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罗斯福与纳粹德国
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摘要
本文从美国的欧洲战略出发论述1933—1940年的美国对德政策。
     第一次世界大战后,美国确立的欧洲战略是:在孤立主义的大前提下,极力使欧洲
    保持和平与稳定,以利于美国对欧洲进行经济扩张。美国在1933—1940年间实行的对德
    政策就是为这一欧洲战略服务的。
     1933—1940年的美国对德政策历经三个阶段:
     从1933年罗斯福成为美国总统到1938年3月德国吞并奥地利前,美国对德国奉行
    安抚政策。它企图通过满足德国修正《凡尔赛条约》不公正对待的要求来消除德国的不
    满情绪,进而使欧洲保持和平与稳定。为此,美国默认德国重整军备的举动,并先后推
    出富勒使命和韦尔斯计划等安抚德国的行动与设想。但是,由于德国的外交目标根本不
    限于修正《凡尔赛条约》,因此,美国的安抚行动和计划均告失败。
     从德国吞并奥地利开始到1938年9月签订《慕尼黑协定》为止,美国对德国实行
    的是绥靖政策。它企图以牺牲小国的利益来换取欧洲和平的维持。为此,它对德国吞并
    奥地利的举动采取了事实上承认的态度;在“五月危机”前后和“慕尼黑危机”期间,
    它也主张满足德国吞并苏台德区的愿望,并希望以此来换取欧洲的所谓“和平”。
     慕尼黑会议之后,美国的对德政策是绥靖与遏制并存。慕尼黑会议之后,希特勒显
    示出来的无止无尽的侵略野心超过了美国对德政策所能容忍的限度,因此,美国政策中
    开始出现遏制德国的倾向。但与此同时,美国并没有放弃绥靖德国的立场。绥靖与遏制
    并存的美国对德政策在罗斯福1939年4月和8月向希特勒发出的两次“和平呼吁”和
    1940年韦尔斯的欧洲之行中得到了充分体现。但是,美国推行的这一政策没有取得效果,
    随着希特勒1940年4月再次发动侵略,美国绥靖与遏制并存的对德政策宣告失败。美国
    随后走上了遏制德国的道路,直至最终宣战。
The dissertation deals with America抯 Germany policy during the period from
     1933 to 1940.
    
     After the Great War, America thought its Europe Strategy should be
     maintaining peace and stability in Europe, which would serve Americas s
     economic expansion in Europe. Under this consideration, America抯 Germany
     policy was carried out.
    
     America抯 Germany policy saw three stages.
    
     During the period 1933, in that year Roosevelt becoming the President of
     America, to March 1938, when Germany annexed Austria, America抯 policy was
     to pacify Germany. America attempted to satisfy Germany抯 wish of revising
     Versailles Treaty and removed Germany抯 resentment. So, it tacitly approved
     Germany rearmament. Moreover, America sent Fuller to Germany as well as
     advocated Welles Plan. Nevertheless, America抯 policy failed due to Germany
     aiming not to only revise Versailles Treaty.
    
     From March 1938 onwards, till Munich Agreement was signed, America
     wanted to appease Germany. It tried to preserve peace in Europe through
     sacrificing little power抯 interest. Thus, America recognized Germany抯
     annexation of Austria de facto. Besides, in the time from 揗ay Crisis?to 揗unich
     Crisis? America held that Germany抯 desire for annexation of Sudetenland should
     be satisfied.
    
     After Munich Conference, America抯 policy was not only to appease Germany,
     but also to contain it. It was Hitler抯 aspiration that Made America taking into
     account the policy of containment. However, America didn抰 abandon
     appeasement policy. With Hitler launched war in April 1940, Americas ~
     appeasement and containment policy failed. Finally, America declared war against
     Germany.
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