岩体的代表性和非代表性样品的全岩主量元素和微量元素测试结果显示，非代表性的样品普遍存在过多钾长石的影响，最显著的是引起全岩K_2O和AI_2O_3含量升高，SiO_2含量变化范围减小。中国东部某些富钾的埃达克质岩石有可能存在样品代表性问题。
3，对近年来国内已发表的744个辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年数据进行了汇总，发现所有样品辉钼矿中的Re含量具有泥合分布的特征。按照岩性和共生矿物种类对所有数据进行了分类统计分析，结果显示辉钼矿中Re含量与岩性和共生矿物种类存在密切的关系：长英质脉和花岗岩中辉钼矿的Re含量最低，几何平均值分别为7.41X10~(-6)和7.99X10~(-6)，多在lO—6?lO—5;砍卡岩中辉钼矿Re含量中等，几何平均值为58.1xl0~(-6)，多在10~(-5)?10~(-4);碳酸岩中辉钼矿Re含量最高，几何平均值为231xl0~(-6)，多在10~(-4)左右。辉钼矿的共生矿物种类影响其Re含量的变化，仅与白鹤矿（或黑鹤矿）和（或）方錯矿，闪锌矿，自然金和自然银共生时辉钼矿Re含量最低，几何平均值为10~(-7)，多在10_8?10_6;仅与黄铜矿和（或）磁铁矿(或磁黄铁矿）共生时辉钼矿Re含量最高，几何平均值为10~(-4)，多在10~(-5)?10、同时与黄铜矿（磁铁矿或磁黄铁矿）和白鹤矿（或黑鹤矿，方錯矿，闪锌矿，自然金和自然银）共生时辉钼矿Re含量处在前两者之间，几何平均值为10_6，多在10~(-7)?10~(-5)。综合分析说明辉钼矿与白鹤矿（或黑鹤矿、方錯矿、闪锌矿、自然金和自然银）共生或产在长英质脉和花岗岩中可能促使其Re含量降低，与黄铜矿、黄铁矿和磁铁矿（或磁黄铁矿）共生或产在砍卡岩和碳酸岩中可能促使其Re含量升高，辉钼矿Re含量的级数变化可能与其产出状态（岩性和共生矿物种类）密切相关，以及结合近年来辉钼矿Re含量示踪和其它同位素示踪结果间矛盾的
存在，认为辉钼矿Re含量的级数变化似乎不能有效的反应其成矿物质来源。4，地质和地球物理多方面的证据表明以橄榄岩为主的上地幔中分布有不同尺度大小的辉石岩，这些辉石岩通常比橄榄岩固相线温度低，更容易发生部分恪融形成玄武质岩架，但我们通常假定原生玄武质岩架与地幔橄榄岩平衡，其中最主要的原因可能是直到目前我们依然没有找到辉石岩融体与橄榄岩融体的有效区别标志。在全面分析了过去三十几年文献中积累的有关橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的实验岩石学结果基础上，发现在橄榄岩成分多样性和恪融结晶条件影响下，尽管橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的单个元素含量，元素比值和相图中均无法区分，但从主量元素特征与岩石结构特征间的定量联系角度出发，FC3MS值(Fe0T/Ca0-3*Mg0/SiO_2，氧化物均为质量百分数）能够有效的识别大部分辉石岩恪体。橄榄岩恪体FC3MS=-0.07士0.51(25, n=656)，显著低于辉石岩恪体FC3MS=0.46士0.96(25,n=494)，统计学特征说明二者构成两个不同的群体。辉石岩恪体高FC3MS值的特征在中国东部和蒙古OIB型火山岩（主要是新生代玄武岩）（C-OIB)中得到了直接的体现，C-OIB (MgO>7.5wt%)的FC3MS=0.68士0.34(25, n=525)，碱性C-OIB和拉斑质C-OIB具有几乎一样的FC3MS值，分别为0.65士0.35(23, n=356)和0±.700.30(25, n=138)o这些恪体在相图中主要与石植石和单斜辉石平衡，因此确定了C-OIB的源区岩性主要是石植辉石岩而不是通常假定的橄榄岩。C-OIB中的部分实例在FC3MS值和La/Yb比值关系图解中记录了辉石岩部分恪融趋势，表明某些传统上认为的演化的低镁玄武质岩架可能是原生的辉石岩恪体。正常地幔温度下，辉石岩能够合理的形成C-OIB，不需要借助高温地幔柱模型。由于辉石岩恪体与橄榄岩恪体成因的显著区别，以前在假设C-OIB以及其它各种类型的玄武岩源区为橄榄岩基础上得出的许多地质模型，例如幔源岩架成因的认识，利用玄武岩成分探讨岩架起源深度，地幔潜在温度，岩石圈厚度，软流圈与岩石圈相互作用和壳幔相互作用可能都需要重新考虑。这项研究为橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的识别提供了新的更加直接有效的判别标准，同时也说明大陆幔源岩架可能主要是辉石岩部分恪融贡献的，体现了大陆岩石圈长期演化的不均一性特征。总体来说，橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的识别依然是一个需要进一步研究的难题，这个问题的解决可能会成为大陆动力学理论形成和完善的一个重要的岩石学基础。
5，天和永碱性玄武岩属于华北西部新生代玄武岩的一部分。天和永碱性玄武岩斑晶以橄榄石为主，同时含有含量小于1%的斜方辉石，单斜辉石和尖晶石斑晶，以及这几种斑晶其中两种或三种形成的斑晶聚集体。各种斑晶（长轴>300fim)边部均出现反应边现象，核部成分普遍保留着地幔橄榄岩包体中的矿物成分特征。橄榄石斑晶（长轴>300^1111)的晶体粒度分布（CSD)显示双对数F-CSD分布特征，基质橄榄石和磁铁矿显示近似直线的S-CSD分布特征。稀土元素和微量元素均类似洋岛玄武岩，但更富集大部分不相容元素，轻重稀土分谐更强。天和永玄武岩主微量元素的不均一性可通过约0?15%的汉诺坝橄榄岩平均成分泥染得到合理的解释。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素均显示类似MORB的亏损地幔特征。以上特征表明天和永玄武岩中的复杂斑晶组合均为地幔橄榄岩解体形成的捕掳晶。根据全岩成分变化趋势和实际样品中捕掳晶的含量，推测得到天和永玄武岩原始岩架为非常贫镁（MgO约5%,镁值约42.4(100*MgO/(MgO+FeOT)，摩尔））的碱性玄武岩。与实验岩石学结果比较之后，可知这样的幔源贫镁岩架既可以是原生橄榄岩恪体高度演化（50%左右的结晶）形成，也可以是石植辉石岩低度部分恪融形成，两种过程形成的恪体均主要与石植石和单斜辉石平衡，从相平衡角度均可看做来自幔源辉石岩源区的恪体，但在正常的地幔温度下，如果上地幔存在岩性不均一性，在地幔橄榄岩到达固相线之前，石植辉石岩就能发生部分恪融形成天和永碱性玄武岩，因此天和永碱性玄武岩很可能是幔源低镁原生岩架（石植辉石
岩恪体）的一个实例。6，通过整合尚古寺花岗岩系统中的野外地质学，地球化学，矿物学，地质年代学和定量化结构数据，得到以下一些主要认识：（1)尚古寺花岗岩系统由花岗斑岩，花岗质岩脉和花岗质伟晶岩组成，是东秦岭中生代斑岩钼矿的一部分，花岗质伟晶岩与花岗斑岩几乎同时侵位形成，前者可能是花岗斑岩赋存流体的顶部快速冷却结晶形成，花岗质岩脉最晚形成。尚古寺花岗岩系统成岩成矿年龄均约为126Ma。（2)尽管野外能够见到石英和钾长石的堆晶现象，但晶体粒度分布(CSD)结果显示堆晶现象在薄片尺度下并不显著。花岗质岩脉和花岗斑岩基质矿物结晶晚期均出现了结构粗化现象。(3)尚古寺花岗岩中的浩石主要与黄铁矿，萤石，磷灰石和钠长石等热液矿物呈共结关系，暗示浩石主要是岩架结晶晚期从流体中结晶形成的，浩石Hf同位素和全岩Sr-Nd-Pb-H-O同位素体现的幔源物质贡献主要是幔源流体引起的，幔源恪体的贡献十分微弱，这可能是全岩主量元素比较均一且罕见暗色微粒包体的主要原因。（4)尚古寺花岗岩结构特征和化学特征（微量元素和同位素）的不均一性以及它们之间的紧密联系可能是外来富氟富碱水流体在岩架结晶过程中迁移和不均一分布引起的。（5)尚古寺花岗岩系统中流体引起的化学分异作用可能是岩石类型和构造环境化学判别图解出现矛盾或失效的主要原因。（6)花岗岩中幔源物质可能存在幔源恪体和幔源流体两种端元物质，后者在尚古寺花岗岩中可能是主要组成部分。幔源岩架中流体和恪体物质的多样性可能是花岗岩中幔源物质贡献存在多种表现形式的一个重要原因。
综上所述，定量联系结构和化学有利于综合理解火成岩成岩成矿物理过程和化学过程的相互关系，能够提供更加全面的火成岩成因认识，火成岩系统广义定量化结构分析对揭露和认识火成岩系统中基础学科问题十分有益。
Based on the special quantitative textural analysis theory and techniques of igneousrocks, a general quantitative texture analysis method in igneous petrological systems isproposed and explored in this PhD dissertation. The fundamental starting points of thegeneral quantitative texture analysis method are complex magmatic systems andcomplex crystal populations of igneous rocks. This method takes rocks' texture as thecore and ties in studies of igneous petrological systems, and connects field geology,petrology, mineralogy, phase equilibrium and geochemistry, and with special emphasison quantitative integrations between these and on connections between five basicvariables of time, space, temperature, pressure and compostion, and as far as seeks toclarify some basic issues. Through exploration of the general quantitative textureanalysis, the dissertation made some major achievements and insights as follows.
1, The special quantitative texture analysis of igneous rocks is systematically, for thefirst time, introduced to our country. A quantitative texture analysis laboratory wasfounded through the financial support from “985” discipline platform. An effective andpractical method was developed for the special quantitative texture analysis.
2, In order to obtain the size of representative samples and its constraints, therelationships of the representative samples with crystal contents and crystal size arepreliminarily discussed by statistical simulations of the holocrystalline rocks' textureand the idealized granitic compositions. The maximum possible difference between the original and measured crystal contents of samples, and the size of representativesamples are determined under the variations of crystal contents and size. Thedifference between the original and measured crystal contents of samples can beobtained by counting the number of phenocrysts across the sections of samples. Thesize of representative samples can be acquired by using the average crystal size. Thedeviation between the measured and original crystal contents are much more higher forcoarse-grained samples with the same sample size. The largest representative samplesare needed when the crystal content reach20%for phenocrysts or coarse-grainedminerals in equigranular texture. Finally, two examples including the Mapeng andFangshan intrusions are used to examine the validity and practicability. The chemicalanalytical results of representative and non-representative samples of Fangshangranites suggest that non-representative samples are significantly affected by excessiveK-feldspar phenocrysts, resulting in K_2O and AI_2O_3contents increase and limitedvariation of SiO] content, suggesting that some K-rich adakitic rocks in Eastern Chinamay result from sample representativeness.
3,744pieces of molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating data published in China in recentyears were collected and the authors found that the Re content of all the samples ischaracterized by mixed distribution. Classification and statistical analysis of all thedata were based on the lithology and associated mineral types. The results show thatthe Re content of molybdenite has a close relationship with the lithology and associateminerals, i.e., pure molybdenite in the felsic veins and granite has the lowest Re content with the geometric mean of7.41x110~(-6)and7'.99x10~(-6) respectively, and most ofth^e values range from10' to110~(-6); the Re content of pure molybdenite in the skam ismedium with the geometric mean of58.1x110~(-6), and most of the values range from110~(-6)to10.4; molybdenite in the carbonatite has the highest Re content with the geometric4mean of231x110~(-6), and most of the values are?10—. The Re content of molybdenite isalso affected by its associated mineral type: the Re content of molybdenite has thelowest value when molybdenite is only associated with scheelite (or wolframite) and/orgalena, sphalerite, native gold and native silver with the geometric mean of110~(-6), andmost of the values range from110~(-6) to110~(-6); when it is only associated with chalcopyriteand/or magnetite (or pyrrhotine), the molybdenite has the highest Re content with thegeometric mean of10.4, and most of the values range from110~(-6) to110~(-6); the medium Recontent occurs when molybdenite is associated with chalcopyrite (magnetite orpyrrhotine) and scheelite (or wolframite, galena, sphalerite, native gold and native^silver) with the geometric mean of10.?and most of the values ran"^ge from10" to10.A comprehensive analysis shows that molybdenite associated with scheelite (orwolframite, galena, sphalerite, native gold and native silver) or produced in the felsicveins and granite may reduce the Re content, whereas molybdenite associated withchalcopyrite and/or magnetite (or pyrrhotine) or produced in the skam and carbonatitemay increase the Re content. The magnitude changes of Re content may be related tothe modes of occurrence of molybdenite in combination with the contradiction ofisotopic tracing between the Re content of molybdenite and other isotopic methods published in recent years. It seems that the magnitude changes of Re content ofmolybdenite could not effectively represent the source of metallogenic material.
4, It is well recognised that there are variable scales of pyroxenite present within theupper mantle peridotite, and the pyroxenite typically firstly partial melted to producebasaltic magmas because of its lower solidus temperature than that of mantle peridotite.However, source lithology identification of basalt remains uncertainty and is currentlyunder hot debate because of lacking valid criteria. Using a parameterization of meltingexperiments on peridotite and pyroxenite reported in the literature over the past threedecades, we show here a parameter call^ed FC3MS value (Fe0/Ca0-3*Mg0/SiO_2)which can effectively identify most pyroxenite-derived basalt although peridotite-andpyroxenite-derived melts cannot be distinguished in the commonly used simple plotsand phase diagrams. This parameter is pressure and temperature independent and takesinto accout compositional diversity and melting conditions of the two major lithologies.The FC3MS values of the peridotite-and pyroenite-derived melts are-0士.070.51(25,n=656) and0.46士0.96(25, n=494), repectively. Coincidentally, the FC3MS value is0.68士0.34(25, n=525) for the continental oceanic island baslats-like volcanic rocks(C-OIB)(MgO>7.5wt%) in eastern China and Mongolia, which is too high to beproduced from peridotite source. Furthermore, the majority of these C-OIB in phasediagrams can be regarded as equilibrium with garnet and clinopyroxene. For these, it isproposed that garnet pyroxenite is the dominant source lithology for the C-OIB.Because there are significant differences for the petrogenesis of peridotite-and pyroxenite-derived basalts, many previous geological interpretations of the C-OIBbased on peridotite model need to be reconsidered. This study provides a new criterionto identify source lithology of basaltic magmas, and suggests that pyroxenite-derivedmelts may be a major contribution for continental mantle-derived magmas, and alsoprovides insight into intra-continetal magmatism.
5, The Tianheyong alkaline basalt belongs to the north weatem part of Cenozoicbasalts in North China Craton. The “phenocrysts”(Length>300(im) in Tianheyongbasalts involve olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel. They aredisequilibrium with groundmass and remain core compositions as that of minerals inmantle peridotite. Olivine “phenocrysts” show F-type CSD. Groundmass olivine andmagnetite show S-type CSD. Chondrite-normalised REE and primitivemanlte-normalised trace element of the Tianheyong basalts show similar patterns astypical ocean island basalts, but more enriched in most incompatible elements andstronger fractionation between light and heavy rare earth elements. The heterogeneityof major and trace elements can be explained by0-15%contamination of the averagecompostion of Hannuoba peridotite. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes show depleted manlte feature,similar as N-MORB. These features suggest that the “phenocrysts” in the Tianheyongbasalts are all manlte xenocrysts. The estimated primary Tianheyong basaltic magmashows extremely low magsuim number (Mg#<50) and MgO content, which areexperimentally equilibrium with garnet pyroxenite in the upper manlte condition. Iflithological heterogeneity exists in the upper mantle, the Tianheyong basalt was likely produced by partial melting of garnet pyroxenite. Therefore, the Tianheyong basaltmight represent mantle-derived low magnesium primary magma.
6, By integrating the field geology, geochemistry, mineralogy, geochronology, andquantitative textural data of the Shanggusi granites, the following major conclusionscan be reached:(l)The Shanggusi granitic system consists of granite porphyry, granitedykes, and granitic pegmatite, which is one part of the Mesozoic porphyrymolybdenum deposits in east Qinling. The granitic pegmatite might be produced by theundercooled fluids-rich melts in front of the granite porphyry. The crystallization andmineralization ages of the Shanggusi granitic system are?126Ma.(2) Althoughaccumulation of feldspar and quartz occurs in the field, crystal size distribution ofquartz in thin section does not significantly affected by crystal accumulation. Mostgranite dykes samples and the groundmass of the granite porphyry samples showconcave-down CSDs, indicating textural coarsening.(3) Zircons in the Shanggusigranite mainly show cotectic relationships with hydrothermal minerals such as pyrite,fluorite, apatite, and albite, suggesting that they crystallized in late stage fluids. Mantlematerials' contribution displayed by zircon Hf isotope and whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb-H-Oisotopes might be the result of fluid-melt mixing in the Shanggusi granitic system,which may explain homogeneous major elements of the Shanggusi granite and raremafic microgranular enclaves in the field.(4) External hydrous fluids (possiblyenriched in CO2, F, and CI) in the intrusion not only controlled the fractionation oftrace elements and isotopic ratios but also affected its cooling history. Fluid migration-controlled undercooling can explain the solidification processes in theShanggusi intrusion, and may also be prevalent in other fluid-rich shallow intrusions.(5) Fluids-induced chemical fractionation can explain why chemical discriminationdiagrams of rock types and tectonic environment are invalid in the Shanggusi graniticsystem.(6) The mantle materials in granite may consist of manlte melt and mantlefluid, the latter night be the major component in the Shanggusi granite. The diversity offluids and melts in mantle-derived magmas may be one reason that there are variousforms of manifestation of mantle materails in granite.
In summary, quantitative integration of textural and geochemical data for igneousrocks can contribute to our understanding of the relationships between physical andchemical processes in a magma system, and provide relatively comprehensive insightsinto the petrogenesis of igneous rocks. The general quantitative texture analysismethod is useful in understanding fundamental issues in igneous petrological systems.
1，首次系统的将狭义的火成岩定量化结构分析引入国内，并在学校985学科平台建设的资助下，建立了定量化结构分析实验室。发展和完善了一套切实可行的火成岩定量化结构分析方法。
2，为了获得代表性样品的大小和其约束条件，基于全晶质岩石结构的特征，以理想的花岗岩成分为基础，利用模拟统计的方法，初步探讨了代表性样品与矿物含量和矿物粒径之间的关系，获得了矿物含量和粒径变化时，样品大小对矿物实际含量和真实含量间最大可能差值的影响。统计样品截面视域中斑晶数目的多少，可以获取样品中矿物实际含量与真实含量的差距。利用斑晶的平均粒度可以近似获得代表性样品的大小。相同大小样品下，粒径大的样品偏离真实含量的程度更高，斑晶或等粒结构中的粗粒矿物含量是20%时，所需代表性样品最大。最后以麻棚岩体和房山岩体为实例进行了验证和应用说明，其中房山岩体的代表性和非代表性样品的全岩主量元素和微量元素测试结果显示，非代表性的样品普遍存在过多钾长石的影响，最显著的是引起全岩K_2O和AI_2O_3含量升高，SiO_2含量变化范围减小。中国东部某些富钾的埃达克质岩石有可能存在样品代表性问题。
3，对近年来国内已发表的744个辉钼矿Re-Os同位素测年数据进行了汇总，发现所有样品辉钼矿中的Re含量具有泥合分布的特征。按照岩性和共生矿物种类对所有数据进行了分类统计分析，结果显示辉钼矿中Re含量与岩性和共生矿物种类存在密切的关系：长英质脉和花岗岩中辉钼矿的Re含量最低，几何平均值分别为7.41X10~(-6)和7.99X10~(-6)，多在lO—6?lO—5;砍卡岩中辉钼矿Re含量中等，几何平均值为58.1xl0~(-6)，多在10~(-5)?10~(-4);碳酸岩中辉钼矿Re含量最高，几何平均值为231xl0~(-6)，多在10~(-4)左右。辉钼矿的共生矿物种类影响其Re含量的变化，仅与白鹤矿（或黑鹤矿）和（或）方錯矿，闪锌矿，自然金和自然银共生时辉钼矿Re含量最低，几何平均值为10~(-7)，多在10_8?10_6;仅与黄铜矿和（或）磁铁矿(或磁黄铁矿）共生时辉钼矿Re含量最高，几何平均值为10~(-4)，多在10~(-5)?10、同时与黄铜矿（磁铁矿或磁黄铁矿）和白鹤矿（或黑鹤矿，方錯矿，闪锌矿，自然金和自然银）共生时辉钼矿Re含量处在前两者之间，几何平均值为10_6，多在10~(-7)?10~(-5)。综合分析说明辉钼矿与白鹤矿（或黑鹤矿、方錯矿、闪锌矿、自然金和自然银）共生或产在长英质脉和花岗岩中可能促使其Re含量降低，与黄铜矿、黄铁矿和磁铁矿（或磁黄铁矿）共生或产在砍卡岩和碳酸岩中可能促使其Re含量升高，辉钼矿Re含量的级数变化可能与其产出状态（岩性和共生矿物种类）密切相关，以及结合近年来辉钼矿Re含量示踪和其它同位素示踪结果间矛盾的
存在，认为辉钼矿Re含量的级数变化似乎不能有效的反应其成矿物质来源。4，地质和地球物理多方面的证据表明以橄榄岩为主的上地幔中分布有不同尺度大小的辉石岩，这些辉石岩通常比橄榄岩固相线温度低，更容易发生部分恪融形成玄武质岩架，但我们通常假定原生玄武质岩架与地幔橄榄岩平衡，其中最主要的原因可能是直到目前我们依然没有找到辉石岩融体与橄榄岩融体的有效区别标志。在全面分析了过去三十几年文献中积累的有关橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的实验岩石学结果基础上，发现在橄榄岩成分多样性和恪融结晶条件影响下，尽管橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的单个元素含量，元素比值和相图中均无法区分，但从主量元素特征与岩石结构特征间的定量联系角度出发，FC3MS值(Fe0T/Ca0-3*Mg0/SiO_2，氧化物均为质量百分数）能够有效的识别大部分辉石岩恪体。橄榄岩恪体FC3MS=-0.07士0.51(25, n=656)，显著低于辉石岩恪体FC3MS=0.46士0.96(25,n=494)，统计学特征说明二者构成两个不同的群体。辉石岩恪体高FC3MS值的特征在中国东部和蒙古OIB型火山岩（主要是新生代玄武岩）（C-OIB)中得到了直接的体现，C-OIB (MgO>7.5wt%)的FC3MS=0.68士0.34(25, n=525)，碱性C-OIB和拉斑质C-OIB具有几乎一样的FC3MS值，分别为0.65士0.35(23, n=356)和0±.700.30(25, n=138)o这些恪体在相图中主要与石植石和单斜辉石平衡，因此确定了C-OIB的源区岩性主要是石植辉石岩而不是通常假定的橄榄岩。C-OIB中的部分实例在FC3MS值和La/Yb比值关系图解中记录了辉石岩部分恪融趋势，表明某些传统上认为的演化的低镁玄武质岩架可能是原生的辉石岩恪体。正常地幔温度下，辉石岩能够合理的形成C-OIB，不需要借助高温地幔柱模型。由于辉石岩恪体与橄榄岩恪体成因的显著区别，以前在假设C-OIB以及其它各种类型的玄武岩源区为橄榄岩基础上得出的许多地质模型，例如幔源岩架成因的认识，利用玄武岩成分探讨岩架起源深度，地幔潜在温度，岩石圈厚度，软流圈与岩石圈相互作用和壳幔相互作用可能都需要重新考虑。这项研究为橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的识别提供了新的更加直接有效的判别标准，同时也说明大陆幔源岩架可能主要是辉石岩部分恪融贡献的，体现了大陆岩石圈长期演化的不均一性特征。总体来说，橄榄岩和辉石岩恪体的识别依然是一个需要进一步研究的难题，这个问题的解决可能会成为大陆动力学理论形成和完善的一个重要的岩石学基础。
5，天和永碱性玄武岩属于华北西部新生代玄武岩的一部分。天和永碱性玄武岩斑晶以橄榄石为主，同时含有含量小于1%的斜方辉石，单斜辉石和尖晶石斑晶，以及这几种斑晶其中两种或三种形成的斑晶聚集体。各种斑晶（长轴>300fim)边部均出现反应边现象，核部成分普遍保留着地幔橄榄岩包体中的矿物成分特征。橄榄石斑晶（长轴>300^1111)的晶体粒度分布（CSD)显示双对数F-CSD分布特征，基质橄榄石和磁铁矿显示近似直线的S-CSD分布特征。稀土元素和微量元素均类似洋岛玄武岩，但更富集大部分不相容元素，轻重稀土分谐更强。天和永玄武岩主微量元素的不均一性可通过约0?15%的汉诺坝橄榄岩平均成分泥染得到合理的解释。Sr-Nd-Pb同位素均显示类似MORB的亏损地幔特征。以上特征表明天和永玄武岩中的复杂斑晶组合均为地幔橄榄岩解体形成的捕掳晶。根据全岩成分变化趋势和实际样品中捕掳晶的含量，推测得到天和永玄武岩原始岩架为非常贫镁（MgO约5%,镁值约42.4(100*MgO/(MgO+FeOT)，摩尔））的碱性玄武岩。与实验岩石学结果比较之后，可知这样的幔源贫镁岩架既可以是原生橄榄岩恪体高度演化（50%左右的结晶）形成，也可以是石植辉石岩低度部分恪融形成，两种过程形成的恪体均主要与石植石和单斜辉石平衡，从相平衡角度均可看做来自幔源辉石岩源区的恪体，但在正常的地幔温度下，如果上地幔存在岩性不均一性，在地幔橄榄岩到达固相线之前，石植辉石岩就能发生部分恪融形成天和永碱性玄武岩，因此天和永碱性玄武岩很可能是幔源低镁原生岩架（石植辉石
岩恪体）的一个实例。6，通过整合尚古寺花岗岩系统中的野外地质学，地球化学，矿物学，地质年代学和定量化结构数据，得到以下一些主要认识：（1)尚古寺花岗岩系统由花岗斑岩，花岗质岩脉和花岗质伟晶岩组成，是东秦岭中生代斑岩钼矿的一部分，花岗质伟晶岩与花岗斑岩几乎同时侵位形成，前者可能是花岗斑岩赋存流体的顶部快速冷却结晶形成，花岗质岩脉最晚形成。尚古寺花岗岩系统成岩成矿年龄均约为126Ma。（2)尽管野外能够见到石英和钾长石的堆晶现象，但晶体粒度分布(CSD)结果显示堆晶现象在薄片尺度下并不显著。花岗质岩脉和花岗斑岩基质矿物结晶晚期均出现了结构粗化现象。(3)尚古寺花岗岩中的浩石主要与黄铁矿，萤石，磷灰石和钠长石等热液矿物呈共结关系，暗示浩石主要是岩架结晶晚期从流体中结晶形成的，浩石Hf同位素和全岩Sr-Nd-Pb-H-O同位素体现的幔源物质贡献主要是幔源流体引起的，幔源恪体的贡献十分微弱，这可能是全岩主量元素比较均一且罕见暗色微粒包体的主要原因。（4)尚古寺花岗岩结构特征和化学特征（微量元素和同位素）的不均一性以及它们之间的紧密联系可能是外来富氟富碱水流体在岩架结晶过程中迁移和不均一分布引起的。（5)尚古寺花岗岩系统中流体引起的化学分异作用可能是岩石类型和构造环境化学判别图解出现矛盾或失效的主要原因。（6)花岗岩中幔源物质可能存在幔源恪体和幔源流体两种端元物质，后者在尚古寺花岗岩中可能是主要组成部分。幔源岩架中流体和恪体物质的多样性可能是花岗岩中幔源物质贡献存在多种表现形式的一个重要原因。
综上所述，定量联系结构和化学有利于综合理解火成岩成岩成矿物理过程和化学过程的相互关系，能够提供更加全面的火成岩成因认识，火成岩系统广义定量化结构分析对揭露和认识火成岩系统中基础学科问题十分有益。
Based on the special quantitative textural analysis theory and techniques of igneousrocks, a general quantitative texture analysis method in igneous petrological systems isproposed and explored in this PhD dissertation. The fundamental starting points of thegeneral quantitative texture analysis method are complex magmatic systems andcomplex crystal populations of igneous rocks. This method takes rocks' texture as thecore and ties in studies of igneous petrological systems, and connects field geology,petrology, mineralogy, phase equilibrium and geochemistry, and with special emphasison quantitative integrations between these and on connections between five basicvariables of time, space, temperature, pressure and compostion, and as far as seeks toclarify some basic issues. Through exploration of the general quantitative textureanalysis, the dissertation made some major achievements and insights as follows.
1, The special quantitative texture analysis of igneous rocks is systematically, for thefirst time, introduced to our country. A quantitative texture analysis laboratory wasfounded through the financial support from “985” discipline platform. An effective andpractical method was developed for the special quantitative texture analysis.
2, In order to obtain the size of representative samples and its constraints, therelationships of the representative samples with crystal contents and crystal size arepreliminarily discussed by statistical simulations of the holocrystalline rocks' textureand the idealized granitic compositions. The maximum possible difference between the original and measured crystal contents of samples, and the size of representativesamples are determined under the variations of crystal contents and size. Thedifference between the original and measured crystal contents of samples can beobtained by counting the number of phenocrysts across the sections of samples. Thesize of representative samples can be acquired by using the average crystal size. Thedeviation between the measured and original crystal contents are much more higher forcoarse-grained samples with the same sample size. The largest representative samplesare needed when the crystal content reach20%for phenocrysts or coarse-grainedminerals in equigranular texture. Finally, two examples including the Mapeng andFangshan intrusions are used to examine the validity and practicability. The chemicalanalytical results of representative and non-representative samples of Fangshangranites suggest that non-representative samples are significantly affected by excessiveK-feldspar phenocrysts, resulting in K_2O and AI_2O_3contents increase and limitedvariation of SiO] content, suggesting that some K-rich adakitic rocks in Eastern Chinamay result from sample representativeness.
3,744pieces of molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating data published in China in recentyears were collected and the authors found that the Re content of all the samples ischaracterized by mixed distribution. Classification and statistical analysis of all thedata were based on the lithology and associated mineral types. The results show thatthe Re content of molybdenite has a close relationship with the lithology and associateminerals, i.e., pure molybdenite in the felsic veins and granite has the lowest Re content with the geometric mean of7.41x110~(-6)and7'.99x10~(-6) respectively, and most ofth^e values range from10' to110~(-6); the Re content of pure molybdenite in the skam ismedium with the geometric mean of58.1x110~(-6), and most of the values range from110~(-6)to10.4; molybdenite in the carbonatite has the highest Re content with the geometric4mean of231x110~(-6), and most of the values are?10—. The Re content of molybdenite isalso affected by its associated mineral type: the Re content of molybdenite has thelowest value when molybdenite is only associated with scheelite (or wolframite) and/orgalena, sphalerite, native gold and native silver with the geometric mean of110~(-6), andmost of the values range from110~(-6) to110~(-6); when it is only associated with chalcopyriteand/or magnetite (or pyrrhotine), the molybdenite has the highest Re content with thegeometric mean of10.4, and most of the values range from110~(-6) to110~(-6); the medium Recontent occurs when molybdenite is associated with chalcopyrite (magnetite orpyrrhotine) and scheelite (or wolframite, galena, sphalerite, native gold and native^silver) with the geometric mean of10.?and most of the values ran"^ge from10" to10.A comprehensive analysis shows that molybdenite associated with scheelite (orwolframite, galena, sphalerite, native gold and native silver) or produced in the felsicveins and granite may reduce the Re content, whereas molybdenite associated withchalcopyrite and/or magnetite (or pyrrhotine) or produced in the skam and carbonatitemay increase the Re content. The magnitude changes of Re content may be related tothe modes of occurrence of molybdenite in combination with the contradiction ofisotopic tracing between the Re content of molybdenite and other isotopic methods published in recent years. It seems that the magnitude changes of Re content ofmolybdenite could not effectively represent the source of metallogenic material.
4, It is well recognised that there are variable scales of pyroxenite present within theupper mantle peridotite, and the pyroxenite typically firstly partial melted to producebasaltic magmas because of its lower solidus temperature than that of mantle peridotite.However, source lithology identification of basalt remains uncertainty and is currentlyunder hot debate because of lacking valid criteria. Using a parameterization of meltingexperiments on peridotite and pyroxenite reported in the literature over the past threedecades, we show here a parameter call^ed FC3MS value (Fe0/Ca0-3*Mg0/SiO_2)which can effectively identify most pyroxenite-derived basalt although peridotite-andpyroxenite-derived melts cannot be distinguished in the commonly used simple plotsand phase diagrams. This parameter is pressure and temperature independent and takesinto accout compositional diversity and melting conditions of the two major lithologies.The FC3MS values of the peridotite-and pyroenite-derived melts are-0士.070.51(25,n=656) and0.46士0.96(25, n=494), repectively. Coincidentally, the FC3MS value is0.68士0.34(25, n=525) for the continental oceanic island baslats-like volcanic rocks(C-OIB)(MgO>7.5wt%) in eastern China and Mongolia, which is too high to beproduced from peridotite source. Furthermore, the majority of these C-OIB in phasediagrams can be regarded as equilibrium with garnet and clinopyroxene. For these, it isproposed that garnet pyroxenite is the dominant source lithology for the C-OIB.Because there are significant differences for the petrogenesis of peridotite-and pyroxenite-derived basalts, many previous geological interpretations of the C-OIBbased on peridotite model need to be reconsidered. This study provides a new criterionto identify source lithology of basaltic magmas, and suggests that pyroxenite-derivedmelts may be a major contribution for continental mantle-derived magmas, and alsoprovides insight into intra-continetal magmatism.
5, The Tianheyong alkaline basalt belongs to the north weatem part of Cenozoicbasalts in North China Craton. The “phenocrysts”(Length>300(im) in Tianheyongbasalts involve olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel. They aredisequilibrium with groundmass and remain core compositions as that of minerals inmantle peridotite. Olivine “phenocrysts” show F-type CSD. Groundmass olivine andmagnetite show S-type CSD. Chondrite-normalised REE and primitivemanlte-normalised trace element of the Tianheyong basalts show similar patterns astypical ocean island basalts, but more enriched in most incompatible elements andstronger fractionation between light and heavy rare earth elements. The heterogeneityof major and trace elements can be explained by0-15%contamination of the averagecompostion of Hannuoba peridotite. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes show depleted manlte feature,similar as N-MORB. These features suggest that the “phenocrysts” in the Tianheyongbasalts are all manlte xenocrysts. The estimated primary Tianheyong basaltic magmashows extremely low magsuim number (Mg#<50) and MgO content, which areexperimentally equilibrium with garnet pyroxenite in the upper manlte condition. Iflithological heterogeneity exists in the upper mantle, the Tianheyong basalt was likely produced by partial melting of garnet pyroxenite. Therefore, the Tianheyong basaltmight represent mantle-derived low magnesium primary magma.
6, By integrating the field geology, geochemistry, mineralogy, geochronology, andquantitative textural data of the Shanggusi granites, the following major conclusionscan be reached:(l)The Shanggusi granitic system consists of granite porphyry, granitedykes, and granitic pegmatite, which is one part of the Mesozoic porphyrymolybdenum deposits in east Qinling. The granitic pegmatite might be produced by theundercooled fluids-rich melts in front of the granite porphyry. The crystallization andmineralization ages of the Shanggusi granitic system are?126Ma.(2) Althoughaccumulation of feldspar and quartz occurs in the field, crystal size distribution ofquartz in thin section does not significantly affected by crystal accumulation. Mostgranite dykes samples and the groundmass of the granite porphyry samples showconcave-down CSDs, indicating textural coarsening.(3) Zircons in the Shanggusigranite mainly show cotectic relationships with hydrothermal minerals such as pyrite,fluorite, apatite, and albite, suggesting that they crystallized in late stage fluids. Mantlematerials' contribution displayed by zircon Hf isotope and whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb-H-Oisotopes might be the result of fluid-melt mixing in the Shanggusi granitic system,which may explain homogeneous major elements of the Shanggusi granite and raremafic microgranular enclaves in the field.(4) External hydrous fluids (possiblyenriched in CO2, F, and CI) in the intrusion not only controlled the fractionation oftrace elements and isotopic ratios but also affected its cooling history. Fluid migration-controlled undercooling can explain the solidification processes in theShanggusi intrusion, and may also be prevalent in other fluid-rich shallow intrusions.(5) Fluids-induced chemical fractionation can explain why chemical discriminationdiagrams of rock types and tectonic environment are invalid in the Shanggusi graniticsystem.(6) The mantle materials in granite may consist of manlte melt and mantlefluid, the latter night be the major component in the Shanggusi granite. The diversity offluids and melts in mantle-derived magmas may be one reason that there are variousforms of manifestation of mantle materails in granite.
In summary, quantitative integration of textural and geochemical data for igneousrocks can contribute to our understanding of the relationships between physical andchemical processes in a magma system, and provide relatively comprehensive insightsinto the petrogenesis of igneous rocks. The general quantitative texture analysismethod is useful in understanding fundamental issues in igneous petrological systems.
引文
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