养殖文蛤溶藻弧菌、颉颃菌的筛选与鉴定及其颉颃物质的研究
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摘要
文蛤的弧菌病害,是文蛤大量致死最主要的病害之一,其具有高传染性,迅速性,难控性等特点。使用抗生素将造成文蛤养殖场及其周边环境严重污染,同时可致使文蛤体内病原菌的耐药性增加,从而不利于文蛤的健康养殖。根据文蛤健康养殖及环境友好的原则,利用生物防治方法,即从养殖生境中获取具有抑菌活性的土著微生物菌株用于防控文蛤病原菌的发生、发展过程,可取得良好的文蛤病害防治效果。本文从文蛤养殖水体中筛选到一株假交替单胞菌(暂命名为SW-1),并对该菌进行了生理生化及分子生物学鉴定、生长特征研究、抑菌效果研究,以及抑菌活性物质研究,旨在为文蛤弧菌病害的生物防治提供理论与实践基础。具体研究结果如下：
从发病的文蛤中筛选到的菌株MP-1,根据细菌形态和生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,结合系统发育树的特征,鉴定为弧茵属的溶藻弧菌,人工感染试验表明,菌株MP-1在107到109cfu/ml浓度下,在15天内文蛤的存活个数为0,死亡率为100%,其发病症状与溶藻弧菌在文蛤上的典型症状相似,即可确定菌株MP-1为文蛤的致病菌之一。菌株MP-1的最佳生长条件为：100ml/250ml的装液量,30℃的温度,pH8.0和0.5mol/L的盐度；生长曲线显示此菌滞后期较短,而且对文中所选多数抗生素表现出耐药性。
从文蛤养殖场的水体中筛选到一株对病原溶藻弧菌MP-1有抑菌作用、且对文蛤正常生长无显著影响的菌株SW-1。采用纸片扩散法对菌株SW-1进行了体外抑菌试验,人工感染文蛤试验进一步证明该菌株SW-1的颉颃作用,菌株SW-1在109cfu/ml浓度的情况下,15天后,文蛤的存活率为100%；与致病溶藻弧菌同时感染文蛤时,文蛤的致死率仅为11%,较单独感染菌株MP-1的100%的致死率相比,文蛤成活率有显著提高,可以作为一种潜在的生物防治文蛤致病菌行之有效的方法。根据细菌形态和生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,结合系统发育树的特征,鉴定菌株SW-1为假交替单胞菌属的杀鱼假交替单胞菌。菌株SW-1的最佳生长条件为：30ml/250ml的装液量,温度30℃,pH8.0和盐度0.5mol/L。菌株SW-1生长曲线与弧菌MP-1相比,具有滞后性,并且对试验中所选半数抗生素敏感。
假交替单胞菌SW-1对试验中所选七种菌株均可以产生抑菌活性,抑菌圈大小范围在16-25mm之间；菌株SW-1在生物量最高时,其抑茵效果最强。诱导试验证明,菌株SW-1可以产生非诱导性抑菌物质对文蛤的致病弧菌MP-1产生的抑制作用。对其胞外产物进行热处理,酸碱处理以及蛋白酶K处理,结果表明热处理和蛋白酶K处理可使其活性部分失活,而且随着饱和硫酸铵沉淀粗蛋白类物质的重量增加,其抑菌作用也明显增强,表明菌株SW-1的胞外产物中含有具有抑菌成分的蛋白类物质。酸碱处理结果表明：胞外产物具有广泛的pH值适应范围,而且这部分物质经酸碱处理后,抑菌活性有增强的现象,说明菌株SW-1所产生的抑制溶藻弧菌生长的物质并非单一的蛋白类物质。
利用饱和度为80%硫酸铵沉淀菌株SW-1的无菌上清培养液,得到对文蛤致病弧菌MP-1具有抑制作用的粗蛋白类物质,将粗蛋白类物质经10KDa的分子筛超滤后进行抑菌试验发现,大于10KDa的部分具有抑菌活性,随后粗蛋白类物质经SephadexG-75凝胶过滤层析洗脱得到三个特征吸收峰,其中第一、二个峰蛋白质含量较高,成分相对比较复杂,但是对文蛤致病弧菌MP-1没有抑菌作用；具有抑菌活性的第三个峰的蛋白质含量为6.1mg/ml,经SDS-PAGE凝胶垂直电泳可得到相对单一条带,表明其纯度较高,根据Rf值测其分子量为52.6KDa。
收集假交替单胞菌SW-1胞外产物,利用三倍的乙酸乙脂进行浸提,经减压旋转蒸发后得到的浸提膏,在24h时,其对文蛤的致病弧菌MP-1的抑菌率达到98%以上；经有机溶剂溶解,发现为极性较大的醇溶性物质,在290、330、410nm有吸收峰；可以产生多糖类物质,红外光谱图也表明其具有糖肽吸收峰,采取硅胶柱利用不同比例的二氯甲烷和甲醇进行洗脱,得到46馏分,利用薄层层析法进行分组合并其效果不佳,故采用在不同波长下的吸收峰来区分组分,根据在320nm和440nm测其吸光值不同,合并得到十个相对比较单一的组分,其中第二个组分和第六个组分具有抑菌活性,其抑菌率分别为83.5%和92.6%。将这两个组分进行高效液相色谱检测,第六个组分仍然为混合物,第二个组分相对单一,根据高效液相色谱一电喷雾质谱联用仪分析,得知菌株SW-1代谢产生的活性物质一种是分子量为701.5Da的溴代化合物。
Disease outbreak caused by pathogenic bacteria, commonly of the genus Vibrio, is a major mortality in clam farming, with the characteristics of highly and fastly contagious, as well as difficult to be control. Recently, a variety of antibiotics have been used for the prevention of the diseases, but the abuse of antibiotics usually leads to the emergence of resistant bacteria and raises environmental problems. Based on the principle of clam farming heathly and environmentally friendly, the inhibition of the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was used as a trait to select a candidate probiotic bacterial strain from the breeding habitat of clams. An ideal bacterial strain, SW-1, was isolated from seawater in a clam farm, and could inhibit the growth of Vibrio.MP-1. Thus, SW-1could be used as a probiotic to protect clams from diseases, and meanwhile reduce the effects of antibiotics on aquatic environment. The main results are described as follows:
The selected MP-1was identified based on its physiological, morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as its16S rDNA sequence. The results showed that the strain MP-1had a high similarity to Vibrio, alginolyticus. The mortality of clams was100%after infection with107to109cfu/ml of Vibrio. Alginolyticus.MP-1, indicating the strain MP-1is the clam pathogens. The best growth conditions of the strain MP-1:100mL/250ml of aeration,30℃of temperature, pH8.0and0.5mol/L of salinity. The growth curve of the strain MP-1not only reveals no lag phase, but more resistance to antibiotics, as compared with the strain SW-1. Therefore, disease outbreak caused by pathogenic Vibrio. Alginolyticus. MP-1was the most difficult to be control.
The selected SW-1was also identified to have, and showed a high similarity to Pseudoalteromonas. piscicida. It could inhibit the growth of Vibrio, alginolyticus (Vibrio.MP-1) and improve the survival of clams following challenge with the pathogenic Vibrio MP-1. The mortality of clams was100%after infection with108CFU/ml of Vibrio, alginolyticus, whereas mortality was only11%when clams were infected with108CFU/ml of Vibrio. MP-1while simultaneously exposed to the same concentration of Pseudoalteromonas. SW-1. The strain SW-1can inhibit seven strains, which were used in this study. The best growth conditions of strains MP-1:30mL/250ml of aeration,30℃of temperature, pH8.0and0.5mol/L of salinity. The growth curve of strain SW-1not only reveals o lag phase, but more susceptible with antibiotics, as compared with the clams pathogens of Vibrio. MP-1.
The inhibition activity of the strain SW-1was the strongest in its highest biomass, and could produce antimicrobial activity for seven strains. The inhitition zone ranged from16to25mm. The best inhibition effect was obtained when the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the strain SW-1was joined in log phase and stability phase of Vibrio. MP-1. The induction test proved that the strain SW-1could produce antimicrobial substances to inhibit the growth of the clam pathogenic Vibrio. MP-1. The inhibitory activities of the strain SW-1CFS showed differently after treating by heat, acid, alkali, and proteinase K. The CFS of the strain SW-1inhibitory activities was decreased after treating by heat, but the inhibitory activities were still effective after treating by proteinase K in24h. The acid and alkali could increase the inhibitory activities of the strain SW-1CFS, could produce some active compounds to antagonize the pathogenic Vibrio. MP-1.
The crude protein substances obtained from the CFS by the means of ammonium sulphate precipitation could produce inhibition activities.The crude protein substance was cut off by10KDa molecular sieves, and the components more than10KDa molecular weight could inhibit the growth of the strain Vibrio. MP-1. Then the crude protein substance was separated with SephadexG-75gel filtration chromatography and eluted three characteristic absorption peaks. Although the first peak and the second peak had higher protein concentration, there were no antibacterial activities. Protein concentration of the third peak was6.1mg/ml and these fractions could inhibit the growth of the strain Vibrio. MP-1. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis test could show a single stripe, according to the RF value logging its molecular weight was52.6KDa.
The cell-free supernatant of the strain SW-1was collected, and then the CFS was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtained was monitored by the disk diffusion method assay with Vibrio. MP-1as susceptible strain.The inhibition rate reached95%within24hours. According to organic solvent dissolved test, it was found that the crude extracts could be dissolved by Alcohol. The absorbance wave ranged from290nm to440nm. The crude extracts were eluted by silicone column using different proportion Methylene Dichloride and Methanol, then the46tubes were obtained. The methode of thin-layer chromatography couldn't separate and combine these fractions, so the different wavelength (320nm and440nm) absorbance value was used to separate and combine these fractions. Thus, ten fractions were obtained. The inhibition test by using Microdilution broth assay showed the second and sixth fractions had inhibititon activety, and the inhibition rate reached to83.5%and92.6%, respectively. The HPLC results indicated that the sixth fraction had complex compounds, but the second fraction showed two single peaks, depend on the analysis of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, the active component of strain SW-1was a bromine compound with701.5Da molecular weight.
从发病的文蛤中筛选到的菌株MP-1,根据细菌形态和生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,结合系统发育树的特征,鉴定为弧茵属的溶藻弧菌,人工感染试验表明,菌株MP-1在107到109cfu/ml浓度下,在15天内文蛤的存活个数为0,死亡率为100%,其发病症状与溶藻弧菌在文蛤上的典型症状相似,即可确定菌株MP-1为文蛤的致病菌之一。菌株MP-1的最佳生长条件为：100ml/250ml的装液量,30℃的温度,pH8.0和0.5mol/L的盐度；生长曲线显示此菌滞后期较短,而且对文中所选多数抗生素表现出耐药性。
从文蛤养殖场的水体中筛选到一株对病原溶藻弧菌MP-1有抑菌作用、且对文蛤正常生长无显著影响的菌株SW-1。采用纸片扩散法对菌株SW-1进行了体外抑菌试验,人工感染文蛤试验进一步证明该菌株SW-1的颉颃作用,菌株SW-1在109cfu/ml浓度的情况下,15天后,文蛤的存活率为100%；与致病溶藻弧菌同时感染文蛤时,文蛤的致死率仅为11%,较单独感染菌株MP-1的100%的致死率相比,文蛤成活率有显著提高,可以作为一种潜在的生物防治文蛤致病菌行之有效的方法。根据细菌形态和生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列分析,结合系统发育树的特征,鉴定菌株SW-1为假交替单胞菌属的杀鱼假交替单胞菌。菌株SW-1的最佳生长条件为：30ml/250ml的装液量,温度30℃,pH8.0和盐度0.5mol/L。菌株SW-1生长曲线与弧菌MP-1相比,具有滞后性,并且对试验中所选半数抗生素敏感。
假交替单胞菌SW-1对试验中所选七种菌株均可以产生抑菌活性,抑菌圈大小范围在16-25mm之间；菌株SW-1在生物量最高时,其抑茵效果最强。诱导试验证明,菌株SW-1可以产生非诱导性抑菌物质对文蛤的致病弧菌MP-1产生的抑制作用。对其胞外产物进行热处理,酸碱处理以及蛋白酶K处理,结果表明热处理和蛋白酶K处理可使其活性部分失活,而且随着饱和硫酸铵沉淀粗蛋白类物质的重量增加,其抑菌作用也明显增强,表明菌株SW-1的胞外产物中含有具有抑菌成分的蛋白类物质。酸碱处理结果表明：胞外产物具有广泛的pH值适应范围,而且这部分物质经酸碱处理后,抑菌活性有增强的现象,说明菌株SW-1所产生的抑制溶藻弧菌生长的物质并非单一的蛋白类物质。
利用饱和度为80%硫酸铵沉淀菌株SW-1的无菌上清培养液,得到对文蛤致病弧菌MP-1具有抑制作用的粗蛋白类物质,将粗蛋白类物质经10KDa的分子筛超滤后进行抑菌试验发现,大于10KDa的部分具有抑菌活性,随后粗蛋白类物质经SephadexG-75凝胶过滤层析洗脱得到三个特征吸收峰,其中第一、二个峰蛋白质含量较高,成分相对比较复杂,但是对文蛤致病弧菌MP-1没有抑菌作用；具有抑菌活性的第三个峰的蛋白质含量为6.1mg/ml,经SDS-PAGE凝胶垂直电泳可得到相对单一条带,表明其纯度较高,根据Rf值测其分子量为52.6KDa。
收集假交替单胞菌SW-1胞外产物,利用三倍的乙酸乙脂进行浸提,经减压旋转蒸发后得到的浸提膏,在24h时,其对文蛤的致病弧菌MP-1的抑菌率达到98%以上；经有机溶剂溶解,发现为极性较大的醇溶性物质,在290、330、410nm有吸收峰；可以产生多糖类物质,红外光谱图也表明其具有糖肽吸收峰,采取硅胶柱利用不同比例的二氯甲烷和甲醇进行洗脱,得到46馏分,利用薄层层析法进行分组合并其效果不佳,故采用在不同波长下的吸收峰来区分组分,根据在320nm和440nm测其吸光值不同,合并得到十个相对比较单一的组分,其中第二个组分和第六个组分具有抑菌活性,其抑菌率分别为83.5%和92.6%。将这两个组分进行高效液相色谱检测,第六个组分仍然为混合物,第二个组分相对单一,根据高效液相色谱一电喷雾质谱联用仪分析,得知菌株SW-1代谢产生的活性物质一种是分子量为701.5Da的溴代化合物。
Disease outbreak caused by pathogenic bacteria, commonly of the genus Vibrio, is a major mortality in clam farming, with the characteristics of highly and fastly contagious, as well as difficult to be control. Recently, a variety of antibiotics have been used for the prevention of the diseases, but the abuse of antibiotics usually leads to the emergence of resistant bacteria and raises environmental problems. Based on the principle of clam farming heathly and environmentally friendly, the inhibition of the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus was used as a trait to select a candidate probiotic bacterial strain from the breeding habitat of clams. An ideal bacterial strain, SW-1, was isolated from seawater in a clam farm, and could inhibit the growth of Vibrio.MP-1. Thus, SW-1could be used as a probiotic to protect clams from diseases, and meanwhile reduce the effects of antibiotics on aquatic environment. The main results are described as follows:
The selected MP-1was identified based on its physiological, morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as its16S rDNA sequence. The results showed that the strain MP-1had a high similarity to Vibrio, alginolyticus. The mortality of clams was100%after infection with107to109cfu/ml of Vibrio. Alginolyticus.MP-1, indicating the strain MP-1is the clam pathogens. The best growth conditions of the strain MP-1:100mL/250ml of aeration,30℃of temperature, pH8.0and0.5mol/L of salinity. The growth curve of the strain MP-1not only reveals no lag phase, but more resistance to antibiotics, as compared with the strain SW-1. Therefore, disease outbreak caused by pathogenic Vibrio. Alginolyticus. MP-1was the most difficult to be control.
The selected SW-1was also identified to have, and showed a high similarity to Pseudoalteromonas. piscicida. It could inhibit the growth of Vibrio, alginolyticus (Vibrio.MP-1) and improve the survival of clams following challenge with the pathogenic Vibrio MP-1. The mortality of clams was100%after infection with108CFU/ml of Vibrio, alginolyticus, whereas mortality was only11%when clams were infected with108CFU/ml of Vibrio. MP-1while simultaneously exposed to the same concentration of Pseudoalteromonas. SW-1. The strain SW-1can inhibit seven strains, which were used in this study. The best growth conditions of strains MP-1:30mL/250ml of aeration,30℃of temperature, pH8.0and0.5mol/L of salinity. The growth curve of strain SW-1not only reveals o lag phase, but more susceptible with antibiotics, as compared with the clams pathogens of Vibrio. MP-1.
The inhibition activity of the strain SW-1was the strongest in its highest biomass, and could produce antimicrobial activity for seven strains. The inhitition zone ranged from16to25mm. The best inhibition effect was obtained when the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of the strain SW-1was joined in log phase and stability phase of Vibrio. MP-1. The induction test proved that the strain SW-1could produce antimicrobial substances to inhibit the growth of the clam pathogenic Vibrio. MP-1. The inhibitory activities of the strain SW-1CFS showed differently after treating by heat, acid, alkali, and proteinase K. The CFS of the strain SW-1inhibitory activities was decreased after treating by heat, but the inhibitory activities were still effective after treating by proteinase K in24h. The acid and alkali could increase the inhibitory activities of the strain SW-1CFS, could produce some active compounds to antagonize the pathogenic Vibrio. MP-1.
The crude protein substances obtained from the CFS by the means of ammonium sulphate precipitation could produce inhibition activities.The crude protein substance was cut off by10KDa molecular sieves, and the components more than10KDa molecular weight could inhibit the growth of the strain Vibrio. MP-1. Then the crude protein substance was separated with SephadexG-75gel filtration chromatography and eluted three characteristic absorption peaks. Although the first peak and the second peak had higher protein concentration, there were no antibacterial activities. Protein concentration of the third peak was6.1mg/ml and these fractions could inhibit the growth of the strain Vibrio. MP-1. SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis test could show a single stripe, according to the RF value logging its molecular weight was52.6KDa.
The cell-free supernatant of the strain SW-1was collected, and then the CFS was extracted three times with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts obtained was monitored by the disk diffusion method assay with Vibrio. MP-1as susceptible strain.The inhibition rate reached95%within24hours. According to organic solvent dissolved test, it was found that the crude extracts could be dissolved by Alcohol. The absorbance wave ranged from290nm to440nm. The crude extracts were eluted by silicone column using different proportion Methylene Dichloride and Methanol, then the46tubes were obtained. The methode of thin-layer chromatography couldn't separate and combine these fractions, so the different wavelength (320nm and440nm) absorbance value was used to separate and combine these fractions. Thus, ten fractions were obtained. The inhibition test by using Microdilution broth assay showed the second and sixth fractions had inhibititon activety, and the inhibition rate reached to83.5%and92.6%, respectively. The HPLC results indicated that the sixth fraction had complex compounds, but the second fraction showed two single peaks, depend on the analysis of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, the active component of strain SW-1was a bromine compound with701.5Da molecular weight.
引文
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