运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠的骨变化及其影响机制的研究
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摘要
青春发育期是骨量快速增长的关键时期,青春期进行适宜的体育运动能够有效地促进骨量的增加。长期进行大强度运动可能导致女运动员发生运动性闭经,故耐力项目女运动员表现出较高的运动性闭经发病率。大量文献报道运动性闭经女运动员的峰值骨量显著低于正常人,而峰值骨量的高低与骨质疏松发生的危险率密切相关。据有关文献统计,即使予成年耐力项目闭经女运动员补充雌激素、V_K等制剂,其骨质疏松、骨质降低的发生率仍居高不下。就目前有关运动性闭经女运动员骨状况研究的文献报道结果来看,大多仅局限于对运动性闭经女运动员的骨密度、骨代谢等指标变化进行简单的描述,对于长期高强度运动—骨量丢失的关系以及骨质降低的产生机制尚不能全面阐释,因此,大大限制了有关研究的深入及骨质疏松的有效预防和治疗。本研究以2月龄雌性大鼠为实验对象,经过十周大强度跑台运动训练,通过模拟长期耐力运动训练后女运动员出现的运动性闭经病理现象,建立运动性动情周期抑制动物模型,探讨运动性闭经状态下骨变化、影响因素及其产生机制,以期为闭经女运动员骨质降低现象的预防和治疗,儿童少年女运动员合理运动负荷方案的制定提供实验依据。
一 运动性动情周期抑制动物模型的建立
本研究以青春期雌性大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为对照组、中等强度运动组、大强度运动组(n=20,跑台运动,每周6天,共10周),跑台运动过程中连续观察各组的动情周期(阴道脱落细胞)、体重、血红蛋白、尿素氮、血乳酸等指标的变化;跑台运动结束后,测定血液雌激素、孕激素、皮质醇的浓度。结果发现,对照组、中等强度运动组的各项指标无显著性变化,而大强度运动组大鼠的动情周期长时间停留在动情间期,体重的增长幅度显著低于对照组,Hb呈现逐渐性降低趋势,BUN、Bla出现波动性升高,表明长期大强度耐力训练过程中,雌性大鼠相继出现运动性疲劳,这些运动性疲劳诊断指标均可作为评价运动性动情周期抑制动物模型的参考指标。十周大强度跑台运动结束后,与对照组相比,大强度运动组大鼠血清雌激素、孕激素均显著性降低,皮质醇水平显著升高,出现类似于闭经女运动员的激素改变特征,说明本研究建立的运动性动情周期抑制动物模型是成功的,以此模型模拟耐力项目女运动员闭经现象具有可行性。运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠经过20天的休息,各项指标均有所恢复,表明十周大强度耐力运动形成的运动性动情周期抑制现象经过一定时间的休息是可以逆转的。
二、运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠的骨变化
目前关于骨变化的资料多集中在骨代谢、骨密度等临床指标的观察,本研究通过对骨结构、骨代谢、骨密度、骨生物力学特征等多个层面指标的观察,探讨运动
性动情周期抑制对骨的影响。本部分实验采用光镜观察股骨、椎骨的显微结构,透
射电镜观察股骨的超微结构变化,比色法测定骨代谢指标,单光子吸收法(sPA)
测定骨密度,三点弯曲试验测定股骨、胫骨的生物力学特征。结果发现,中等强度
运动组雌性大鼠骨显微结构显示骨皮质增厚,成骨细胞数目增多,超微结构显示发
育骨细胞数目增多,骨形成有关的生化指标升高,骨密度提高,骨的最大载荷、弹
性载荷均升高:运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠骨的显微结构显示皮质骨变薄,破骨
细胞数目增多,骨小梁变薄,数目减少,超微结构显示衰老骨细胞增多,成骨细胞
的内质网肿胀,破骨细胞线粒体的晴减少;与对照组相比,运动性动情周期抑制雌
性大鼠骨形成指标ALP、BGP降低,骨吸收指标TRACP上升,运动性动情周期抑
制雌性大鼠胫骨骨矿含量BMC、BMC/BW指标显著性降低,运动性动情周期抑制
雌性大鼠股骨、胫骨的最大载荷、弹性载荷、刚性系数均降低。恢复组经过休息后,
骨的结构、骨代谢指标、骨密度和生物力学参数均有恢复。结果表明中等强度跑台
运动,促进了骨量的提高,有助于骨的生长发育,而长期大强度耐力运动能够破坏
骨结构,降低骨的功能,提示长期耐力运动对骨的生长发育具有显著抑制作用。十
周大强度跑台运动对运动性动情周期抑制大鼠骨的抑制作用经过20天休息可以恢
复,其抑制现象是可逆的。
三、运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠骨代谢相关因子在骨量中的作用
激素通过与受体结合,形成激素一受体复合物,与其基因特异序列结合调节
IGF一1等骨代谢因子的水平发挥其调节骨代谢的作用,ER、IGF一1正是作为重要的
调节因子参与了骨代谢的调节过程。本部分实验采用放射免疫分析法测定血清
IGF一1的变化,免疫组织化学法测定骨组织ER的变化。结果发现,与对照组相比,
中等强度运动组大鼠血清IGFI水平显著升高,运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠血清
IGF-1明显降低,提示适量运动对大鼠的骨组织产生了适宜的机械应力,导致IGF一1
水平升高,有助于骨形成。长期耐力运动表现为以性激素水平降低为特征的对H一P一G
轴的功能的抑制作用,导致成骨细胞IGF一1合成能力降低,出现骨量的降低。青春
期性激素的分泌、性激素受体的正常表达是骨量积累的重要条件。中等强度跑台运
动雌性大鼠骨组织的ER表达增加,适宜的机械刺激促进了ER的表达,表明ER参
与了机械刺激对骨的调节作用,ER的表达升高有助于骨细胞对机械应变做出积极
应答。运动性动情周期抑制大鼠骨?
Puberty is the key time in which bone increase rapidly. If people carry on physical activity in puberty, bone mass will accelerate. But high intensity training would lead to athlete secondary amenorrhea(ASA), therefore endurance athlete always put up high athlete secondary amenorrhea rate. Lots of literature reported the peak bone mass of athlete with amenorrhea was very lower than that of control young people. The peak bone mass is correlation with the probability of osteoporosis. Now there are a lot of literature that report the happen rate of osteoporosis in athlete with amenorrhea is very high. Even if estrogen、 vitamine K supplement could not make up the bone loss rate. At present the most study on ASA athlete'bone limited on the ordinary description, which couldn't fully explain the relation with long-time high intensity training induced bone loss and the mechanism on athlete'osteodystrophy. Hence these disturbed the study on prevent and treatment about athlete'osteoporosis. Today we use 2-month female rats carry through training in treadmill for 10 weeks to simulate phenomena of athlete secondary amenorrhea. When we established the model about athletic secondary amenorrhea, we studied the changes of bone in rats with estrous cycle inhibited and discussed the mechanisms of bone in athletic secondary amenorrhea. Our study would offer experiment foundation in order to prevent and therapy atheletes' osteodystrophy and the constitution of children's exercise load. Experiment 1 The foundation of animal model in rats with estrous cycle inhibitedWe used 2-month female rats as our research objective. Rats were devided into three groups: control(n=20), middle intensity training group(n=20), high intensity training group(n=40)(treadmill, 6days/week, lOweeks). During training we study the changes of indexes such as estrous cycle, body weight, Hb, BUN, BLA and so on. After training we assay the capacity of estrogen, progesterone and cortisol in all rats. We found that all indexes were not change in control and middle intensity training group significantly. The estous cycle of rats in high intensity training group were settled in long time. And their body weight were lower than that of control, Hb were reduced gradually, BUN and BLA were elevated fluctuatly. These results indicated high intensity training lead to fatigue, and these fatigue indexes could used to evaluate the foundation of animal model in rats with estous cycle inhibited. After 10 weeks high intensity training , the capacity of estrogen and progesterone were lower than those of control, and the level of cortisol were
very higher than that of control. These results showed us the foundation of rats model were feasibility in our study. The indexes of rats with estrous cycle inhibited were gradually recovered after 20 days at rest. This told us the phenomena about rats with estrous cycle inhibited were reversed after rest. Experiment 2 The changes of bone in rats with estrous cycle inhibitedAt present the data were mostly focus on clinic indexes such as bone metabolism biochemics parameter and bone mineral density. We study the effect of estrous cycle inhited on bone through multi ways. We use microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to observe the structure of femur and vertebra in four groups. Colorimetry was used to measure bone metabolism indexes. Single photon absorb assay was used to measure bone mineral density. 3-point bending test was used to measure biomechanics in femur and tibiae. The microscopes'result show the cortex area was larger , the amount of ob and bone cell were more in middle intensity training group than that in control. The indexes reflecting bone forming were elevated. The bone mineral density were increased. The maxium load and elasticity load were all elevated in middle intensity training group. The microscopes result show cortex wre thinner and oc were increased and the number of girder were fewer in high intensity training group. The transmission electron microscopes result show old bone cell were more and endosarc was swell
一 运动性动情周期抑制动物模型的建立
本研究以青春期雌性大鼠作为研究对象,随机分为对照组、中等强度运动组、大强度运动组(n=20,跑台运动,每周6天,共10周),跑台运动过程中连续观察各组的动情周期(阴道脱落细胞)、体重、血红蛋白、尿素氮、血乳酸等指标的变化;跑台运动结束后,测定血液雌激素、孕激素、皮质醇的浓度。结果发现,对照组、中等强度运动组的各项指标无显著性变化,而大强度运动组大鼠的动情周期长时间停留在动情间期,体重的增长幅度显著低于对照组,Hb呈现逐渐性降低趋势,BUN、Bla出现波动性升高,表明长期大强度耐力训练过程中,雌性大鼠相继出现运动性疲劳,这些运动性疲劳诊断指标均可作为评价运动性动情周期抑制动物模型的参考指标。十周大强度跑台运动结束后,与对照组相比,大强度运动组大鼠血清雌激素、孕激素均显著性降低,皮质醇水平显著升高,出现类似于闭经女运动员的激素改变特征,说明本研究建立的运动性动情周期抑制动物模型是成功的,以此模型模拟耐力项目女运动员闭经现象具有可行性。运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠经过20天的休息,各项指标均有所恢复,表明十周大强度耐力运动形成的运动性动情周期抑制现象经过一定时间的休息是可以逆转的。
二、运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠的骨变化
目前关于骨变化的资料多集中在骨代谢、骨密度等临床指标的观察,本研究通过对骨结构、骨代谢、骨密度、骨生物力学特征等多个层面指标的观察,探讨运动
性动情周期抑制对骨的影响。本部分实验采用光镜观察股骨、椎骨的显微结构,透
射电镜观察股骨的超微结构变化,比色法测定骨代谢指标,单光子吸收法(sPA)
测定骨密度,三点弯曲试验测定股骨、胫骨的生物力学特征。结果发现,中等强度
运动组雌性大鼠骨显微结构显示骨皮质增厚,成骨细胞数目增多,超微结构显示发
育骨细胞数目增多,骨形成有关的生化指标升高,骨密度提高,骨的最大载荷、弹
性载荷均升高:运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠骨的显微结构显示皮质骨变薄,破骨
细胞数目增多,骨小梁变薄,数目减少,超微结构显示衰老骨细胞增多,成骨细胞
的内质网肿胀,破骨细胞线粒体的晴减少;与对照组相比,运动性动情周期抑制雌
性大鼠骨形成指标ALP、BGP降低,骨吸收指标TRACP上升,运动性动情周期抑
制雌性大鼠胫骨骨矿含量BMC、BMC/BW指标显著性降低,运动性动情周期抑制
雌性大鼠股骨、胫骨的最大载荷、弹性载荷、刚性系数均降低。恢复组经过休息后,
骨的结构、骨代谢指标、骨密度和生物力学参数均有恢复。结果表明中等强度跑台
运动,促进了骨量的提高,有助于骨的生长发育,而长期大强度耐力运动能够破坏
骨结构,降低骨的功能,提示长期耐力运动对骨的生长发育具有显著抑制作用。十
周大强度跑台运动对运动性动情周期抑制大鼠骨的抑制作用经过20天休息可以恢
复,其抑制现象是可逆的。
三、运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠骨代谢相关因子在骨量中的作用
激素通过与受体结合,形成激素一受体复合物,与其基因特异序列结合调节
IGF一1等骨代谢因子的水平发挥其调节骨代谢的作用,ER、IGF一1正是作为重要的
调节因子参与了骨代谢的调节过程。本部分实验采用放射免疫分析法测定血清
IGF一1的变化,免疫组织化学法测定骨组织ER的变化。结果发现,与对照组相比,
中等强度运动组大鼠血清IGFI水平显著升高,运动性动情周期抑制雌性大鼠血清
IGF-1明显降低,提示适量运动对大鼠的骨组织产生了适宜的机械应力,导致IGF一1
水平升高,有助于骨形成。长期耐力运动表现为以性激素水平降低为特征的对H一P一G
轴的功能的抑制作用,导致成骨细胞IGF一1合成能力降低,出现骨量的降低。青春
期性激素的分泌、性激素受体的正常表达是骨量积累的重要条件。中等强度跑台运
动雌性大鼠骨组织的ER表达增加,适宜的机械刺激促进了ER的表达,表明ER参
与了机械刺激对骨的调节作用,ER的表达升高有助于骨细胞对机械应变做出积极
应答。运动性动情周期抑制大鼠骨?
Puberty is the key time in which bone increase rapidly. If people carry on physical activity in puberty, bone mass will accelerate. But high intensity training would lead to athlete secondary amenorrhea(ASA), therefore endurance athlete always put up high athlete secondary amenorrhea rate. Lots of literature reported the peak bone mass of athlete with amenorrhea was very lower than that of control young people. The peak bone mass is correlation with the probability of osteoporosis. Now there are a lot of literature that report the happen rate of osteoporosis in athlete with amenorrhea is very high. Even if estrogen、 vitamine K supplement could not make up the bone loss rate. At present the most study on ASA athlete'bone limited on the ordinary description, which couldn't fully explain the relation with long-time high intensity training induced bone loss and the mechanism on athlete'osteodystrophy. Hence these disturbed the study on prevent and treatment about athlete'osteoporosis. Today we use 2-month female rats carry through training in treadmill for 10 weeks to simulate phenomena of athlete secondary amenorrhea. When we established the model about athletic secondary amenorrhea, we studied the changes of bone in rats with estrous cycle inhibited and discussed the mechanisms of bone in athletic secondary amenorrhea. Our study would offer experiment foundation in order to prevent and therapy atheletes' osteodystrophy and the constitution of children's exercise load. Experiment 1 The foundation of animal model in rats with estrous cycle inhibitedWe used 2-month female rats as our research objective. Rats were devided into three groups: control(n=20), middle intensity training group(n=20), high intensity training group(n=40)(treadmill, 6days/week, lOweeks). During training we study the changes of indexes such as estrous cycle, body weight, Hb, BUN, BLA and so on. After training we assay the capacity of estrogen, progesterone and cortisol in all rats. We found that all indexes were not change in control and middle intensity training group significantly. The estous cycle of rats in high intensity training group were settled in long time. And their body weight were lower than that of control, Hb were reduced gradually, BUN and BLA were elevated fluctuatly. These results indicated high intensity training lead to fatigue, and these fatigue indexes could used to evaluate the foundation of animal model in rats with estous cycle inhibited. After 10 weeks high intensity training , the capacity of estrogen and progesterone were lower than those of control, and the level of cortisol were
very higher than that of control. These results showed us the foundation of rats model were feasibility in our study. The indexes of rats with estrous cycle inhibited were gradually recovered after 20 days at rest. This told us the phenomena about rats with estrous cycle inhibited were reversed after rest. Experiment 2 The changes of bone in rats with estrous cycle inhibitedAt present the data were mostly focus on clinic indexes such as bone metabolism biochemics parameter and bone mineral density. We study the effect of estrous cycle inhited on bone through multi ways. We use microscopes and transmission electron microscopes to observe the structure of femur and vertebra in four groups. Colorimetry was used to measure bone metabolism indexes. Single photon absorb assay was used to measure bone mineral density. 3-point bending test was used to measure biomechanics in femur and tibiae. The microscopes'result show the cortex area was larger , the amount of ob and bone cell were more in middle intensity training group than that in control. The indexes reflecting bone forming were elevated. The bone mineral density were increased. The maxium load and elasticity load were all elevated in middle intensity training group. The microscopes result show cortex wre thinner and oc were increased and the number of girder were fewer in high intensity training group. The transmission electron microscopes result show old bone cell were more and endosarc was swell
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