预测蛋鸡粪便肥料成分含量的试验研究
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摘要
畜牧业的高速发展，畜禽数量大幅度增加，畜禽粪便大量产生，给生态环境带来了严重的污染。畜禽粪便还田用作有机肥是对其资源化、无害化利用的根本出路，粪肥还田就须预知其中肥料成分含量。目前快速预测畜禽粪便中主要肥料成分含量(N、P、K)的方法主要有两种：一种是基于检测技术手段的快速测定法，另一种是数学模型法。
针对基于理化指标检测技术手段的快速测定法进行了研究。对蛋鸡粪便比重和电导率与其中肥料成分含量的相关关系进行了试验研究。在不同养鸡场采集不同生长阶段的蛋鸡粪便样本26份，利用比重计和电导仪测定其比重和电导率，利用实验室常规分析方法测其中肥料成分含量，分析其粪便比重和电导率与其中肥料成分含量相关关系。结果表明：蛋鸡粪便比重、电导率与其中总磷、总钾含量之间具有显著的相关关系；随着稀释倍数的增加，蛋鸡粪便的电导率呈乘幂或线性趋势下降，粪便中肥料成分含量与电导率的回归方程的相关系数均为先增大后减小。
针对基于蛋鸡日粮基础数据的数学模型法进行了研究。通过强饲试验考察蛋鸡摄入各成分量与排出粪便中肥料成分含量之间的相关关系以及饲料组成对其排出粪便中肥料成分含量的影响。运用一元、多元线性和非线性回归分析方法建立了预测蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分含量的模型，并进行了显著性检验，选出较为可靠、经济、实用的模型。数学模型法简便易行，为预测家禽粪便中肥料成分含量提供了一种快速、有效的方法。对不同日粮处理组排出肥料成分含量方差分析，结果表明：饲料代谢能、干物质含量及各营养成分含量的不同直接影响蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分的含量，经验模型的建立为粪便的减排研究工作提供了手段。
在同一试验条件下对快速测定法和数学模型法进行了对比研究。饲养试验中分析饲喂两种不同配方日粮的蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分含量，建立日粮基础数据与粪便中肥料成分含量之间相关关系的数学模型；同时建立理化指标与其中肥料成分含量相关关系的数学模型；从中选出了预测排粪量和粪便中肥料成分含量的较优模型，并对较优模型进行了试验验证，证明预测值与实际试验测得值之间无显著差异，可以利用选出的较优模型来较准确地预测蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分含量；同时比较两种预测方法的预测精度，预测粪中氮、磷、铵态氮含量是数学模型法预测精度高于快速测定法，预测粪中钾含量的预测精度则为快速测定法高于数学模型法。研究表明日粮中各营养成分含量对蛋鸡粪便中各肥料成分含量有着重要的影响。
最后，本论文对家禽粪便肥料成分含量预测研究的改进和今后的研究方向提出了建议。
Intensive husbandry caused serious environmental pollution, while disposal of poultry manure to agricultural land is the most economical and environmental sound solution. It was required to estimate the nutrient contents in poultry manure before disposing it to the land. There are two methods for estimating the nutrient contents in poultry manure. The first one is rapid tests based on testing technology; the second one is mathematical model.
Studied the rapid tests method, which is based on the testing technology of physical-mechanical characteristics. 26 typical layer manure samples were collected for studying the relationship between physical-mechanical characteristics and the nutrient contents in layer manure. According to the results of analysis, specific gravity and electric conductivity can estimate the P, K contents in layer manure. The influence of dilution to the electric conductivity of the layer manure solutions was tested. With increase of dilution multiple, the electric conductivity declines in power or linearity trend.
Studied the mathematical model method, which is based on the data of layers and their dietary intake. In the forced feeding experiment, the relationship between the nutrient contents in layer manure and their dietary intake was analyzed; the impact of diet difference on the nutrient contents in layer manure was also analyzed in this chapter. A series of empirical models were developed by regression analysis. The most reliable, economical and useful models were selected. The nutrient contents in layer feed have direct effect on the nutrient contents in layer manure.
Studied the rapid tests method and the mathematical model method simultaneously in the same experiment. The relationship between physical-mechanical characteristics and the nutrient contents in layer manure were developed; the relationship between the nutrient contents in layer manure and their dietary intake was analyzed and developed, too. Then the estimating precisions of the two methods were compared. The most reliable, economical and simple models were selected. The results of the estimation by models were identical with the experiment results on the whole. The precision of the mathematical model method is better than that of the rapid tests method on estimating the N, P and NH/-N content, while estimating the K content the precision of the rapid tests method is better than that of the mathematical model method. The result suggests that the nutrient contents of feed have important effect on the contents in layer manure.
At last, the paper put some suggestions about the improvement and the further study on estimation of the nutrient contents in poultry manure in the future.
针对基于理化指标检测技术手段的快速测定法进行了研究。对蛋鸡粪便比重和电导率与其中肥料成分含量的相关关系进行了试验研究。在不同养鸡场采集不同生长阶段的蛋鸡粪便样本26份，利用比重计和电导仪测定其比重和电导率，利用实验室常规分析方法测其中肥料成分含量，分析其粪便比重和电导率与其中肥料成分含量相关关系。结果表明：蛋鸡粪便比重、电导率与其中总磷、总钾含量之间具有显著的相关关系；随着稀释倍数的增加，蛋鸡粪便的电导率呈乘幂或线性趋势下降，粪便中肥料成分含量与电导率的回归方程的相关系数均为先增大后减小。
针对基于蛋鸡日粮基础数据的数学模型法进行了研究。通过强饲试验考察蛋鸡摄入各成分量与排出粪便中肥料成分含量之间的相关关系以及饲料组成对其排出粪便中肥料成分含量的影响。运用一元、多元线性和非线性回归分析方法建立了预测蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分含量的模型，并进行了显著性检验，选出较为可靠、经济、实用的模型。数学模型法简便易行，为预测家禽粪便中肥料成分含量提供了一种快速、有效的方法。对不同日粮处理组排出肥料成分含量方差分析，结果表明：饲料代谢能、干物质含量及各营养成分含量的不同直接影响蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分的含量，经验模型的建立为粪便的减排研究工作提供了手段。
在同一试验条件下对快速测定法和数学模型法进行了对比研究。饲养试验中分析饲喂两种不同配方日粮的蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分含量，建立日粮基础数据与粪便中肥料成分含量之间相关关系的数学模型；同时建立理化指标与其中肥料成分含量相关关系的数学模型；从中选出了预测排粪量和粪便中肥料成分含量的较优模型，并对较优模型进行了试验验证，证明预测值与实际试验测得值之间无显著差异，可以利用选出的较优模型来较准确地预测蛋鸡粪便中肥料成分含量；同时比较两种预测方法的预测精度，预测粪中氮、磷、铵态氮含量是数学模型法预测精度高于快速测定法，预测粪中钾含量的预测精度则为快速测定法高于数学模型法。研究表明日粮中各营养成分含量对蛋鸡粪便中各肥料成分含量有着重要的影响。
最后，本论文对家禽粪便肥料成分含量预测研究的改进和今后的研究方向提出了建议。
Intensive husbandry caused serious environmental pollution, while disposal of poultry manure to agricultural land is the most economical and environmental sound solution. It was required to estimate the nutrient contents in poultry manure before disposing it to the land. There are two methods for estimating the nutrient contents in poultry manure. The first one is rapid tests based on testing technology; the second one is mathematical model.
Studied the rapid tests method, which is based on the testing technology of physical-mechanical characteristics. 26 typical layer manure samples were collected for studying the relationship between physical-mechanical characteristics and the nutrient contents in layer manure. According to the results of analysis, specific gravity and electric conductivity can estimate the P, K contents in layer manure. The influence of dilution to the electric conductivity of the layer manure solutions was tested. With increase of dilution multiple, the electric conductivity declines in power or linearity trend.
Studied the mathematical model method, which is based on the data of layers and their dietary intake. In the forced feeding experiment, the relationship between the nutrient contents in layer manure and their dietary intake was analyzed; the impact of diet difference on the nutrient contents in layer manure was also analyzed in this chapter. A series of empirical models were developed by regression analysis. The most reliable, economical and useful models were selected. The nutrient contents in layer feed have direct effect on the nutrient contents in layer manure.
Studied the rapid tests method and the mathematical model method simultaneously in the same experiment. The relationship between physical-mechanical characteristics and the nutrient contents in layer manure were developed; the relationship between the nutrient contents in layer manure and their dietary intake was analyzed and developed, too. Then the estimating precisions of the two methods were compared. The most reliable, economical and simple models were selected. The results of the estimation by models were identical with the experiment results on the whole. The precision of the mathematical model method is better than that of the rapid tests method on estimating the N, P and NH/-N content, while estimating the K content the precision of the rapid tests method is better than that of the mathematical model method. The result suggests that the nutrient contents of feed have important effect on the contents in layer manure.
At last, the paper put some suggestions about the improvement and the further study on estimation of the nutrient contents in poultry manure in the future.
引文
1 尹兆正，袁飞．我国畜牧业跨世纪持续发展问题思考．农业技术经济，2000，2：49-51
2 李庆康，吴雷，刘海琴等．我国集约化畜禽养殖场粪便处理利用现状及展望．农业环境保护，2000，19(4)：251-254
3 董克虞．畜禽粪便对环境的污染及资源化途径．农业环境保护，1998，17(6)：281-283
4 孙振钧．集约化畜牧生产对环境的污染与防治对策．畜牧兽医杂志，2000，13：35-37
5 贾汝敏，李新社，王润莲．鸡粪用作饲料的营养价值及安全性评价．饲料研究，1999，107-9
6 李建雄．鸡粪的再生利用价值．饲料营养与开发，2001，4：16-17
7 赵学蕴，金维续，张中林等．商品有机肥研制和施用效果．土壤肥料，1996，4，26-30
8 黄华学．蛋鸡业形势展望及对策．中国家禽，2000，8：11-12
9 潘学峰．发达国家畜禽废弃物处理技术与立法．农业工程学报，1995，11(5)：108-111
10 H. Tunney, M. Bertrand. Rapid field tests for estimating dry matter and fertilizer value of animal slurries, In V.A. Dodd and P.M. Grace (ed.) Proc. 11th Inth. Cong. on Agricultural Engineering, Dublin. 4-8 Sept. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1989,363-370
11 J. S. Van Kessler, R.B. Thompsom, J.B. Reeves Ⅲ. Rapid on-farm analysis of manure nutrients using quick tests, J. Prod. Agric.,1999, Vol. 12, no2,215-224
12 K.A. Smith. etc. A review of raid methods for assessing the nutrient content of organic manures. ADAS Report to MAFF Environmental Protection Division, Project number WA0605, 1993
13 I.M. Scotford, T. R. Cumby, L.J. Han, P. A. Richards. Development of a Prototype Nutrient Sensing System for Livestock Slurries. J. Agricultural Engineering Resource. (1998) 69, 217-228
14 C.J. Clanton, etc. Model for predicting the effect of nitrogen intake, body mass, and dietary calcium and phosphorus on manure nitrogen content. Structures and Environment Div. of ASAE, 1987, 81-2577
15 A.P. Tomlinson, W.J. Powers, etc. Dietary Protein Effects on Nitrogen Excretion and Manure Characteristics of Lactating Cows. Transaction of the CSAE,1996,39(4):1441-1448
16 胡峥峥．预测家禽粪便肥料成分含量的试验研究．[硕士学位论文]，北京：中国农业大学，2001，6
17 A.J.A. Aarnink, E.N.J. wan Ouwerkerk and M.W.A. Verstegen. A mathematical model for estimating the amount and composition of slurry from fattening pigs. Livestock Production Science, 1992, 31:133-147
18 K.A. Smith. etc. Nitrogen excretion by farm livestock with respect to land spreading
requirement and controlling nitrogen losses to ground and surface waters. Bioresource Technology 2000, 71: 173-194
19 T.C. Bridges, L. W. Turner, G. L. Cromwell, J. L. Pieree. Modeling the effects of diet formulation on nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in swine waste. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 1995, 11(5): 731-739
20 张春兰，朱建春，尹天水等．鸡粪颗粒对茶叶产量和品质的影响．茶叶通报，1996，18(2)，21-23
21 尹清强，刘志刚，韩友文等．产蛋鸡内源氮排泄变化规律的研究．中国家禽，1997，6：1-2
22 田宁宁，李宝林．畜禽养殖业废弃物的环境问题及其治理方法．环境保护，2000，4：61-64
23 F Yano．减少集约化生产动物排泄物重氮和磷的措施．国外畜牧科技，2000，27(3)：11-14
24 丁迎伟．控制动物排泄物对环境污染的对策．环境保护，1999，8：39-43
25 俞丹宏．大中型养鸡场粪便资源化利用途径探讨．浙江畜牧兽医，1996，2：18-19
26 牟善积．重谈有机肥与化肥并重．天津农学院学报，2000，7(3)：30-34
27 赫立勤．国内外鸡粪加工处理技术现状．云南环境科学，1996，15(2)：50-51
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39 T.T. Canh. etc. Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Livestock Production Science 1998,56:
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46 赵亚平，马秀玲，石立斌等．鸡粪的有效利用．中国家禽．2000，22(8)，44-45
47 LarryBerger. Controlling Waste Disposal Problems. Poultry International,1998,8,38
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49 江立方，朱海燕，金林生等．发达国家和地区畜禽粪便污染防治立法的现状．家畜生态，1995，16(2)，44-49
50 马镜波．畜禽粪便无害化处理制商品有机肥及有机无机复混肥．磷肥与复肥，1998，5，40-49
2 李庆康，吴雷，刘海琴等．我国集约化畜禽养殖场粪便处理利用现状及展望．农业环境保护，2000，19(4)：251-254
3 董克虞．畜禽粪便对环境的污染及资源化途径．农业环境保护，1998，17(6)：281-283
4 孙振钧．集约化畜牧生产对环境的污染与防治对策．畜牧兽医杂志，2000，13：35-37
5 贾汝敏，李新社，王润莲．鸡粪用作饲料的营养价值及安全性评价．饲料研究，1999，107-9
6 李建雄．鸡粪的再生利用价值．饲料营养与开发，2001，4：16-17
7 赵学蕴，金维续，张中林等．商品有机肥研制和施用效果．土壤肥料，1996，4，26-30
8 黄华学．蛋鸡业形势展望及对策．中国家禽，2000，8：11-12
9 潘学峰．发达国家畜禽废弃物处理技术与立法．农业工程学报，1995，11(5)：108-111
10 H. Tunney, M. Bertrand. Rapid field tests for estimating dry matter and fertilizer value of animal slurries, In V.A. Dodd and P.M. Grace (ed.) Proc. 11th Inth. Cong. on Agricultural Engineering, Dublin. 4-8 Sept. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1989,363-370
11 J. S. Van Kessler, R.B. Thompsom, J.B. Reeves Ⅲ. Rapid on-farm analysis of manure nutrients using quick tests, J. Prod. Agric.,1999, Vol. 12, no2,215-224
12 K.A. Smith. etc. A review of raid methods for assessing the nutrient content of organic manures. ADAS Report to MAFF Environmental Protection Division, Project number WA0605, 1993
13 I.M. Scotford, T. R. Cumby, L.J. Han, P. A. Richards. Development of a Prototype Nutrient Sensing System for Livestock Slurries. J. Agricultural Engineering Resource. (1998) 69, 217-228
14 C.J. Clanton, etc. Model for predicting the effect of nitrogen intake, body mass, and dietary calcium and phosphorus on manure nitrogen content. Structures and Environment Div. of ASAE, 1987, 81-2577
15 A.P. Tomlinson, W.J. Powers, etc. Dietary Protein Effects on Nitrogen Excretion and Manure Characteristics of Lactating Cows. Transaction of the CSAE,1996,39(4):1441-1448
16 胡峥峥．预测家禽粪便肥料成分含量的试验研究．[硕士学位论文]，北京：中国农业大学，2001，6
17 A.J.A. Aarnink, E.N.J. wan Ouwerkerk and M.W.A. Verstegen. A mathematical model for estimating the amount and composition of slurry from fattening pigs. Livestock Production Science, 1992, 31:133-147
18 K.A. Smith. etc. Nitrogen excretion by farm livestock with respect to land spreading
requirement and controlling nitrogen losses to ground and surface waters. Bioresource Technology 2000, 71: 173-194
19 T.C. Bridges, L. W. Turner, G. L. Cromwell, J. L. Pieree. Modeling the effects of diet formulation on nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in swine waste. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 1995, 11(5): 731-739
20 张春兰，朱建春，尹天水等．鸡粪颗粒对茶叶产量和品质的影响．茶叶通报，1996，18(2)，21-23
21 尹清强，刘志刚，韩友文等．产蛋鸡内源氮排泄变化规律的研究．中国家禽，1997，6：1-2
22 田宁宁，李宝林．畜禽养殖业废弃物的环境问题及其治理方法．环境保护，2000，4：61-64
23 F Yano．减少集约化生产动物排泄物重氮和磷的措施．国外畜牧科技，2000，27(3)：11-14
24 丁迎伟．控制动物排泄物对环境污染的对策．环境保护，1999，8：39-43
25 俞丹宏．大中型养鸡场粪便资源化利用途径探讨．浙江畜牧兽医，1996，2：18-19
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