微污染原水处理过程中溴代/碘代消毒副产物形成特性研究
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摘要
由于大量的污染物,尤其是有机污染物通过不同的方式进入水体,使饮用水水源受到日趋广泛的微污染,且污染程度呈增加趋势,因而微污染原水中浓度更高、种类更多的污染物致使消毒副产物(disinfection byproducts, DBPs)的前驱物从过去的腐殖酸(humic acid, HA)和富里酸(fulvicacid, FA),目前已扩大到藻细胞物质、藻类胞外分泌有机物(extra-cellular organic matters, EOMs)以及其他一些重要来源的潜在有机物。本文具体针对微污染原水中生物源有机前驱物的存在特征和沿海地区水源易受咸潮入侵影响的特征,全面探讨微污染原水处理过程中溴代/碘代DBPs的生成特性,从而为建立饮用水厂风险控制技术和工程示范提供大量可供参考的技术指标。
本论文以微污染原水甲和微污染内河水乙为研究切入点,于国内首次对两类代表性微污染原水及其经饮用水常规处理工艺(A水厂)和生物深度处理工艺(B水厂)各处理单元段内碘代DBPs的已有种类及生成潜能种类进行定性分析研究,首次于B水厂氯胺消毒、砂滤两单元段及出水中分别检测到CHCl2I和CHBrClI两种碘代DBPs。并在此基础上,重点针对无机前驱物溴或碘的影响变化,进一步探讨两类微污染原水在不同处理工艺内溴代/碘代DBPs的生成规律。经研究发现,在溴离子浓度不断升高过程中,A水厂各单元段THM4的生成浓度受溴离子浓度影响较大。原水、混凝沉淀、砂滤及出水中CHCl3的浓度为2.02-4.58μg/L, CHCl2Br浓度为3.53-9.93μg/L, CHClBr2浓度为15.31-35.03μg/L, CHBr3为94.95-158.35μg/L；当溴离子浓度为1mg/L时,各段内CHBr3浓度均已超出国家饮用水卫生标准规定的限值；而B水厂各段内THM4的生成水平受溴离子浓度影响较少,各DBPs浓度均低于A水厂且无超标风险。在碘离子浓度不断升高过程中,两水厂各段均以CHCl2I和CH2I2为主要DBPs。A水厂各段内CHCl2I的生成水平在6.06-20.83μg/L范围,始终高于CH2I2的2.36-10.06μg/L浓度水平；当碘离子浓度为3mg/L时,微污染原水甲生成的CHCl2I和CH2I2浓度达最高,即分别为20.83μg/L和10.06μg/L。B水厂情况刚好相反,各段内CH2I2的生成水平在1.01-9.781μg/L范围,略高于CHCl2I的1.27-6.19μg/L浓度水平,且氯胺消毒段生成CHCl2I和CH2I2的浓度最高。此外,碘离子浓度升高过程中,两水厂各段THM4的浓度一直维持在较低水平,且呈逐渐下降趋势；B水厂氯胺消毒、砂滤和出水各段内CHCl2Br,CHClBr2和CHBr3的生成水平不仅高于其他单元段,且高于A水厂各段内这三种溴代DBPs的浓度。
以牛血清蛋白(BSA)、淀粉、腐殖酸(HA)、鱼油和DNA分别模拟微污染原水中生物源有机物的五种主要成分,即蛋白质、多糖、HA、脂肪和DNA,研究其与海洋性无机前驱物溴或碘经氯化消毒后,溴代/碘代DBPs的生成情况。研究表明,在溴离子浓度升高过程中,各模拟生化成分生成CHC13浓度逐渐降低,CHCl2Br和CHClBr2浓度呈先升高后降低的趋势,CHBr3生成浓度则不断升高。五种模拟生化成分中,DNA对氯代/溴代DBPs生成量的影响最小；牛血清蛋白(BSA)模拟的蛋白质成分更易生成CHCl3,生成浓度最高为100.19μg/L；鱼油和HA生成的CHCl3分别为63.72μg/L和55.58μg/L,浓度水平次之。而HA模拟的腐殖酸成分更易生成CHBr3,生成浓度最高为356.05μg/L; BSA和鱼油生成CHBr3分别为258.22μg/L和193.72μg/L,浓度次之。碘离子浓度升高过程中,鱼油模拟的脂肪成分是最易生成CHCl2I的前驱物,即浓度范围为13.63-16.98μg/L。五种模拟生化成分对CHCl2I生成量的影响顺序为：鱼油>HA≈淀粉>BSA≈DNA此外,研究还发现溴离子存在时,铜绿微囊藻胞内外总有机物氯化消毒生成的DBPs种类与BSA模拟生化成分完全相同；而铜绿微囊藻EOMs生成的DBPs种类与HA模拟生化成分完全吻合；而碘离子存在时,铜绿微囊藻胞内外总有机物与EOMs氯化消毒生成DBPs的种类均为CHCl3, CHCl2I和CH2I2。
对四种代表性微污染原水,即微污染原水甲(A水厂原水)、微污染内河水乙(B水厂原水)、微污染江水丙(C水厂原水)和D水库水经氯胺和氯消毒生成溴代/碘代DBPs的情况进行研究,结果表明微污染江水丙经氯消毒生成的总三卤甲烷(Total trihalomethanes, TTHMs)浓度高达51.61μg/L,是四种微污染原水氯消毒时生成浓度最高的水源,并且是其氯胺消毒时生成浓度的50倍。B水厂生物预处理和BAC段出水经氯胺消毒生成DBPs的种类多于氯消毒时(仅生成CHC13)的种类,且该段内TTHMs生成浓度呈升高趋势变化,致使后续砂滤段TTHMs生成浓度虽有降低,但仍与该厂原水生成水平相当；C水厂BAC段经氯胺消毒生成TTHMs浓度也同样高于该厂原水生成水平,并且BAC段不仅生成CHC13,还生成CHCl2Br, CHClBr2和CHBr3, DBPs种类也更多。D水库水经氯消毒不仅生成溴代DBPs,还生成0.42μg/L的CHCl2I;虽然生成的碘代DBPs浓度较低,但由于其具有更高的遗传毒性,因此D水库水具有碘代DBPs的生成风险仍不可忽视。
Since drinking water sources were micro-polluted by the increasingly wide range of pollutants, especially organic pollutants into the water in different ways, disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors in micro-polluted source water have been gradually extended from humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) to the algal cells, algal extra-cellular organic matters (EOMs) and some other potential organic matters of important sources. In view of microbially-derived precursors in micro-polluted source water and inorganic precursors such as bromide and iodide due to seawater intrusion, the characterization of brominated and iodinated DBPs generated from micro-polluted source water during water treatment process are comprehensively discussed in this paper, which could provide quantities of reference for establishing drinking water risk control technology and engineering demonstration.
The species of brominated and iodinated DBPs were investigated in two types of micro-polluted source water and in the effluents of each unit after the conventional drinking water treatment process (A plant) and the advanced drinking water treatment process (B plant). The CHCl2I and CHBrClI were identified for the first time in chloramine disinfection process, sand filtration and effluents of B plant. Furthermore, the effect of bromide and iodide on brominated and iodinated DBPs formation was explored in A and B plants. It was found that THM4 formation was largely affected by the concentrations of bromide ion in A plant. The concentrations of CHCl3 of raw water, sedimentation, filtration and effluent of A plant ranged from 2.02μ/L to 4.58μg/L, CHCl2Br ranged from 3.53μg/L to 9.93μg/L, CHClBr2 of 15.31μg/L-35.03μg/L, and CHBr3 of 94.95μg/L-158.35μg/L. When bromide ion was 1mg/L, the concentration of CHBr3 generated from A plant treatment process exceeded the national standards for drinking water limits. While THM4 level of B plant treatment process was less affected by bromide ion, and the concentrations of the specific DBPs were lower than those of A plant. With the iodide ion concentrations increased, CHCl2I and CH2I2 were the main species in effluents of A and B plants treatment process. The CHCl2I of A plant treatment process which ranged from 6.06μg/L to 13.55μg/L was higher than that of CH2I2 (2.36-10.06μg/L), while the CH2I2 from B plant treatment process which ranged from 1.01μg/L to 9.78μg/L was higher than that of CHCl2I (1.27-6.19μg/L). THM4 from A and B plants treatment process were maintained at low levels, but the concentrations of CHcl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3 of chloramine disinfection process, filtration and effluent of B plant, were higher than not only other process of B plants but also the corresponding process of A plant.
In this experiment, Bovine serum albumin, starch, humic acids, fish oil and DNA were chosen as the surrogate model compounds of microbial protein, carbohydrate, HA, lipid and DNA respectively. The brominated and iodinated DBPs formation from the model compounds in the presence of bromide or iodide were investigated. With increasing bromide ion concentration, CHCl3 decreased continuously, CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 increased initially and then decreased, and CHBr3 increased continuously. DNA produced the least chlorinated and brominated DBPs among these five model biomolecules. BSA appeared to be the most reactive precursor to produce CHCl3 (100.19μg/L), while fish oil and HA generated lower concentration of CHC13 (63.72μg/L and 55.58μg/L respectively) than BSA. HA was the most reactive to produce CHBr3 (356.05μg/L), while BSA and fishoil produced 258.22μg/L和193.72μg/L of CHBr3 respectively. However, with increasing iodide ion concentration (0-2mg/L), fish oil appeared to be important precursor of CHCl2I (13.63μg/L-16.98μg/L), and the specific contribution order to CHcl2I as follow:fish oil> HA≈starch>BSA≈DNA. Moreover, it showed that Microcystis aeruginosa cell and its EOMs generated the same DBPs species as BSA, while EOMs produced the same species as HA. With the iodide ion concentration increased, CHCl3, CHCl2I and CH2I2 were generated from both the Microcystis aeruginosa (including algal cell and its EOMs) and EOMs.
Finally, the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs resulting from chlorination and chloramine in various source water, including the raw water of A, B, and C drinking water treatment plants and D reservoir were investigated. The results showed that the raw water of C plants produced 50 times higher levels of TTHMs upon chlorination than those from chloramine, and the most highest concentration of TTHMs upon the chlorination among the four raw water. The DBPs species from BAC and biological pretreatment of B plants during the chloramine were more than those from the chlorination, and the concentration of TTHMs upon the chloramine increased continuously. Similarly, the levels of TTHMs from BAC of C plants were higher than that from the raw water. Not only CHCl3 was generated from BAC, but also CHClBr, CHClBr2 and CHBr3 were generated. In addition to the brominated DBPs,0.42μg/L of CHCμ2I was produced from the raw water of D reservoir. Although the levels of the iodinated DBPs was low, the risk of iodinated DBPs formation from D reservoir can not be ignored because of its higher toxicity.
本论文以微污染原水甲和微污染内河水乙为研究切入点,于国内首次对两类代表性微污染原水及其经饮用水常规处理工艺(A水厂)和生物深度处理工艺(B水厂)各处理单元段内碘代DBPs的已有种类及生成潜能种类进行定性分析研究,首次于B水厂氯胺消毒、砂滤两单元段及出水中分别检测到CHCl2I和CHBrClI两种碘代DBPs。并在此基础上,重点针对无机前驱物溴或碘的影响变化,进一步探讨两类微污染原水在不同处理工艺内溴代/碘代DBPs的生成规律。经研究发现,在溴离子浓度不断升高过程中,A水厂各单元段THM4的生成浓度受溴离子浓度影响较大。原水、混凝沉淀、砂滤及出水中CHCl3的浓度为2.02-4.58μg/L, CHCl2Br浓度为3.53-9.93μg/L, CHClBr2浓度为15.31-35.03μg/L, CHBr3为94.95-158.35μg/L；当溴离子浓度为1mg/L时,各段内CHBr3浓度均已超出国家饮用水卫生标准规定的限值；而B水厂各段内THM4的生成水平受溴离子浓度影响较少,各DBPs浓度均低于A水厂且无超标风险。在碘离子浓度不断升高过程中,两水厂各段均以CHCl2I和CH2I2为主要DBPs。A水厂各段内CHCl2I的生成水平在6.06-20.83μg/L范围,始终高于CH2I2的2.36-10.06μg/L浓度水平；当碘离子浓度为3mg/L时,微污染原水甲生成的CHCl2I和CH2I2浓度达最高,即分别为20.83μg/L和10.06μg/L。B水厂情况刚好相反,各段内CH2I2的生成水平在1.01-9.781μg/L范围,略高于CHCl2I的1.27-6.19μg/L浓度水平,且氯胺消毒段生成CHCl2I和CH2I2的浓度最高。此外,碘离子浓度升高过程中,两水厂各段THM4的浓度一直维持在较低水平,且呈逐渐下降趋势；B水厂氯胺消毒、砂滤和出水各段内CHCl2Br,CHClBr2和CHBr3的生成水平不仅高于其他单元段,且高于A水厂各段内这三种溴代DBPs的浓度。
以牛血清蛋白(BSA)、淀粉、腐殖酸(HA)、鱼油和DNA分别模拟微污染原水中生物源有机物的五种主要成分,即蛋白质、多糖、HA、脂肪和DNA,研究其与海洋性无机前驱物溴或碘经氯化消毒后,溴代/碘代DBPs的生成情况。研究表明,在溴离子浓度升高过程中,各模拟生化成分生成CHC13浓度逐渐降低,CHCl2Br和CHClBr2浓度呈先升高后降低的趋势,CHBr3生成浓度则不断升高。五种模拟生化成分中,DNA对氯代/溴代DBPs生成量的影响最小；牛血清蛋白(BSA)模拟的蛋白质成分更易生成CHCl3,生成浓度最高为100.19μg/L；鱼油和HA生成的CHCl3分别为63.72μg/L和55.58μg/L,浓度水平次之。而HA模拟的腐殖酸成分更易生成CHBr3,生成浓度最高为356.05μg/L; BSA和鱼油生成CHBr3分别为258.22μg/L和193.72μg/L,浓度次之。碘离子浓度升高过程中,鱼油模拟的脂肪成分是最易生成CHCl2I的前驱物,即浓度范围为13.63-16.98μg/L。五种模拟生化成分对CHCl2I生成量的影响顺序为：鱼油>HA≈淀粉>BSA≈DNA此外,研究还发现溴离子存在时,铜绿微囊藻胞内外总有机物氯化消毒生成的DBPs种类与BSA模拟生化成分完全相同；而铜绿微囊藻EOMs生成的DBPs种类与HA模拟生化成分完全吻合；而碘离子存在时,铜绿微囊藻胞内外总有机物与EOMs氯化消毒生成DBPs的种类均为CHCl3, CHCl2I和CH2I2。
对四种代表性微污染原水,即微污染原水甲(A水厂原水)、微污染内河水乙(B水厂原水)、微污染江水丙(C水厂原水)和D水库水经氯胺和氯消毒生成溴代/碘代DBPs的情况进行研究,结果表明微污染江水丙经氯消毒生成的总三卤甲烷(Total trihalomethanes, TTHMs)浓度高达51.61μg/L,是四种微污染原水氯消毒时生成浓度最高的水源,并且是其氯胺消毒时生成浓度的50倍。B水厂生物预处理和BAC段出水经氯胺消毒生成DBPs的种类多于氯消毒时(仅生成CHC13)的种类,且该段内TTHMs生成浓度呈升高趋势变化,致使后续砂滤段TTHMs生成浓度虽有降低,但仍与该厂原水生成水平相当；C水厂BAC段经氯胺消毒生成TTHMs浓度也同样高于该厂原水生成水平,并且BAC段不仅生成CHC13,还生成CHCl2Br, CHClBr2和CHBr3, DBPs种类也更多。D水库水经氯消毒不仅生成溴代DBPs,还生成0.42μg/L的CHCl2I;虽然生成的碘代DBPs浓度较低,但由于其具有更高的遗传毒性,因此D水库水具有碘代DBPs的生成风险仍不可忽视。
Since drinking water sources were micro-polluted by the increasingly wide range of pollutants, especially organic pollutants into the water in different ways, disinfection by-products (DBPs) precursors in micro-polluted source water have been gradually extended from humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) to the algal cells, algal extra-cellular organic matters (EOMs) and some other potential organic matters of important sources. In view of microbially-derived precursors in micro-polluted source water and inorganic precursors such as bromide and iodide due to seawater intrusion, the characterization of brominated and iodinated DBPs generated from micro-polluted source water during water treatment process are comprehensively discussed in this paper, which could provide quantities of reference for establishing drinking water risk control technology and engineering demonstration.
The species of brominated and iodinated DBPs were investigated in two types of micro-polluted source water and in the effluents of each unit after the conventional drinking water treatment process (A plant) and the advanced drinking water treatment process (B plant). The CHCl2I and CHBrClI were identified for the first time in chloramine disinfection process, sand filtration and effluents of B plant. Furthermore, the effect of bromide and iodide on brominated and iodinated DBPs formation was explored in A and B plants. It was found that THM4 formation was largely affected by the concentrations of bromide ion in A plant. The concentrations of CHCl3 of raw water, sedimentation, filtration and effluent of A plant ranged from 2.02μ/L to 4.58μg/L, CHCl2Br ranged from 3.53μg/L to 9.93μg/L, CHClBr2 of 15.31μg/L-35.03μg/L, and CHBr3 of 94.95μg/L-158.35μg/L. When bromide ion was 1mg/L, the concentration of CHBr3 generated from A plant treatment process exceeded the national standards for drinking water limits. While THM4 level of B plant treatment process was less affected by bromide ion, and the concentrations of the specific DBPs were lower than those of A plant. With the iodide ion concentrations increased, CHCl2I and CH2I2 were the main species in effluents of A and B plants treatment process. The CHCl2I of A plant treatment process which ranged from 6.06μg/L to 13.55μg/L was higher than that of CH2I2 (2.36-10.06μg/L), while the CH2I2 from B plant treatment process which ranged from 1.01μg/L to 9.78μg/L was higher than that of CHCl2I (1.27-6.19μg/L). THM4 from A and B plants treatment process were maintained at low levels, but the concentrations of CHcl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3 of chloramine disinfection process, filtration and effluent of B plant, were higher than not only other process of B plants but also the corresponding process of A plant.
In this experiment, Bovine serum albumin, starch, humic acids, fish oil and DNA were chosen as the surrogate model compounds of microbial protein, carbohydrate, HA, lipid and DNA respectively. The brominated and iodinated DBPs formation from the model compounds in the presence of bromide or iodide were investigated. With increasing bromide ion concentration, CHCl3 decreased continuously, CHCl2Br and CHClBr2 increased initially and then decreased, and CHBr3 increased continuously. DNA produced the least chlorinated and brominated DBPs among these five model biomolecules. BSA appeared to be the most reactive precursor to produce CHCl3 (100.19μg/L), while fish oil and HA generated lower concentration of CHC13 (63.72μg/L and 55.58μg/L respectively) than BSA. HA was the most reactive to produce CHBr3 (356.05μg/L), while BSA and fishoil produced 258.22μg/L和193.72μg/L of CHBr3 respectively. However, with increasing iodide ion concentration (0-2mg/L), fish oil appeared to be important precursor of CHCl2I (13.63μg/L-16.98μg/L), and the specific contribution order to CHcl2I as follow:fish oil> HA≈starch>BSA≈DNA. Moreover, it showed that Microcystis aeruginosa cell and its EOMs generated the same DBPs species as BSA, while EOMs produced the same species as HA. With the iodide ion concentration increased, CHCl3, CHCl2I and CH2I2 were generated from both the Microcystis aeruginosa (including algal cell and its EOMs) and EOMs.
Finally, the formation of brominated and iodinated DBPs resulting from chlorination and chloramine in various source water, including the raw water of A, B, and C drinking water treatment plants and D reservoir were investigated. The results showed that the raw water of C plants produced 50 times higher levels of TTHMs upon chlorination than those from chloramine, and the most highest concentration of TTHMs upon the chlorination among the four raw water. The DBPs species from BAC and biological pretreatment of B plants during the chloramine were more than those from the chlorination, and the concentration of TTHMs upon the chloramine increased continuously. Similarly, the levels of TTHMs from BAC of C plants were higher than that from the raw water. Not only CHCl3 was generated from BAC, but also CHClBr, CHClBr2 and CHBr3 were generated. In addition to the brominated DBPs,0.42μg/L of CHCμ2I was produced from the raw water of D reservoir. Although the levels of the iodinated DBPs was low, the risk of iodinated DBPs formation from D reservoir can not be ignored because of its higher toxicity.
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