新时期我国耕地制度创新路径研究
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摘要
农村耕地制度是农村经济社会制度的基础与核心。不但关系到农村耕地能否得到充分合理利用,而且关系着我国农业现代化发展进程。1978年我国农村家庭联产承包责任制实行,改变了不适应生产力水平的生产关系,迅速促进了我国农业经济以至整个国民经济迅速恢复与发展。在现阶段,我国的生产力水平较改革开放初期发生了巨大的变化。我国经济社会正处于转轨时期。我国经济社会总体上步入城镇化、工业化加速时期;我国农村产业结构、就业结构、收入结构也在发生深刻变化;我国农业生产已由人畜力时代过渡到机械化时代,“以工哺农”政策体系正在形成。那么家庭联产承包责任制是否能够适应现阶段的生产力水平,是一个值得重新认识与研究的重要课题,这对于发展我国特色农业现代化具有重要理论意义与实践价值。
本文以生产力与生产关系相互辩证关系为理论基础,以对立统一规律、质量互变规律和否定之否定规律为方法论指导。从我国农村耕地制度入手,重点研究我国耕地规模经营如何实现。文章首先详细回顾了新中国成立以来我国耕地制度演变历史,并剖析了我国现行耕地制度运行现状,重点揭示了我国耕地制度创新的原因;其次借鉴国外耕地制度演变经验,从生产力与生产关系相互辩证关系角度论证我国耕地制度创新方向;第三研究我国耕地制度创新的路径选择,分析耕地制度创新的影响因素,并提出我国耕地制度创新路径的现实选择;第四结合我国国情,研究我国耕地制度创新路径的产权约束条件,并得出创新路径的实质;第五利用农户调研数据验证耕地制度创新路径对我国农业生产效率的影响;最后提出促进我国耕地制度创新的政策建议。
本文创新性工作及形成的主要结论如下:
(1)得出耕地规模经营是我国耕地制度创新的方向
现阶段,我国经济社会较改革开放初期生产力水平发生了深刻的变化。然而与此不相适应的是,目前耕地制度所形成的农业经营局面仍是小规模分散经营,束缚了农业生产效率提高,延缓了中国农业现代化的进程。迫切需要创新现行的我国耕地制度,发展耕地适度规模经营。
(2)得出我国耕地制度创新路径现实选择是耕地有序流转
耕地国有化与耕地私有化都不是我国耕地制度创新路径的现实选择。耕地国有化主张已经随时局发展而渐趋消失。耕地私有化与我国国情并不适合。一国耕地制度创新不仅受生产力发展水平影响,而且受政治环境、社会环境和经济环境的影响。我国耕地制度创新的路径就是要基于这样的环境条件,通过耕地有序流转来实现。
(3)提出我国耕地制度创新路径的实质是耕地使用权流转
我国耕地产权随生产力发展发生分离,形成“三权分离”的产权格局。集体所有制是我国农村经济制度的基础,承包户承包耕地是我国农村的现实情况,因而我国耕地制度创新路径必须从实际出发,允许耕地使用权流转。
(4)证实耕地使用权流转能够提高农业生产效率,促进农民增收
利用DEA模型实证分析得出:耕地使用权流转、形成适度规模经营有利于提高农业生产效率,促进农民增收。耕地规模扩大,耕地的规模效率在上升,但是纯技术效率呈“U”型变化,综合效率呈反“S”型变化。当规模达到100亩以上时,三者都呈上升趋势。这说明扩大经营规模,提高了农业生产效率,促进了农民增收。
The cultivated land institution is a foundation of the rural economy system. Not only related to rural land can be Reasonable Utilization, but also related to the development process of agricultural modernization in China.Reviewed to modernize agriculture research, the research on agricultural modernization mainly focused on productivity, the research on the relations of production is relatively weak. That is well known, economic development is productivity and production relations.Research on productivity is important, but research on the relations of production can not be ignored.Since 1978, it is the adjustment of rural relations of production that promote the entire national economy development.Therefore, the study on the relations of production is important particularly for the development of agricultural modernization.
At present, our economy and society is in a transition period.At present, our country has entried a accelerating period of the urbanizationChina's rural industrial structure, employment structure, income structure is undergoing profound changes; China's agricultural production has entered the era of mechanization.At this stage, China's current land system has been seriously hindered the development of agricultural production, which restricts the development process of agricultural modernization, the urgent need for innovative land system.Therefore, the study of land system is very meaningful in china. This paper, the reasearsh based on the productive forces and production relations of dialectical relationship and based on the Law of Opposites, the quality of each rule and the negation of negation rule change guidance for the methodology. Starting from China's rural land system, land property system in China focuses on the innovation and development trends. The article first detailed review of the land system in China since 1949, and analyzes the status of our current land system in operation, focusing on revealing the causes of land system innovation;Second, learn from foreign experience in land system evolution, from the productive forces and production relations point of dialectical relationship with each other demonstrated the necessity of land and possibility of system innovation, system innovation and propose the direction of China's cultivated land; The third our land system innovation path selection, analysis of the impact factors of land system innovation, system innovation path to China's cultivated land made the realistic choice; The fourth situation of China to study China's cultivated land property rights system innovation path constraints, and draw the path of innovation in real terms; The fifth Using household survey data validation land system innovation path to the efficiency of agricultural production in China; Finally, the system of Cultivated Land to promote innovative policy proposals.
Draw the main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Draw conclusion that the direction of China's land system is cultivated land scale operation
Land system in the process of agricultural modernization play an important role, lots of countries developed land scale operations.At present, our country has entried a accelerating period of the urbanizationChina's rural industrial structure, employment structure, income structure is undergoing profound changes;China's agricultural production has entered the era of mechanization.However, incompatible with this is that the formation of the current system of agricultural land management situation is still small-scale decentralized management, binding efficiency of agricultural production, delaying the process of agricultural modernization in China; there is an urgent need for innovation and the current land system.
(2) Draw conclusion that our land system innovation path is transfer of cultivated land.
Nationalization and privatization of land is not arable land system innovation path of a realistic choice.Nationalization of land claims has been gradually disappearing.Land privatization advocates against the Marxist theory of social development, and incompatible with our national conditions, and the high cost of privatization may lead to polarization, which is not the path of China's cultivated land the realistic choice of system innovation. Land system innovation path constrained by many factors.Land system innovation path to not only affected by the development of productive forces, but also by the political environment, social environment and economic environment constraints, these factors affect the land system innovation path. Transfer of cultivated land is the system innovation path to the reality of options. In recent years, the cultivated land transfer was adapt to China's basic national conditions; go with the trend of diversification of agricultural operations, to the formation of appropriate scale, more importantly, for the development of productive forces. Thus, the realistic choice of system innovation cultivated land is Cultivated Land transfer.
(3) A system of Cultivated Land in the path of innovation is the essence of the right to use land transfer.
China's cultivated land ownership separation occurs with the development of productive forces, Repeal the "people's commune" system, the implementation of household contract management, the first tier of the structure of separation of property rights, the right to contract or collective ownership and separation occurs.With the development of productive forces, land development and land management in the form of the transfer occurs, the second layer of arable land ownership separation of ownership occurs, the contract right and the right to use the separation occurs.China's current land ownership is the ownership and use of the right to constitute a contract right.China's arable land system innovation path to collective ownership by the contractor the right to contract constraints households, land use rights become the path of system innovation in the property under the constraints of a breakthrough. A system of Cultivated Land in the path of innovation is the essence of the right to use land transferLand use right transfer has not changed collective ownership of land, but on the right to contract and management rights on the basis of separation, the Contractor reserves the right to contract under the premise of transferring land use rights.
(4) Confirmed that the land use right transfer can improve the efficiency of agricultural production, increase rural incomes.
Drawn from the analysis using DEA model. Land scale increase, the size of cultivated land increased efficiency, but the pure technical efficiency was "U"-type changes, overall efficiency was anti-"S"-type changes. When the size of 100 acres or more, three uptrend. This shows that expands the operation scale and improves the efficiency of agricultural production, and promotes the farmers income.
本文以生产力与生产关系相互辩证关系为理论基础,以对立统一规律、质量互变规律和否定之否定规律为方法论指导。从我国农村耕地制度入手,重点研究我国耕地规模经营如何实现。文章首先详细回顾了新中国成立以来我国耕地制度演变历史,并剖析了我国现行耕地制度运行现状,重点揭示了我国耕地制度创新的原因;其次借鉴国外耕地制度演变经验,从生产力与生产关系相互辩证关系角度论证我国耕地制度创新方向;第三研究我国耕地制度创新的路径选择,分析耕地制度创新的影响因素,并提出我国耕地制度创新路径的现实选择;第四结合我国国情,研究我国耕地制度创新路径的产权约束条件,并得出创新路径的实质;第五利用农户调研数据验证耕地制度创新路径对我国农业生产效率的影响;最后提出促进我国耕地制度创新的政策建议。
本文创新性工作及形成的主要结论如下:
(1)得出耕地规模经营是我国耕地制度创新的方向
现阶段,我国经济社会较改革开放初期生产力水平发生了深刻的变化。然而与此不相适应的是,目前耕地制度所形成的农业经营局面仍是小规模分散经营,束缚了农业生产效率提高,延缓了中国农业现代化的进程。迫切需要创新现行的我国耕地制度,发展耕地适度规模经营。
(2)得出我国耕地制度创新路径现实选择是耕地有序流转
耕地国有化与耕地私有化都不是我国耕地制度创新路径的现实选择。耕地国有化主张已经随时局发展而渐趋消失。耕地私有化与我国国情并不适合。一国耕地制度创新不仅受生产力发展水平影响,而且受政治环境、社会环境和经济环境的影响。我国耕地制度创新的路径就是要基于这样的环境条件,通过耕地有序流转来实现。
(3)提出我国耕地制度创新路径的实质是耕地使用权流转
我国耕地产权随生产力发展发生分离,形成“三权分离”的产权格局。集体所有制是我国农村经济制度的基础,承包户承包耕地是我国农村的现实情况,因而我国耕地制度创新路径必须从实际出发,允许耕地使用权流转。
(4)证实耕地使用权流转能够提高农业生产效率,促进农民增收
利用DEA模型实证分析得出:耕地使用权流转、形成适度规模经营有利于提高农业生产效率,促进农民增收。耕地规模扩大,耕地的规模效率在上升,但是纯技术效率呈“U”型变化,综合效率呈反“S”型变化。当规模达到100亩以上时,三者都呈上升趋势。这说明扩大经营规模,提高了农业生产效率,促进了农民增收。
The cultivated land institution is a foundation of the rural economy system. Not only related to rural land can be Reasonable Utilization, but also related to the development process of agricultural modernization in China.Reviewed to modernize agriculture research, the research on agricultural modernization mainly focused on productivity, the research on the relations of production is relatively weak. That is well known, economic development is productivity and production relations.Research on productivity is important, but research on the relations of production can not be ignored.Since 1978, it is the adjustment of rural relations of production that promote the entire national economy development.Therefore, the study on the relations of production is important particularly for the development of agricultural modernization.
At present, our economy and society is in a transition period.At present, our country has entried a accelerating period of the urbanizationChina's rural industrial structure, employment structure, income structure is undergoing profound changes; China's agricultural production has entered the era of mechanization.At this stage, China's current land system has been seriously hindered the development of agricultural production, which restricts the development process of agricultural modernization, the urgent need for innovative land system.Therefore, the study of land system is very meaningful in china. This paper, the reasearsh based on the productive forces and production relations of dialectical relationship and based on the Law of Opposites, the quality of each rule and the negation of negation rule change guidance for the methodology. Starting from China's rural land system, land property system in China focuses on the innovation and development trends. The article first detailed review of the land system in China since 1949, and analyzes the status of our current land system in operation, focusing on revealing the causes of land system innovation;Second, learn from foreign experience in land system evolution, from the productive forces and production relations point of dialectical relationship with each other demonstrated the necessity of land and possibility of system innovation, system innovation and propose the direction of China's cultivated land; The third our land system innovation path selection, analysis of the impact factors of land system innovation, system innovation path to China's cultivated land made the realistic choice; The fourth situation of China to study China's cultivated land property rights system innovation path constraints, and draw the path of innovation in real terms; The fifth Using household survey data validation land system innovation path to the efficiency of agricultural production in China; Finally, the system of Cultivated Land to promote innovative policy proposals.
Draw the main conclusions are as follows:
(1) Draw conclusion that the direction of China's land system is cultivated land scale operation
Land system in the process of agricultural modernization play an important role, lots of countries developed land scale operations.At present, our country has entried a accelerating period of the urbanizationChina's rural industrial structure, employment structure, income structure is undergoing profound changes;China's agricultural production has entered the era of mechanization.However, incompatible with this is that the formation of the current system of agricultural land management situation is still small-scale decentralized management, binding efficiency of agricultural production, delaying the process of agricultural modernization in China; there is an urgent need for innovation and the current land system.
(2) Draw conclusion that our land system innovation path is transfer of cultivated land.
Nationalization and privatization of land is not arable land system innovation path of a realistic choice.Nationalization of land claims has been gradually disappearing.Land privatization advocates against the Marxist theory of social development, and incompatible with our national conditions, and the high cost of privatization may lead to polarization, which is not the path of China's cultivated land the realistic choice of system innovation. Land system innovation path constrained by many factors.Land system innovation path to not only affected by the development of productive forces, but also by the political environment, social environment and economic environment constraints, these factors affect the land system innovation path. Transfer of cultivated land is the system innovation path to the reality of options. In recent years, the cultivated land transfer was adapt to China's basic national conditions; go with the trend of diversification of agricultural operations, to the formation of appropriate scale, more importantly, for the development of productive forces. Thus, the realistic choice of system innovation cultivated land is Cultivated Land transfer.
(3) A system of Cultivated Land in the path of innovation is the essence of the right to use land transfer.
China's cultivated land ownership separation occurs with the development of productive forces, Repeal the "people's commune" system, the implementation of household contract management, the first tier of the structure of separation of property rights, the right to contract or collective ownership and separation occurs.With the development of productive forces, land development and land management in the form of the transfer occurs, the second layer of arable land ownership separation of ownership occurs, the contract right and the right to use the separation occurs.China's current land ownership is the ownership and use of the right to constitute a contract right.China's arable land system innovation path to collective ownership by the contractor the right to contract constraints households, land use rights become the path of system innovation in the property under the constraints of a breakthrough. A system of Cultivated Land in the path of innovation is the essence of the right to use land transferLand use right transfer has not changed collective ownership of land, but on the right to contract and management rights on the basis of separation, the Contractor reserves the right to contract under the premise of transferring land use rights.
(4) Confirmed that the land use right transfer can improve the efficiency of agricultural production, increase rural incomes.
Drawn from the analysis using DEA model. Land scale increase, the size of cultivated land increased efficiency, but the pure technical efficiency was "U"-type changes, overall efficiency was anti-"S"-type changes. When the size of 100 acres or more, three uptrend. This shows that expands the operation scale and improves the efficiency of agricultural production, and promotes the farmers income.
引文
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