多通道波速指向高分辨SAR和动目标成像技术
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有全天候、全天时和远距离成像的特点，能有效提高雷达的信息获取能力，在土地监测、农田测绘、海洋观测、海冰监视和地面形变观测等民事领域以及战场侦察、军队动向监视等军事领域都有重要的应用。随着SAR技术的发展和应用需求的推动，波束指向更灵活、分辨率更高、场景覆盖面更大对于清晰地掌握地表信息和宏观把握地面运动目标信息来说具有特殊意义，也因此成为SAR对地观测领域的趋势性需求。
SAR系统为了实现灵活性这一特性，采用了波束指向(BS, Beam steering,)这种形式，波束指向的形式对应了工作模式，如正侧视、斜视、聚束、滑动聚束、扫描和TOPS (TerrainObservation by Progressive Scans)等等(本文将这些模式统称为波束指向SAR(BS-SAR))。而且为了满足高分辨和宽覆盖的要求，多通道技术又与波束指向技术进行了结合。多通道波束指向SAR极大地提高了传统单通道SAR的观测能力，而且从理论上讲，在通道自由度较多的情况下，多通道波束指向SAR还可以实现动目标检测的功能。
随着分辨率的逐渐提高，J. C. Curlander等人提出的星载SAR信号模型，即“一步一停”假设成立的2米门限已经突破，这促使我们重新认识宽带合成孔径的成像模型；SAR在工作过程中的波束指向变得灵活，从而构成了多种新的成像模式，如大斜视、滑动聚束和TOPS等，需要我们配合模式的发展研究新的成像算法；从软硬件处理器的研制和处理系统简单化上看，不同的单/多通道成像模式都需要研制各自的处理器，这都将花费时间和经济成本，从而推动了我们进行统一处理算法和通用处理器的研究；多通道与波束指向在SAR动目标检测和成像上，可以提供传统动目标系统无法达到的性能，而位置参数动目标的良好聚焦是动目标良好检测的首要条件，这促使我们研究新的成像方法，用于克服动目标频谱折叠和徙动带来的散焦。
以满足高分宽幅发展的趋势性需求为目的，针对单/多通道波束指向高分辨率SAR成像中的关键问题和难点，围绕国家自然科学基金“多维度微波成像信息处理研究”、博士点基金“天基高分辨率合成孔径雷达成像技术”以及973项目“稀疏微波成像信号处理方法研究”等项目的研究任务，从宽带合成孔径的成像模型、波束指向SAR(BS-SAR)成像、多通道BS-SAR预处理和成像、多通道BS-SAR动目标成像等方面展开研究，论文的主要工作如下：
1.提出了宽带合成孔径的成像模型，为成像算法的研究提供了理论依据。由于高分辨成像的需求，雷达的信号带宽越来越宽，信号时宽越来越长，这使得传统“一步一停”假设中被忽略的两类运动：脉冲收发间的运动和脉冲收发时的运动不能再被忽略了。在考虑到这两类运动的情况下，我们重新分析了雷达信号回波模型，并给出了新的两维频谱表达式，为成像算法的研究提供了理论支撑。为了分清传统成像模型和该模型的界线，我们对新模型进行退化分析，给出了传统模型不再适用的边界条件，并根据雷达发展的状况和趋势，分析了几种需要采用新模型的情况。
2.提出了两种斜视SAR成像处理算法，提高了SAR成像的灵活性。斜视工作模式是SAR灵活性发展需求的一个必然趋势。基于斜视SAR两维频谱特性，将斜视成像方法分为两类：基于倾斜谱的成像处理和基于正交谱的成像处理。在倾斜谱处理中，我们提出对非线性变标算法进行高阶扩展，消除高阶项的空变性，从而完成聚焦；在正交谱处理中，我们先对原始信号频谱进行正交化处理，然后采用修正的距离线性调频变标的算法完成距离脉压和徙动校正，最后针对方位信号的空变性，提出采用方位非线性变标的方法对空变的方位信号进行聚焦处理。
3.提出了两种可同时处理滑动聚束和TOPS SAR这两种模式的方法，为统一BS-SAR成像的研究提供了有效支撑。第一种方法是基于聚束SAR“两步”处理中的方位预处理卷积操作，对方位解混叠操作进行修改，使它可以很好应用到这两种新的SAR体制上，在恢复两维频谱后再采用方位多普勒域的算法校正信号的徙动，最后提出采用一个方位去斜变标的聚焦算法，将信号聚焦在方位频域。第二种方法是基于方位变标的PFA或称为广义PFA，广义PFA吸收了传统PFA算法对信号处理的高效性和“两步”方法中方位变标避开方位模糊地有效性，它可以通过参考函数的选取，同时处理滑动聚束和TOPSSAR数据。
4.提出了一种统一的聚焦算法(unified focusing algorithm，UFA)，为BS-SAR通用软硬件处理器研制提供了依据。在对前面几部分研究过的和当前研究的热点SAR成像模式，也就是条带SAR(正侧视和斜视)、聚束SAR、滑动聚束SAR和TOPS SAR进行了分析和总结，首先引入一个旋转中心距离的量，通过概念将这四种成像模式进行了统一，提出了“波束指向SAR(Beam steering SAR，BS-SAR)”的概念，认为上述的四种成像模式都是BS-SAR在一定条件下的特例。接着提出了一种处理这四种模式的UFA，细致分析了该算法处理流程中参考函数的构造和成像参数的选取。
5.提出了一种统一的全孔径多通道BS-SAR方位预处理方法，并给出了一种统一的多通道BS-SAR成像处理流程，为多通道BS-SAR通用软硬件处理器研制提供了依据。由于多通道BS-SAR信号通常存在两重混叠：方位带宽大于瞬时带宽的混叠和瞬时带宽大于方位采样率的混叠。这两重混叠出现的本质是不同的，因此解这两重混叠时应该用不同的方法。为了分析BS-SAR信号特性，我们引入了四个平面的概念。通过分析BS-SAR信号在四个平面中的信号分布，提出了波束压缩和带宽压缩的方法，它有效降低BS-SAR信号混叠程度的同时可以不改变信号在角度-多普勒平面或空时平面的信号特性，因此使得空时频解模糊的方法可以得到应用。解混叠后的信号并不能直接用于成像，因此我们又分析了这种解混叠方法与传统成像算法的结合。该算法还可以与UFA算法进行结合，从而得到一个处理多通道BS-SAR的统一的成像处理算法流程。
6.提出了一种基于方位去斜Keystone处理(Deramp-Keystone processing, DKP)的瞬时距离多普勒算法(instantaneous range Doppler algorithm, IRDA)，为多通道的动目标应用提供了理论依据。多通道SAR不仅可以进行方位解模糊，当通道自由度较多时，多通道SAR还可以进行动目标的检测和成像。沿着这一思路，针对SAR数据中动目标信号频谱略小于方位采样率，以及目标运动参数未知等情况，导致方位频谱折叠和目标距离徙动较大等问题，我们提出了一种基于DKP的IRDA。该方法中借用了前面波束和带宽压缩的思想，通过方位去斜处理极大降低动目标方位信号带宽，同时这种处理并不改变杂波信号在角度-多普勒平面或空时平面的信号特性。在采用传统杂波抑制的处理后，可以对未知运动参数的目标信号进行聚焦，提高目标信号的信噪比。这种方法有望扩展到多通道BS-SAR-GMTI处理。
As an active sensor, SAR is able to work day and night under all weatherconditions, which improve the capability of radar in information acquisition. SAR iswidely used in civil application, such as monitoring of urban areas, marine andterrestrial surveillance, sea ice monitoring and deforming observing, and also in militaryapplication, such as battlefield reconnaissance and monitoring of military motion. Withthe development of SAR technology and SAR application, the beam steering, highresolution and wide range swath become more and more important for SAR observing.
To obtain the flexibility, the technique of beam steering (BS) is incorporated inSAR (BS-SAR). The BS corrpesonds to different SAR modes, such as sidelook SAR,squinted SAR, spotlight SAR, sliding spotlight SAR, Scan SAR, TOPS SAR and so on.To obtain high resolution and wide range swath, the muti-channel and BS-SAR arecombined. The muti-channel BS-SAR can improve the imaging ability of traditionalSAR. If the freedom degree of muti-channel is enough big, the muti-channel BS-SARcan also be used for moving target imaging (GMTIm).
With the improvement of imaging resolution, the available threshold of traditionalmodel proposed by J. C. Curlander will not hold any more. In this case, the imagingmodel should be reknown. The BS-SAR corresponds to different SAR modes, such ashighly squinted SAR, sliding spotlight and TOPS SAR. The imaging algorithm shouldbe studied. Different SAR modes with or without muti-channle configure need relateddata processor. To simplify the processor development of different SAR modes with orwithout muti-channle configure and low the cost, we need to study a serial of generalprocess algorithm. In addition, to indicate and image moving target by multi-channelBS-SAR, we need to study suitable moving target imaging algorithm.
To satisfy the tread requirement of observing with high resolution and wide rangeswath, and to solve the key problems in BS-SAR imaging, we expand the work fromsignal model, BS-SAR imaging, muti-channel BS-SAR imaging and moving targetimaging. The relevant work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.60890072), the "973" Program (No.2010CB731903) and the Doctoral Foundation(No.200807010002). The main content of this dissertation is summarized as follows.
1. A new signal model for a wideband synthetic aperture imaging sensor wasproposed. The model is more accurate than the traditional one based on “go-stop-go”assumpation. Due to the requirement of imaging with high resolution, the bandwidth becomes wider and pulse duration becomes longer. In this case, the “go-stop-go”assumpation doses not hold any more because two kinds of motion have been ignored inthis assumpation: the sensor motion during the signal receiving and transmitting, thesensor motion between the signal receiving and signal transmitting. With this newmodel, we obtain the signal model and then the2D spectrum expression. Then, theboundary where the traditional model holds is deduced.
2. Two imaging algorithms are proposed for squinted SAR. According to the signalproperty of the2D spectrum, we divided the imaging algorithms into two categories:methods based on skew spectrum and on orthogonal spectrum. For the first category,the range-variant higher order terms are analyzed. Then, an extended NCS algorithm isproposed to deal with the range-variant of third and higher order terms. In this method,the range-variant can be weakened. For the second category, we proposed a “squintminimized” method. With the sheared orthogonal spectrum, we proposed an modifiedCS algorithm based on the azimuth NCS. This method is suitable for the case of highsquint angle and may be usefull for the spaceborne SAR with orbital trajectory.
3. For the newly emergying SAR mode, such as sliding spotlight SAR and TOPSSAR, two focusing methods are proposed. The first method is based on the idea of“Two-Step” approach in spotlight SAR imaging. Traditional algorithm is utilized tocorrect RCM. And a scaling deramping method is proposed to focus azimuth signal.The second method is a general PFA based on azimuth scaling. The azimuth derampingfunction is modified in the sliding spotlight SAR and TOPS SAR to avoid azimuthaliasing. Then, the well-known2D interpolation is performed and signal is well rangecompressed. In the azimuth focusing module, a scaling operation is introduced.
4. For the commonly studied SAR modes, such as strip SAR, spotlight SAR,sliding spotlight SAR and TOPS SAR, a unified analysis is performed by introducingthe rotation center range. Then, we proposed the conception, beam steering SAR ingeneral, and these four SAR modes are specific form of BS-SAR. By using the unifiedanalysis, a unified focusing algorithm is proposed. The algorithm flow and parametersselection are analyzed. The relationship between classical imaging algorithms and UFAis detailed.
5. A full-aperture pre-processing method is preposed to resolve azimuth aliasingfor multi-channel BS-SAR (MC-BS-SAR) and then a unified imaging flow is obtainedfor multi-channel BS-SAR. In the MC-BS-SAR, two kinds of aliasing exist. The firstone is that the azimuth bandwidth is greater than equvilent PRF. The second one is thatthe instantaneous bandwidth of one channel is greater than PRF. These two aliasings is leaded for two different reasons. To introduce new method, we introduced theconception of “four planes”. Then, to change the distribution of signal in these planes,the beam and bandwidth compressions method is proposed to weaken the signal aliasingand multi-channel signals is utilized to resolve the azimuth aliasing.
6. Multi-channel could also be utilized to detect and image moving target. For thetarget with spectrum not entirely in a PRF band and unknown motion parameters, anazimuth deramping Keystone processing based instantaneous range-Doppler algorithmis proposed to deal with resulting spectrum folding and large RCM. The method candecrease the azimuth bandwidth by azimuth deramping operation but does not changethe signal distribution in angle-Doppler plane. After clutter suppression, the target couldbe focused and its SNR could be improved.
SAR系统为了实现灵活性这一特性，采用了波束指向(BS, Beam steering,)这种形式，波束指向的形式对应了工作模式，如正侧视、斜视、聚束、滑动聚束、扫描和TOPS (TerrainObservation by Progressive Scans)等等(本文将这些模式统称为波束指向SAR(BS-SAR))。而且为了满足高分辨和宽覆盖的要求，多通道技术又与波束指向技术进行了结合。多通道波束指向SAR极大地提高了传统单通道SAR的观测能力，而且从理论上讲，在通道自由度较多的情况下，多通道波束指向SAR还可以实现动目标检测的功能。
随着分辨率的逐渐提高，J. C. Curlander等人提出的星载SAR信号模型，即“一步一停”假设成立的2米门限已经突破，这促使我们重新认识宽带合成孔径的成像模型；SAR在工作过程中的波束指向变得灵活，从而构成了多种新的成像模式，如大斜视、滑动聚束和TOPS等，需要我们配合模式的发展研究新的成像算法；从软硬件处理器的研制和处理系统简单化上看，不同的单/多通道成像模式都需要研制各自的处理器，这都将花费时间和经济成本，从而推动了我们进行统一处理算法和通用处理器的研究；多通道与波束指向在SAR动目标检测和成像上，可以提供传统动目标系统无法达到的性能，而位置参数动目标的良好聚焦是动目标良好检测的首要条件，这促使我们研究新的成像方法，用于克服动目标频谱折叠和徙动带来的散焦。
以满足高分宽幅发展的趋势性需求为目的，针对单/多通道波束指向高分辨率SAR成像中的关键问题和难点，围绕国家自然科学基金“多维度微波成像信息处理研究”、博士点基金“天基高分辨率合成孔径雷达成像技术”以及973项目“稀疏微波成像信号处理方法研究”等项目的研究任务，从宽带合成孔径的成像模型、波束指向SAR(BS-SAR)成像、多通道BS-SAR预处理和成像、多通道BS-SAR动目标成像等方面展开研究，论文的主要工作如下：
1.提出了宽带合成孔径的成像模型，为成像算法的研究提供了理论依据。由于高分辨成像的需求，雷达的信号带宽越来越宽，信号时宽越来越长，这使得传统“一步一停”假设中被忽略的两类运动：脉冲收发间的运动和脉冲收发时的运动不能再被忽略了。在考虑到这两类运动的情况下，我们重新分析了雷达信号回波模型，并给出了新的两维频谱表达式，为成像算法的研究提供了理论支撑。为了分清传统成像模型和该模型的界线，我们对新模型进行退化分析，给出了传统模型不再适用的边界条件，并根据雷达发展的状况和趋势，分析了几种需要采用新模型的情况。
2.提出了两种斜视SAR成像处理算法，提高了SAR成像的灵活性。斜视工作模式是SAR灵活性发展需求的一个必然趋势。基于斜视SAR两维频谱特性，将斜视成像方法分为两类：基于倾斜谱的成像处理和基于正交谱的成像处理。在倾斜谱处理中，我们提出对非线性变标算法进行高阶扩展，消除高阶项的空变性，从而完成聚焦；在正交谱处理中，我们先对原始信号频谱进行正交化处理，然后采用修正的距离线性调频变标的算法完成距离脉压和徙动校正，最后针对方位信号的空变性，提出采用方位非线性变标的方法对空变的方位信号进行聚焦处理。
3.提出了两种可同时处理滑动聚束和TOPS SAR这两种模式的方法，为统一BS-SAR成像的研究提供了有效支撑。第一种方法是基于聚束SAR“两步”处理中的方位预处理卷积操作，对方位解混叠操作进行修改，使它可以很好应用到这两种新的SAR体制上，在恢复两维频谱后再采用方位多普勒域的算法校正信号的徙动，最后提出采用一个方位去斜变标的聚焦算法，将信号聚焦在方位频域。第二种方法是基于方位变标的PFA或称为广义PFA，广义PFA吸收了传统PFA算法对信号处理的高效性和“两步”方法中方位变标避开方位模糊地有效性，它可以通过参考函数的选取，同时处理滑动聚束和TOPSSAR数据。
4.提出了一种统一的聚焦算法(unified focusing algorithm，UFA)，为BS-SAR通用软硬件处理器研制提供了依据。在对前面几部分研究过的和当前研究的热点SAR成像模式，也就是条带SAR(正侧视和斜视)、聚束SAR、滑动聚束SAR和TOPS SAR进行了分析和总结，首先引入一个旋转中心距离的量，通过概念将这四种成像模式进行了统一，提出了“波束指向SAR(Beam steering SAR，BS-SAR)”的概念，认为上述的四种成像模式都是BS-SAR在一定条件下的特例。接着提出了一种处理这四种模式的UFA，细致分析了该算法处理流程中参考函数的构造和成像参数的选取。
5.提出了一种统一的全孔径多通道BS-SAR方位预处理方法，并给出了一种统一的多通道BS-SAR成像处理流程，为多通道BS-SAR通用软硬件处理器研制提供了依据。由于多通道BS-SAR信号通常存在两重混叠：方位带宽大于瞬时带宽的混叠和瞬时带宽大于方位采样率的混叠。这两重混叠出现的本质是不同的，因此解这两重混叠时应该用不同的方法。为了分析BS-SAR信号特性，我们引入了四个平面的概念。通过分析BS-SAR信号在四个平面中的信号分布，提出了波束压缩和带宽压缩的方法，它有效降低BS-SAR信号混叠程度的同时可以不改变信号在角度-多普勒平面或空时平面的信号特性，因此使得空时频解模糊的方法可以得到应用。解混叠后的信号并不能直接用于成像，因此我们又分析了这种解混叠方法与传统成像算法的结合。该算法还可以与UFA算法进行结合，从而得到一个处理多通道BS-SAR的统一的成像处理算法流程。
6.提出了一种基于方位去斜Keystone处理(Deramp-Keystone processing, DKP)的瞬时距离多普勒算法(instantaneous range Doppler algorithm, IRDA)，为多通道的动目标应用提供了理论依据。多通道SAR不仅可以进行方位解模糊，当通道自由度较多时，多通道SAR还可以进行动目标的检测和成像。沿着这一思路，针对SAR数据中动目标信号频谱略小于方位采样率，以及目标运动参数未知等情况，导致方位频谱折叠和目标距离徙动较大等问题，我们提出了一种基于DKP的IRDA。该方法中借用了前面波束和带宽压缩的思想，通过方位去斜处理极大降低动目标方位信号带宽，同时这种处理并不改变杂波信号在角度-多普勒平面或空时平面的信号特性。在采用传统杂波抑制的处理后，可以对未知运动参数的目标信号进行聚焦，提高目标信号的信噪比。这种方法有望扩展到多通道BS-SAR-GMTI处理。
As an active sensor, SAR is able to work day and night under all weatherconditions, which improve the capability of radar in information acquisition. SAR iswidely used in civil application, such as monitoring of urban areas, marine andterrestrial surveillance, sea ice monitoring and deforming observing, and also in militaryapplication, such as battlefield reconnaissance and monitoring of military motion. Withthe development of SAR technology and SAR application, the beam steering, highresolution and wide range swath become more and more important for SAR observing.
To obtain the flexibility, the technique of beam steering (BS) is incorporated inSAR (BS-SAR). The BS corrpesonds to different SAR modes, such as sidelook SAR,squinted SAR, spotlight SAR, sliding spotlight SAR, Scan SAR, TOPS SAR and so on.To obtain high resolution and wide range swath, the muti-channel and BS-SAR arecombined. The muti-channel BS-SAR can improve the imaging ability of traditionalSAR. If the freedom degree of muti-channel is enough big, the muti-channel BS-SARcan also be used for moving target imaging (GMTIm).
With the improvement of imaging resolution, the available threshold of traditionalmodel proposed by J. C. Curlander will not hold any more. In this case, the imagingmodel should be reknown. The BS-SAR corresponds to different SAR modes, such ashighly squinted SAR, sliding spotlight and TOPS SAR. The imaging algorithm shouldbe studied. Different SAR modes with or without muti-channle configure need relateddata processor. To simplify the processor development of different SAR modes with orwithout muti-channle configure and low the cost, we need to study a serial of generalprocess algorithm. In addition, to indicate and image moving target by multi-channelBS-SAR, we need to study suitable moving target imaging algorithm.
To satisfy the tread requirement of observing with high resolution and wide rangeswath, and to solve the key problems in BS-SAR imaging, we expand the work fromsignal model, BS-SAR imaging, muti-channel BS-SAR imaging and moving targetimaging. The relevant work is supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.60890072), the "973" Program (No.2010CB731903) and the Doctoral Foundation(No.200807010002). The main content of this dissertation is summarized as follows.
1. A new signal model for a wideband synthetic aperture imaging sensor wasproposed. The model is more accurate than the traditional one based on “go-stop-go”assumpation. Due to the requirement of imaging with high resolution, the bandwidth becomes wider and pulse duration becomes longer. In this case, the “go-stop-go”assumpation doses not hold any more because two kinds of motion have been ignored inthis assumpation: the sensor motion during the signal receiving and transmitting, thesensor motion between the signal receiving and signal transmitting. With this newmodel, we obtain the signal model and then the2D spectrum expression. Then, theboundary where the traditional model holds is deduced.
2. Two imaging algorithms are proposed for squinted SAR. According to the signalproperty of the2D spectrum, we divided the imaging algorithms into two categories:methods based on skew spectrum and on orthogonal spectrum. For the first category,the range-variant higher order terms are analyzed. Then, an extended NCS algorithm isproposed to deal with the range-variant of third and higher order terms. In this method,the range-variant can be weakened. For the second category, we proposed a “squintminimized” method. With the sheared orthogonal spectrum, we proposed an modifiedCS algorithm based on the azimuth NCS. This method is suitable for the case of highsquint angle and may be usefull for the spaceborne SAR with orbital trajectory.
3. For the newly emergying SAR mode, such as sliding spotlight SAR and TOPSSAR, two focusing methods are proposed. The first method is based on the idea of“Two-Step” approach in spotlight SAR imaging. Traditional algorithm is utilized tocorrect RCM. And a scaling deramping method is proposed to focus azimuth signal.The second method is a general PFA based on azimuth scaling. The azimuth derampingfunction is modified in the sliding spotlight SAR and TOPS SAR to avoid azimuthaliasing. Then, the well-known2D interpolation is performed and signal is well rangecompressed. In the azimuth focusing module, a scaling operation is introduced.
4. For the commonly studied SAR modes, such as strip SAR, spotlight SAR,sliding spotlight SAR and TOPS SAR, a unified analysis is performed by introducingthe rotation center range. Then, we proposed the conception, beam steering SAR ingeneral, and these four SAR modes are specific form of BS-SAR. By using the unifiedanalysis, a unified focusing algorithm is proposed. The algorithm flow and parametersselection are analyzed. The relationship between classical imaging algorithms and UFAis detailed.
5. A full-aperture pre-processing method is preposed to resolve azimuth aliasingfor multi-channel BS-SAR (MC-BS-SAR) and then a unified imaging flow is obtainedfor multi-channel BS-SAR. In the MC-BS-SAR, two kinds of aliasing exist. The firstone is that the azimuth bandwidth is greater than equvilent PRF. The second one is thatthe instantaneous bandwidth of one channel is greater than PRF. These two aliasings is leaded for two different reasons. To introduce new method, we introduced theconception of “four planes”. Then, to change the distribution of signal in these planes,the beam and bandwidth compressions method is proposed to weaken the signal aliasingand multi-channel signals is utilized to resolve the azimuth aliasing.
6. Multi-channel could also be utilized to detect and image moving target. For thetarget with spectrum not entirely in a PRF band and unknown motion parameters, anazimuth deramping Keystone processing based instantaneous range-Doppler algorithmis proposed to deal with resulting spectrum folding and large RCM. The method candecrease the azimuth bandwidth by azimuth deramping operation but does not changethe signal distribution in angle-Doppler plane. After clutter suppression, the target couldbe focused and its SNR could be improved.
引文
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