长沙市大学生病理性互联网使用及其影响因素研究
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摘要
目的：了解大学生中病理性互联网使用(Pathological Internet Use，PIU)的发生情况；研究病理性互联网使用者的心理、社会和行为特征；探讨病理性互联网使用的主要影响因素。
方法：采用分层整群抽样方法，对长沙市6所高校的大学生采用自制大学生病理性互联网使用筛查表进行筛查，对筛查出的病理性互联网使用可疑者，应用自制大学生病理性互联网使用诊断问卷进行诊断，并采用上网一般情况调查问卷、特质应付方式问卷、社会功能缺陷筛选量表、艾森克人格问卷神经质(N)分量表及症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行评定。
结果：(1)被调查的1607名大学生中检出病理性互联网使用者105人，其中男生89人，女生16人，平均年龄为20.57±1.55岁。男生PIU检出率为8.92％(89/998)，女生PIU检出率为2.63％(16/609)，总PIU检出率为6.53％(105/1607)。(2)经1：1配对logistic回归分析，敌对因子、社会功能缺陷量分、每周上网时间(＞14小时/周)、为容貌而烦恼、上网失去控制感是大学生病理性互联网使用的主要危险因素。(3)病理性互联网使用给大学生的学习造成一定负面影响；(4)参照国内外文献编制的PIU诊断问卷信度、效度较好。
结论：大学生人群中存在一定比例的病理性互联网使用者，其学习生活受到很大的影响，有关部门应高度重视，并极早针对其发生的高危因素制订相应的预防措施。
Objectives: To describe the general information of internet use and the incidence of Pathological Internet Use (PIU) among college students, to study the mental, social, behavioral factors of pathological users, to find out the major impact factors of PIU, and to provide evidences and suggestions for PIU control.
Methods: Total 1607 college students were sampled from six universities/colleges of Changsha city by stratified cluster sampling, 502 of these samples involved in this study by self-designed questionnaire, then 105of them were identified as PIU by self-designed diagnosing scale, and measured by self-designed on-line General Conditions Questionnaire, Social Disability Screening Schedule, Typical Coping Style Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and SCL-90.
Results: 105 students are diagnosed as pathological internet users among 1607 interviewers, 89 of them are male, and the rest are female; the average age of them is 20.57?.55. The incidence of PIU is 4.39% (male 8.92%, female 2.63%).By multiple stepwise Logistic regression analysis, the major impact factors are online time^ not control of surf internet^ Social Disability Screening Schedule scale.
Conclusions: college students' study and life have been seriously affected by PIU. Relevant departments should pay high attention to PIU among college students.
方法：采用分层整群抽样方法，对长沙市6所高校的大学生采用自制大学生病理性互联网使用筛查表进行筛查，对筛查出的病理性互联网使用可疑者，应用自制大学生病理性互联网使用诊断问卷进行诊断，并采用上网一般情况调查问卷、特质应付方式问卷、社会功能缺陷筛选量表、艾森克人格问卷神经质(N)分量表及症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行评定。
结果：(1)被调查的1607名大学生中检出病理性互联网使用者105人，其中男生89人，女生16人，平均年龄为20.57±1.55岁。男生PIU检出率为8.92％(89/998)，女生PIU检出率为2.63％(16/609)，总PIU检出率为6.53％(105/1607)。(2)经1：1配对logistic回归分析，敌对因子、社会功能缺陷量分、每周上网时间(＞14小时/周)、为容貌而烦恼、上网失去控制感是大学生病理性互联网使用的主要危险因素。(3)病理性互联网使用给大学生的学习造成一定负面影响；(4)参照国内外文献编制的PIU诊断问卷信度、效度较好。
结论：大学生人群中存在一定比例的病理性互联网使用者，其学习生活受到很大的影响，有关部门应高度重视，并极早针对其发生的高危因素制订相应的预防措施。
Objectives: To describe the general information of internet use and the incidence of Pathological Internet Use (PIU) among college students, to study the mental, social, behavioral factors of pathological users, to find out the major impact factors of PIU, and to provide evidences and suggestions for PIU control.
Methods: Total 1607 college students were sampled from six universities/colleges of Changsha city by stratified cluster sampling, 502 of these samples involved in this study by self-designed questionnaire, then 105of them were identified as PIU by self-designed diagnosing scale, and measured by self-designed on-line General Conditions Questionnaire, Social Disability Screening Schedule, Typical Coping Style Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and SCL-90.
Results: 105 students are diagnosed as pathological internet users among 1607 interviewers, 89 of them are male, and the rest are female; the average age of them is 20.57?.55. The incidence of PIU is 4.39% (male 8.92%, female 2.63%).By multiple stepwise Logistic regression analysis, the major impact factors are online time^ not control of surf internet^ Social Disability Screening Schedule scale.
Conclusions: college students' study and life have been seriously affected by PIU. Relevant departments should pay high attention to PIU among college students.
引文
[1] Davis, R. A. A Cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in human Behavior, 2001, 17(2): 187-195
[2] Yong, K. S. What Makes the Internet Addictive: Potential Explanations for Pathological Internet use. Paper presented at the 105th annual conference of the American Psychological Association, August 15,1997, Chicago, IL.
[3] Morahan-Martin, J. Incidence and correlates of Pathological Internet Use. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Pathological Association, August 18,1997. Chicago, IL.
[4] Yong, K. S. Internet Addiction: The emergence of a new disorder. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 1998; 1(3): 237-244.
[5] Egger, O. & Rauterberg, M. Internet behavior and addiction. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, 1996. Available: http://www.ipo.tue.nl/homepages/mrauterb/publications/INTERNET96report.pdf
[6] Young, K. S. & Rogers, R. The relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 1997, 1:25-28.
[7] Young, K. S. Caught in the Net: How to recognize the signs of Internet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 1998
[8] Greenfield. D. N. The Nature of Internet Addiction: Psychological Factors in Compulsive Internet Use. Paper presented at the 1999 meetings of the American Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts, August 20, 1999. Available: http://www.virtual-addiction.com/internetadddiction.htm
[9] Jennifer R. Ferris. internet addiction disorder: causes, symptoms, and consequences. 1997. Available: http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-dept/dessy/honors/papers/ferris.html
[10] Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, et al. Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist. 1998,53(9): 1017-1031.
[11] 中国互联网络信息中心．第十一次中国互联网络发展状况调查(2003年1月)．2003．http://www.cnnic.net.cn/develst/2003-1/
[12] 范笑仙，刘东峰．网络对大学生价值观念的影响及应对[J]．黑龙江高教研究，2001，(1)：80-82．
[13] 新浪网．研究表明：6.4%大学生有网络成瘾倾向．2001，http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/c/2001-10-17/88072.shtml
[14]林绚辉．网络成瘾现象研究概述．中国临床心理学杂志．2002，10(1)：74-80
[15]Chien Chou, Ming-Chun Hsiao. Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students'case. Computers & Education. 2000(35):65-80
[16]Anderson, K. J. Internet use among college student: An exploratory study. 1999.(On-line). Available: http://www.rpi.edu/～anderk4/research.html
[17]Anderson K. J. Internet use among college students: An exploratory study. The Journal of American Collage Health. 2001; 50(1):21-26.
[18]Davis, S. Smith, Brandy. An examination of Internet usage on two college campuses. College Student Journal. 1999; 33 (2):257-260.
[19]Scherer, K. College life on-line: Healthy and unhealthy Internet use. Journal of College Life and Development. 1997; 38, 655-665.
[20]潘琼，肖水源．病理性互联网使用研究进展．中国临床心理学杂志．2002，10(3)：237-240
[21]师建国主编．成瘾医学．北京．科学出版社．2002年2月第1版．201-206
[22]Davis. R. A. Pathological Use Scale. 2001. [On-line]. Available: http://www.internetaddiction.ca/Pathological Use Scale. htm
[23]Davis. R. A. Internet Addiction Test. 2001. [On-line]. Available: http://www.internetaddiction.ca/internet_addiction_test.htm
[24]Young, K. S. The Evaluation and treatment of Internet addiction. In L. VandeCreek & T. Jackson(Eds.). Innovations in Clinical Practice :A Source Book (Vol. 17; pp. 1-13). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
[25]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. Fourth edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.108-109
[26]中国药物依赖性杂志编辑部．药物依赖的诊断标准．中国药物依赖性杂志．2000；9(1)：74-75
[27]张明圆主编．精神科评定量表手册．第2版．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1998．227-232
[28]姜乾金．应付方式量表．见汪向东主编．心理卫生评定量表手册．中国心理卫生杂志，1999，12；增订版：120-122
[29]张明园主编．精神科评定量表手册．第2版．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1998：163-166．
[30]龚耀先等修订．艾森克个性问卷手册．长沙．湖南地图出版社．1992．
[31]汪向东主编．心理卫生评定量表手册．中国心理卫生杂志，1993(增刊)：31-36．
[32]王征宇．症状自评量表(SCL—90)．上海精神医学，1984(2)：68-70．
[33]吴明隆．SPSS统计应用实务．北京．中国铁道出版社．2000．8-9
[34]孙振球、除勇勇主编．医学统计学．北京．人民卫生出版社．2002．20-21
[35]朱慧，龚惠香，陆定．医学生上网情况的调查与分析中国高等医学教育．2001，(3)：14
[36]McKenna K. Y. A., & Bargh J. A. Coming out inthe age of the internet: identity 'Demarginalization' through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality, 1998,35(4):651-655.
[37]萧铭钧．台湾大学生网络使用行为、使用动机、满足程度与网络成瘾现象之初探．硕士学位论文．台湾：国立交通大学传播研究所，1998
[38]韩佩凌．台湾中学生网络使用者特性、网络使用行为、心理特性对网络沉迷现象之影响．硕士学位论文．台湾：台湾师范大学教育心理辅导研究所，2000
[39]游森期．大学生网络使用行为、网络成瘾及相关因素之研究．硕士学位论文．台湾：国立彰化师范大学教育研究所，2001
[40]Grohol, J. M. Internet addiction guide. 1999. (On-line). Available: http://psychcentral. com/grohol.htm
[41]周荣，周倩．网络成瘾现象、网络使用行为与传播快感经验之相关性初探．中华传播学会．1997，2-12．
[42]Suler, J. To get what you need: healthy and pathological Internet use. 1999 (On-line). Available: http://wwwl.rider.edu/～suler/psycyber/internetuse.html
[43]刘家仪．以人际关系论与计划行为论探讨网络交友之现象．硕士学位论文．台湾：国立中山大学信息管理研究所，2001
[44]王树茂，陈红兵．现代科技与人的心理．天津：天津科学技术出版社，2001年1月第1版，1
[45]Folkman S, Lazarus RS. Coping as mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 1998,54(3):466-475
[46]朱美慧．我国大专学生个人特性、网络使用行为与网络成瘾关系之研究．硕士学位论文．台湾：大叶大学资讯管理研究所．2000
[47]李靖，赵郁金．上网爱好程度、人际信任与自尊的关系研究．中国临床心理学杂志．2002，10(3)：200-201
[48]黄婉英，许国安．51例上网者心理状况的调查分析．健康心理学杂志．2001，9(5)：397
[49]俞俭．网吧成了“玩吧”，谁之过[J]．半月谈，2001，502(6)：68-69
[50]Beard K W, Wolf EM. Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2001;4(3):377-383.
[2] Yong, K. S. What Makes the Internet Addictive: Potential Explanations for Pathological Internet use. Paper presented at the 105th annual conference of the American Psychological Association, August 15,1997, Chicago, IL.
[3] Morahan-Martin, J. Incidence and correlates of Pathological Internet Use. Paper presented at the 105th annual meeting of the American Pathological Association, August 18,1997. Chicago, IL.
[4] Yong, K. S. Internet Addiction: The emergence of a new disorder. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 1998; 1(3): 237-244.
[5] Egger, O. & Rauterberg, M. Internet behavior and addiction. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, 1996. Available: http://www.ipo.tue.nl/homepages/mrauterb/publications/INTERNET96report.pdf
[6] Young, K. S. & Rogers, R. The relationship between depression and Internet addiction. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 1997, 1:25-28.
[7] Young, K. S. Caught in the Net: How to recognize the signs of Internet addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. 1998
[8] Greenfield. D. N. The Nature of Internet Addiction: Psychological Factors in Compulsive Internet Use. Paper presented at the 1999 meetings of the American Psychological Association, Boston, Massachusetts, August 20, 1999. Available: http://www.virtual-addiction.com/internetadddiction.htm
[9] Jennifer R. Ferris. internet addiction disorder: causes, symptoms, and consequences. 1997. Available: http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-dept/dessy/honors/papers/ferris.html
[10] Kraut R, Patterson M, Lundmark V, et al. Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist. 1998,53(9): 1017-1031.
[11] 中国互联网络信息中心．第十一次中国互联网络发展状况调查(2003年1月)．2003．http://www.cnnic.net.cn/develst/2003-1/
[12] 范笑仙，刘东峰．网络对大学生价值观念的影响及应对[J]．黑龙江高教研究，2001，(1)：80-82．
[13] 新浪网．研究表明：6.4%大学生有网络成瘾倾向．2001，http://tech.sina.com.cn/i/c/2001-10-17/88072.shtml
[14]林绚辉．网络成瘾现象研究概述．中国临床心理学杂志．2002，10(1)：74-80
[15]Chien Chou, Ming-Chun Hsiao. Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students'case. Computers & Education. 2000(35):65-80
[16]Anderson, K. J. Internet use among college student: An exploratory study. 1999.(On-line). Available: http://www.rpi.edu/～anderk4/research.html
[17]Anderson K. J. Internet use among college students: An exploratory study. The Journal of American Collage Health. 2001; 50(1):21-26.
[18]Davis, S. Smith, Brandy. An examination of Internet usage on two college campuses. College Student Journal. 1999; 33 (2):257-260.
[19]Scherer, K. College life on-line: Healthy and unhealthy Internet use. Journal of College Life and Development. 1997; 38, 655-665.
[20]潘琼，肖水源．病理性互联网使用研究进展．中国临床心理学杂志．2002，10(3)：237-240
[21]师建国主编．成瘾医学．北京．科学出版社．2002年2月第1版．201-206
[22]Davis. R. A. Pathological Use Scale. 2001. [On-line]. Available: http://www.internetaddiction.ca/Pathological Use Scale. htm
[23]Davis. R. A. Internet Addiction Test. 2001. [On-line]. Available: http://www.internetaddiction.ca/internet_addiction_test.htm
[24]Young, K. S. The Evaluation and treatment of Internet addiction. In L. VandeCreek & T. Jackson(Eds.). Innovations in Clinical Practice :A Source Book (Vol. 17; pp. 1-13). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
[25]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. Fourth edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.108-109
[26]中国药物依赖性杂志编辑部．药物依赖的诊断标准．中国药物依赖性杂志．2000；9(1)：74-75
[27]张明圆主编．精神科评定量表手册．第2版．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1998．227-232
[28]姜乾金．应付方式量表．见汪向东主编．心理卫生评定量表手册．中国心理卫生杂志，1999，12；增订版：120-122
[29]张明园主编．精神科评定量表手册．第2版．长沙：湖南科学技术出版社，1998：163-166．
[30]龚耀先等修订．艾森克个性问卷手册．长沙．湖南地图出版社．1992．
[31]汪向东主编．心理卫生评定量表手册．中国心理卫生杂志，1993(增刊)：31-36．
[32]王征宇．症状自评量表(SCL—90)．上海精神医学，1984(2)：68-70．
[33]吴明隆．SPSS统计应用实务．北京．中国铁道出版社．2000．8-9
[34]孙振球、除勇勇主编．医学统计学．北京．人民卫生出版社．2002．20-21
[35]朱慧，龚惠香，陆定．医学生上网情况的调查与分析中国高等医学教育．2001，(3)：14
[36]McKenna K. Y. A., & Bargh J. A. Coming out inthe age of the internet: identity 'Demarginalization' through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality, 1998,35(4):651-655.
[37]萧铭钧．台湾大学生网络使用行为、使用动机、满足程度与网络成瘾现象之初探．硕士学位论文．台湾：国立交通大学传播研究所，1998
[38]韩佩凌．台湾中学生网络使用者特性、网络使用行为、心理特性对网络沉迷现象之影响．硕士学位论文．台湾：台湾师范大学教育心理辅导研究所，2000
[39]游森期．大学生网络使用行为、网络成瘾及相关因素之研究．硕士学位论文．台湾：国立彰化师范大学教育研究所，2001
[40]Grohol, J. M. Internet addiction guide. 1999. (On-line). Available: http://psychcentral. com/grohol.htm
[41]周荣，周倩．网络成瘾现象、网络使用行为与传播快感经验之相关性初探．中华传播学会．1997，2-12．
[42]Suler, J. To get what you need: healthy and pathological Internet use. 1999 (On-line). Available: http://wwwl.rider.edu/～suler/psycyber/internetuse.html
[43]刘家仪．以人际关系论与计划行为论探讨网络交友之现象．硕士学位论文．台湾：国立中山大学信息管理研究所，2001
[44]王树茂，陈红兵．现代科技与人的心理．天津：天津科学技术出版社，2001年1月第1版，1
[45]Folkman S, Lazarus RS. Coping as mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and social psychology, 1998,54(3):466-475
[46]朱美慧．我国大专学生个人特性、网络使用行为与网络成瘾关系之研究．硕士学位论文．台湾：大叶大学资讯管理研究所．2000
[47]李靖，赵郁金．上网爱好程度、人际信任与自尊的关系研究．中国临床心理学杂志．2002，10(3)：200-201
[48]黄婉英，许国安．51例上网者心理状况的调查分析．健康心理学杂志．2001，9(5)：397
[49]俞俭．网吧成了“玩吧”，谁之过[J]．半月谈，2001，502(6)：68-69
[50]Beard K W, Wolf EM. Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Cyber Psychology and Behavior, 2001;4(3):377-383.