多臂支化液晶嵌段聚合物电解质及其固态锂离子电池
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摘要
锂离子电池因其能量高、充放电性能好、使用寿命长等特点而受到了人们的广泛关注。应用表明,锂离子电池是一种理想的小型绿色电源,在便携式电子产品如手机、笔记本电脑、摄录像机等方面锂离子电池已得到了广泛应用,在电动摩托车、电动自行车、电动汽车与航空设备等领域也占有重要地位。锂离子电池全固态聚合物电解质,克服了液体电解质电池存在的易漏液、短路、不够安全等问题,同时还弥补了无机固体电解质电导率低、脆性大、成膜性差、机械形变差的不足,更为可贵的是,电池可采用的软性封装材料如铝塑膜等允许弯曲、折叠,电池外形设计可以更加灵活、方便,且总体质量轻,质量比能量大幅度提高。正是因为固态聚合物电解质的稳定性和可靠性,需要制备高电导率的聚合物电解质。聚氧化乙烯(PEO)由于其潜在的优点而被广泛用于聚合物电解质中,但其存在电导率低,和电极相容性差等问题。本文针对目前全固态聚合物电解质室温电导率较低的问题,提出将氰基联苯液晶基元以侧链形式引入到支化的含PEG链段的聚合物中,设计合成新型的液晶性超支化嵌段共聚物,然后将此共聚物和锂盐混合得全固态超支化聚合物电解质薄膜。研究内容总共分为四个部分。
第一部分：设计合成新型的液晶性超支化嵌段共聚物4-聚乙二醇-x-(4-氰基-4’-二联苯烷氧基)甲基丙烯酸酯(TPEO-MAxLC-Φ)(x=6,Φ=20,30; x=9,0=10,19)。研究了聚合物结构对性能的影响以及形貌和电导率之间的关系。氰基联苯的强诱导取向作用使四臂共聚物及相应的电解质均有光学各向异性。通过两亲性链段的自组装以及液晶基元的取向作用,热退火处理得到层状的微观相分离结构。由于液晶基元的加入,聚合物电解质的电导率得到提高,原因是液晶基元的引入能有效降低EO链段的结晶性,同时液晶的取向使得电解质中形成有效的锂离子传输通道,有利于离子的有效传输。TPEO-MA9LC-19电解质的室温电导率为2.24×10-5,液晶态下热退火以后达到5.39×10-5S/cm。
第二部分：由于侧链型PEG的链段运动能力较大,设计了侧链型的三臂嵌段共聚物,以甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯(PPEGMA)和聚[10-(4-氰基-4'-二联苯癸氧基)甲基丙烯酸酯](PMALC)为原料通过ATRP合成。由于氰基联苯的强烈的诱导取向能力使得共聚物和电解质具有光学各向异性。通过液晶态下亲水的醚键和疏水的液晶链段的自组装以及液晶的强烈取向作用使得聚合物和电解质形成层状的结构。并且,由于液晶基元处于核的内外的位置不同导致聚合物和电解质形成两种完全不同的形貌。结果证明液晶基元处于核内部(3PMALC-PPEGMA)的液晶基元之间不易接触形成不连续的分子堆砌,而液晶基元处于核外部的3PPEGMA-PMALC/LiClO4电解质能得到有序的微观相分离结构,形成有利于离子传输的形貌。因此,3PPEGMA-PMALC/LiClO4电解质有着较高的电导率,在液晶态下退火后处理得到的电解质膜的室温电导率达1.0×10-4S/cm。
第三部分：侧链型PEG的引入必然会降低聚合物的力学性能,因此,通过在支化结构中加入聚苯乙烯的方法来增加聚合物的力学性能。以季戊四醇为核,苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯(PEGMA)和x-(4-氰基-4’-二联苯氧基)烷基甲基丙烯酸酯(MAxLC)(x=3,10)为聚合物单体,合成三嵌段的星型共聚物(4PS-PPEGMA-PMAxLC)(x=3,10)。聚苯乙烯链段(PS)用来增加聚合物的力学性能,聚甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯(PPEGMA)是为了传输离子,液晶链段(PMAxLC)用来调控聚合物的形貌。通过热退火使其中的氰基联苯液晶基元诱导聚合物形成纳米尺寸的微观相分离结构,并且液晶基元上有着更长的柔性亚甲基有利于形成更有序的层状结构。由于有序离子通道的形成,该聚合物电解质的电导率有着很大的提高,特别是在温度较高的时候。共聚物4PS-PPEGMA-PMA10LC形成的电解质通过退火处理以后室温电导率可达1.3×10-4S/cm,且有着较高的锂离子迁移数和宽的电化学窗口。
第四部分：利用前文合成的三臂液晶嵌段共聚物(3PMALC-PPEGMA)和液晶小分子4-氰基-4’-[(10-癸氧基](10-BPCN)为增塑剂,加入到大分子量的PEO中,形成二元和三元的共混体系。液晶共聚物的加入,能降低PEO的结晶性并且进一步诱导分子形成微观相分离结构。为了弥补和修复3PMALC-PPEGMA中的结构缺陷,继续加入液晶小分子已得到更为有序的层状结构,这对形成固定的锂离子传输通道是非常有益的。考察了不同组分共混物的形貌及其电解质的性能,发现当PEO/3PMALC-PPEGMA/10-BPCN的质量比为70/25/5时,所形成的电解质的电导率最高,退火处理后室温电导率达到1.3×10-5S/cm,高的电导率和锂离子迁移数以及宽的电化学窗口,为锂离子固态聚合物电解质的应用提供了一条新的思路。
Lithium ion batteries get wide attention because of its advantages as high energy, high voltage, charge and discharge performance, low self discharge, and long life. As a small green power source, it has been widely used in the portable electronic products such as mobile phone, notebook computer, video camera, electric motorcycle, electric bicycle, electric vehicle and aviation equipment etc.. The use of polymer electrolyte could overcome not only the leakage, short circuit, security problen caused by the traditional liquid electrolyte, but also offset the shortcoming of the inorganic solid electrolyte low conductivity, brittleness, poor mechanical. Since the solid polymer electrolyte is considered to have a good stability and reliability for lithium ion battery, it is important to design a polymer electrolyte with high conductivity. Poly (ethyleneoxide)(PEO) based polymer electrolytes have receivede extensive attentions for their potential capability to be used as alternative candidate materials in all solid state polymer lithium ion batteries. However, there are many problems such as low conductivity, bad compatibility of the interface between polymer electrolyte and electrode material, which seriously affeeting the cycle and safety. So introduction of the cyano biphenyl mesogenic to the branched polymers with PEG segments, achieving a novel liquid crystalline hyperbranched copolymer, the copolymer mixed with lithium salt to obtain the full solid state hyperbranched polymer electrolyte films. This dissertation includes four major parts.
Firstly, Novel star branched amphiphilic liquid crystalline (LC) copolymers have been synthesized.4-Arm poly (ethylene oxide)-co-x-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy]alkyl methacrylate (TPEO-MAxLC-Φ)(x=6,Φ=20,30; x=9, Φ=10,19) containing four poly(ethylene oxide) arms (TPEO) and polymethacrylate with cyanobiphenyl mesogenic pendants (MAxLC) at the end of each arm are prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The effects of structural variations on the property, and the relationship between morphology and the ionic conductivity of the copolymer electrolytes are studied. The strong assembly of cyanobiphenyl mesogens induces the copolymers with enantiotropic mesophase, even after doped with LiC104. And lamellar structures are also achieved by cooperative assembly of hydrophobic mesogen-containing polymethacrylate groups and the amorphous hydrophilic TPEO nanoscale aggregation, especially after LC thermal annealing. The ionic conductivity has been improved greatly by incorporation of the mesogens. The cyanobiphenyl mesogens not only favor the ordered morphology to provide the efficient ion transportation pathway, but also suppress TPEO crystallization to offer the movement of TPEO chains. Among all of the electrolyte films, TPEO-MA9LC-19shows the best ion conductivity of2.24×10-5S/cm at25℃and this value reaches to5.39×10-5S/cm after annealed at LC states.
Seeondly, A series of star-shaped polymers are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using poly-(methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate)(PPEGMA) as a hydrophilic segment and poly{10-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy] decatyl methacrylate}(PMALC) as a hydrophobic liquid crystalline segment. The strong assembly of cyanobiphenyl mesogens induces the copolymers with enantiotropic mesophase, even after doped with LiC104. Lamellar morphology is also achieved by cooperative assembly of hydrophobic mesogen-containing polymethacrylate groups and the amorphous hydrophilic PPEGMA nanoscale aggregation, especially after liquid crystal thermal annealing. In addition, the sequential effect, that is, the position difference of the liquid crystalline segments in the copolymer electrolytes causes two quite different morphologies. The liquid crystalline segments arranged in the star polymer inner sphere (3PMALC-PPEGMA) makes it difficult for the mesogens to interact with each other efficiently, which leads to a discontinuous molecular packing. However highly ordered domains can be formed in the3PPEGMA-PMALC/LiC104electrolytes with mesogens in the star copolymer exterior, which can provide a more favorable morphology for the ions transportation. As a result, the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes can be improved by incorporation of the liquid crystalline segments into the copolymer, especially for the3PPEGMA-PMALC with the mesogen arranged in the outside of star copolymer sphere. Ionic conductivity of3PPEGMA-PMALC annealed at liquid crystalline state is1.0×10-4S/cm at25℃, which is higher than that of3PPEGMA electrolytes without mesogen groups.
Thirdly, Novel star-shaped hard-soft triblock copolymers,4-arm poly (styrene)-block-poly [poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ethyl methacrylate]-block-poly{x-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy] alkyl methacrylate}(4PS-PPEGMA-PMAxLC)(x=3,10) with different mesogen spacer length are prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization. The star copolymers comprised three different parts:a hard poly styrene (PS) core to ensure the good mechanical property of the solid-state polymer, and a soft, mobile poly [poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ethyl methacrylate](PPEGMA) middle sphere responsible for the high ionic conductivity of the solid poly electrolytes, and a poly{x-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl)oxy] alkyl methacrylate} with a birefringent mesogens at the end of each arm to tuning the electrolytes morphology. The star-shaped hard-soft block copolymers fusing hard PS core with soft PPEGMA segment can form a flexible and transparent film with dimensional stability. Thermal annealing from the liquid crystalline states allows the cyanobiphenyl mesogens to induce a good assembly of hard and soft blocks, consequently obtaining uniform nano-scale microphase separation morphology, and the longer spacer is more helpful than the shorter one. There the ionic conductivity has been improved greatly by the orderly continuous channel for efficient ion transportation, especially at the elevated temperature. The copolymer4PS-PPEGMA-PMA10LC shows ionic conductivity value of1.3×10-4S/cm (25℃) after annealed from liquid crystal state, which is higher than that of4PS-PPEGMA electrolyte without mesogen groups.
Finally, Solid composite polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO)/LiClO4with the star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer and4-cyano-4'-[(10-hydroxyalkyl) oxy](10-BPCN) biphenyl are prepared. The star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer,3-arm-poly{10-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy] decatyl methacrylate}-block-poly [methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate](3PMALC-PPEGMA), is composed with a conductive block (PPEGMA block) and an orientation block (PMALC block). The liquid-crystalline fillers induce high chain mobility of PEO because of the decreasing crystallinity and the cyanobiphenyl mesogen impels the blends to achieve lamellar structure. So strong assembly ability of the free mesogens ensure the composite systems to arrange with more ordered nanostructure, consequently obtaining bicontinuous nanoscale microphase separation morphology with the addition of the small liquid crystallite molecules (10-BPCN), which is favorable for ion transportation. Composite polymer electrolytes based on the ternary blend containing70/25/5(PEO/3PMALC-PPEGMA/10-BPCN) mass percent with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) exhibits the best performance, showing an increase of more than two orders of ionic conductivity value than the pure PEO/LiClO4electrolytes and the maximum value reach to1.3×10-5S/cm (25℃) after annealed from liquid crystal state. The high lithium ion transference number and wide electrochemical stability window exhibit an acceptable performance of the system. Therefore the better miscibility and lower crystallinity, compared to pure PEO, as well as the efficient transport channel in the present system, pave a potential way to develop solid state polymer electrolytes for Li-ion batteries.
第一部分：设计合成新型的液晶性超支化嵌段共聚物4-聚乙二醇-x-(4-氰基-4’-二联苯烷氧基)甲基丙烯酸酯(TPEO-MAxLC-Φ)(x=6,Φ=20,30; x=9,0=10,19)。研究了聚合物结构对性能的影响以及形貌和电导率之间的关系。氰基联苯的强诱导取向作用使四臂共聚物及相应的电解质均有光学各向异性。通过两亲性链段的自组装以及液晶基元的取向作用,热退火处理得到层状的微观相分离结构。由于液晶基元的加入,聚合物电解质的电导率得到提高,原因是液晶基元的引入能有效降低EO链段的结晶性,同时液晶的取向使得电解质中形成有效的锂离子传输通道,有利于离子的有效传输。TPEO-MA9LC-19电解质的室温电导率为2.24×10-5,液晶态下热退火以后达到5.39×10-5S/cm。
第二部分：由于侧链型PEG的链段运动能力较大,设计了侧链型的三臂嵌段共聚物,以甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯(PPEGMA)和聚[10-(4-氰基-4'-二联苯癸氧基)甲基丙烯酸酯](PMALC)为原料通过ATRP合成。由于氰基联苯的强烈的诱导取向能力使得共聚物和电解质具有光学各向异性。通过液晶态下亲水的醚键和疏水的液晶链段的自组装以及液晶的强烈取向作用使得聚合物和电解质形成层状的结构。并且,由于液晶基元处于核的内外的位置不同导致聚合物和电解质形成两种完全不同的形貌。结果证明液晶基元处于核内部(3PMALC-PPEGMA)的液晶基元之间不易接触形成不连续的分子堆砌,而液晶基元处于核外部的3PPEGMA-PMALC/LiClO4电解质能得到有序的微观相分离结构,形成有利于离子传输的形貌。因此,3PPEGMA-PMALC/LiClO4电解质有着较高的电导率,在液晶态下退火后处理得到的电解质膜的室温电导率达1.0×10-4S/cm。
第三部分：侧链型PEG的引入必然会降低聚合物的力学性能,因此,通过在支化结构中加入聚苯乙烯的方法来增加聚合物的力学性能。以季戊四醇为核,苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯(PEGMA)和x-(4-氰基-4’-二联苯氧基)烷基甲基丙烯酸酯(MAxLC)(x=3,10)为聚合物单体,合成三嵌段的星型共聚物(4PS-PPEGMA-PMAxLC)(x=3,10)。聚苯乙烯链段(PS)用来增加聚合物的力学性能,聚甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇酯(PPEGMA)是为了传输离子,液晶链段(PMAxLC)用来调控聚合物的形貌。通过热退火使其中的氰基联苯液晶基元诱导聚合物形成纳米尺寸的微观相分离结构,并且液晶基元上有着更长的柔性亚甲基有利于形成更有序的层状结构。由于有序离子通道的形成,该聚合物电解质的电导率有着很大的提高,特别是在温度较高的时候。共聚物4PS-PPEGMA-PMA10LC形成的电解质通过退火处理以后室温电导率可达1.3×10-4S/cm,且有着较高的锂离子迁移数和宽的电化学窗口。
第四部分：利用前文合成的三臂液晶嵌段共聚物(3PMALC-PPEGMA)和液晶小分子4-氰基-4’-[(10-癸氧基](10-BPCN)为增塑剂,加入到大分子量的PEO中,形成二元和三元的共混体系。液晶共聚物的加入,能降低PEO的结晶性并且进一步诱导分子形成微观相分离结构。为了弥补和修复3PMALC-PPEGMA中的结构缺陷,继续加入液晶小分子已得到更为有序的层状结构,这对形成固定的锂离子传输通道是非常有益的。考察了不同组分共混物的形貌及其电解质的性能,发现当PEO/3PMALC-PPEGMA/10-BPCN的质量比为70/25/5时,所形成的电解质的电导率最高,退火处理后室温电导率达到1.3×10-5S/cm,高的电导率和锂离子迁移数以及宽的电化学窗口,为锂离子固态聚合物电解质的应用提供了一条新的思路。
Lithium ion batteries get wide attention because of its advantages as high energy, high voltage, charge and discharge performance, low self discharge, and long life. As a small green power source, it has been widely used in the portable electronic products such as mobile phone, notebook computer, video camera, electric motorcycle, electric bicycle, electric vehicle and aviation equipment etc.. The use of polymer electrolyte could overcome not only the leakage, short circuit, security problen caused by the traditional liquid electrolyte, but also offset the shortcoming of the inorganic solid electrolyte low conductivity, brittleness, poor mechanical. Since the solid polymer electrolyte is considered to have a good stability and reliability for lithium ion battery, it is important to design a polymer electrolyte with high conductivity. Poly (ethyleneoxide)(PEO) based polymer electrolytes have receivede extensive attentions for their potential capability to be used as alternative candidate materials in all solid state polymer lithium ion batteries. However, there are many problems such as low conductivity, bad compatibility of the interface between polymer electrolyte and electrode material, which seriously affeeting the cycle and safety. So introduction of the cyano biphenyl mesogenic to the branched polymers with PEG segments, achieving a novel liquid crystalline hyperbranched copolymer, the copolymer mixed with lithium salt to obtain the full solid state hyperbranched polymer electrolyte films. This dissertation includes four major parts.
Firstly, Novel star branched amphiphilic liquid crystalline (LC) copolymers have been synthesized.4-Arm poly (ethylene oxide)-co-x-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy]alkyl methacrylate (TPEO-MAxLC-Φ)(x=6,Φ=20,30; x=9, Φ=10,19) containing four poly(ethylene oxide) arms (TPEO) and polymethacrylate with cyanobiphenyl mesogenic pendants (MAxLC) at the end of each arm are prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The effects of structural variations on the property, and the relationship between morphology and the ionic conductivity of the copolymer electrolytes are studied. The strong assembly of cyanobiphenyl mesogens induces the copolymers with enantiotropic mesophase, even after doped with LiC104. And lamellar structures are also achieved by cooperative assembly of hydrophobic mesogen-containing polymethacrylate groups and the amorphous hydrophilic TPEO nanoscale aggregation, especially after LC thermal annealing. The ionic conductivity has been improved greatly by incorporation of the mesogens. The cyanobiphenyl mesogens not only favor the ordered morphology to provide the efficient ion transportation pathway, but also suppress TPEO crystallization to offer the movement of TPEO chains. Among all of the electrolyte films, TPEO-MA9LC-19shows the best ion conductivity of2.24×10-5S/cm at25℃and this value reaches to5.39×10-5S/cm after annealed at LC states.
Seeondly, A series of star-shaped polymers are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using poly-(methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate)(PPEGMA) as a hydrophilic segment and poly{10-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy] decatyl methacrylate}(PMALC) as a hydrophobic liquid crystalline segment. The strong assembly of cyanobiphenyl mesogens induces the copolymers with enantiotropic mesophase, even after doped with LiC104. Lamellar morphology is also achieved by cooperative assembly of hydrophobic mesogen-containing polymethacrylate groups and the amorphous hydrophilic PPEGMA nanoscale aggregation, especially after liquid crystal thermal annealing. In addition, the sequential effect, that is, the position difference of the liquid crystalline segments in the copolymer electrolytes causes two quite different morphologies. The liquid crystalline segments arranged in the star polymer inner sphere (3PMALC-PPEGMA) makes it difficult for the mesogens to interact with each other efficiently, which leads to a discontinuous molecular packing. However highly ordered domains can be formed in the3PPEGMA-PMALC/LiC104electrolytes with mesogens in the star copolymer exterior, which can provide a more favorable morphology for the ions transportation. As a result, the ionic conductivity of the electrolytes can be improved by incorporation of the liquid crystalline segments into the copolymer, especially for the3PPEGMA-PMALC with the mesogen arranged in the outside of star copolymer sphere. Ionic conductivity of3PPEGMA-PMALC annealed at liquid crystalline state is1.0×10-4S/cm at25℃, which is higher than that of3PPEGMA electrolytes without mesogen groups.
Thirdly, Novel star-shaped hard-soft triblock copolymers,4-arm poly (styrene)-block-poly [poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ethyl methacrylate]-block-poly{x-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy] alkyl methacrylate}(4PS-PPEGMA-PMAxLC)(x=3,10) with different mesogen spacer length are prepared by atom-transfer radical polymerization. The star copolymers comprised three different parts:a hard poly styrene (PS) core to ensure the good mechanical property of the solid-state polymer, and a soft, mobile poly [poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ethyl methacrylate](PPEGMA) middle sphere responsible for the high ionic conductivity of the solid poly electrolytes, and a poly{x-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl)oxy] alkyl methacrylate} with a birefringent mesogens at the end of each arm to tuning the electrolytes morphology. The star-shaped hard-soft block copolymers fusing hard PS core with soft PPEGMA segment can form a flexible and transparent film with dimensional stability. Thermal annealing from the liquid crystalline states allows the cyanobiphenyl mesogens to induce a good assembly of hard and soft blocks, consequently obtaining uniform nano-scale microphase separation morphology, and the longer spacer is more helpful than the shorter one. There the ionic conductivity has been improved greatly by the orderly continuous channel for efficient ion transportation, especially at the elevated temperature. The copolymer4PS-PPEGMA-PMA10LC shows ionic conductivity value of1.3×10-4S/cm (25℃) after annealed from liquid crystal state, which is higher than that of4PS-PPEGMA electrolyte without mesogen groups.
Finally, Solid composite polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO)/LiClO4with the star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer and4-cyano-4'-[(10-hydroxyalkyl) oxy](10-BPCN) biphenyl are prepared. The star-shaped liquid-crystalline copolymer,3-arm-poly{10-[(4-cyano-4'-biphenyl) oxy] decatyl methacrylate}-block-poly [methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate](3PMALC-PPEGMA), is composed with a conductive block (PPEGMA block) and an orientation block (PMALC block). The liquid-crystalline fillers induce high chain mobility of PEO because of the decreasing crystallinity and the cyanobiphenyl mesogen impels the blends to achieve lamellar structure. So strong assembly ability of the free mesogens ensure the composite systems to arrange with more ordered nanostructure, consequently obtaining bicontinuous nanoscale microphase separation morphology with the addition of the small liquid crystallite molecules (10-BPCN), which is favorable for ion transportation. Composite polymer electrolytes based on the ternary blend containing70/25/5(PEO/3PMALC-PPEGMA/10-BPCN) mass percent with lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) exhibits the best performance, showing an increase of more than two orders of ionic conductivity value than the pure PEO/LiClO4electrolytes and the maximum value reach to1.3×10-5S/cm (25℃) after annealed from liquid crystal state. The high lithium ion transference number and wide electrochemical stability window exhibit an acceptable performance of the system. Therefore the better miscibility and lower crystallinity, compared to pure PEO, as well as the efficient transport channel in the present system, pave a potential way to develop solid state polymer electrolytes for Li-ion batteries.
引文
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