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城镇化过程中城乡景观格局变化研究
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摘要
我国城市化正处于快速发展的起步阶段,城镇扩展与耕地保护、经济发展与生态环境保护之间矛盾剧烈。因此,吸取国内外城镇化过程的经验,结合我国国情,通过对研究区景观格局演变特征的分析与总结,定义合理的土地利用城镇化指数,最后应用景观生态学原理、区位论、增长极理论、点轴发展理论等对研究区进行景观规划。这将对城镇化过程中土地资源的合理利用,缓解城镇建设与耕地保护矛盾,促进乡村城镇化健康发展有重要意义。
     运用Erdas、Arcview、Supermap等遥感与地理信息系统软件,对大兴区和曲周县1986、1996、2000年三期TM影像进行解译及空间分析,并计算景观格局指数,研究结果表明:大兴区和曲周县在研究期内都表现出了景观多样性增加、破碎度增大,聚集度指数降低等特征,而且非农业景观均呈增加趋势。各景观类型中农村居民点分布最为分散,且人均占地面积大,内部基础设施条件差,生活环境脏乱差。耕地经营规模小,地块破碎。不同之处为:大兴区景观较曲周县景观更为破碎,而且变化剧烈,城镇、工矿、交通等人工景观类型增长快,城镇扩展速度快,扩展规模大;而曲周县景观变化较为缓慢,农村居民点扩展强度大,耕地和农村居民点景观是其优势景观类型。
     通过对城镇化内涵和国内外城镇化过程特征的分析,作者认为从土地利用角度讲,城镇化体现为:由于生产工具进步和生产技术发展,农业实现规模化经营;从而有大量农业人口转移到城镇工作、居住,就业结构转向二、三产业,必然带来城镇用地面积和工矿用地的扩展;同时便捷发达的交通也是城市与外界交流的必要通道,是商品流通和人口流动的通道,因此交通用地必然也会随城市化水平的提高而适量增加;同时农村人口离开了农村,其在农村的居住地必然应该随着其人口的城镇化而转移到城镇,因此农村居民点应该大量减少。由此定义土地利用城镇化指数(LUUI)为:(城镇+工矿用地+交通用地)/农村居民点。通过对全国土地利用城镇化指数和人口城镇化指数的相关性分析,两者相关系数达0.826,显著相关。而且通过聚类和用地特征分析,LUUI从土地资源集约和合理利用角度较好地反映了城镇化水平的高低。
     最后运用“集中与分散结合”的景观规划原理对农业用地布局进行规划;城镇发展遵循经济学中的“增长极理论”和“点轴开发理论”,从而大兴区形成了“一城、五镇,二大轴线”的地域发展结构,曲周县形成了“一主轴、多中心”的发展模式。在此基础上对各类景观用地规模进行预测规划。值得指出的是本文从发展的角度,通过合理配置建设用地内部结构和提高建设用地利用率的方式,控制建设用地规模,从而保护耕地,而不是以往的从保护现有耕地的角度保护耕地。最终的规划结果表明,随着城镇化水平提高,耕地非但没有减少,反而还大大增加了耕地面积。因此,通过对研究区景观的空间布局和数量结构的综合规划,缓解了城镇建设与耕地保护之间的矛盾,实现了土地资源可持续利用和城镇化健康发展,为解决三农问题起到积极的推动作用。
China is on the beginning way of rapid urbanization. The contradiction between urbanization extension and cultivated land protection, economic development and ecological environment protection is acute. So, gaining the experience of the domestic and international urbanization course, combining the national conditions of our county, the thesis analyzed and summarized the characteristic of landscape change of studying area and defined the rational land use urbanization index. Then applying landscape ecology principle, position theory, growth pole theory, pole and axle development theory, landscape of study area was planned. This study will have important values in rational utilization of land resource, alleviating the contradiction between urban extension and cultivated land protection and accelerating the healthy development of urbanization.
    Based on the TM image translating of Daxing district and Quzhou county in 1986~2000, supported by the RS and GIS software of Erdas, Arcview and Supermap, landscape pattern index was calculated and analyzed. The result indicates that both the landscape diversity and the fragmentation index in study area are increasing, the aggregation index are decreasing. And the non-agricultural landscape tends increasing. Rural residence landscape distributed most dispersively among all the landscape, and its per capita space is large. The inside infrastructure condition is bad and the living environment is dirty, disorderly and bad. The differences of landscape characters between Daxing district and Quzhou county are: landscape is more broken and changes more quickly, and the artificial landscape, such as the city and town, industrial and mining land and transportation land, are expanding quickly in Daxing district. The city and town expands quickly and the scale is large. But the landscape of Quzhou county changes compar
    atively slowly, and the rural residential area expand intensity is big. The cultivated land and rural residential area are the predominant landscape in Quzhou county.
    Based on the analysis of urbanization connotation and domestic and international urbanization course characteristic, the author thinks that the urbanization from land use view is: Agriculture landscape realizes the appropriate scale operation for the progress of production tools and the development of production technique; A large number of agricultural populations transfer to the cities and towns to live and work in the second and tertiary industry, which will brings a big increase of city and town area and industry and mining area; Transportation area will increase with the improvement of urbanization level, because the convenient and developed traffic is essential for a city to exchange with external world and for circulation of commodities and population flow; With the people in countryside transfer to the city, whose residence in the countryside should reduce in a large amount. So the land use urbanization index can be defined: (city and town area +industry and mining area + transportation area)/rural r
    esidential area. The correlation between land use urbanization index and population index was calculated and the coefficient was R=0.826. After the clustering and analyzing the characteristic of land use, LUUI reflected the level of the urbanization well in terms of the intensive and rational land utilization.
    In the end, applying "concentrate and disperse combining" principle to plan the agricultural
    
    
    landscape arrangement; Applying "position theory, growth pole theory, pole and axis development theory" to plan city and town distribution, then formed the develop pattern of" one city, five towns and two axes" in Daxing district, and "a axis and multi-centres" develop structure in Quzhou county. Based on this, each landscape calss scale was predicted and planned. Which should be pointed out was that the landscape plan controlled the scale of construction land by way of disposition the inside structure and improving utilization ratio of construction land rationally in terms of developing. This w
引文
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