面向Internet接入无线Mesh网络性能分析及协议优化研究
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摘要
随着无线通信技术的蓬勃发展,互联网用户挣脱了有线网络的束缚,充分享受无线网络带来的便捷。受制于蜂窝网络高昂的建设和使用费用,用户通常选择以802.11技术为代表的无线局域网接入Internet。现在日常使用的无线局域网通常工作在架构模式下,终端通过无线接入点单跳连接到有线网络中,受无线传输距离的影响,单跳工作的无线局域网覆盖范围较小;另外,无线局域网的覆盖依赖于有线基站的部署,部署成本较高。而无线Mesh网络采用分布式无线多跳技术,扩展了网络覆盖范围,降低了网络建造成本,能够为用户提供更低廉的无线宽带接入服务。
无线Mesh网络采用无线传输作为通信媒介,由于无线传输共享频域形成干扰,且信号信号受环境等影响,数据传输不稳定,网络传输效率低下。同时,无线Mesh网络具有分布式多跳、动态接入等特点,传统的通信协议无法适应Internet接入的高带宽需求。本文旨在分析面向Internet接入的无线Mesh网络性能,进而研究网络通信协议的优化策略,以提高网络容量,提升通信效率。
首先,为了分析影响无线Mesh网络传输效率低效的因素,本文对无线Mesh网络传输性能进行建模,通过分析找到影响无线Mesh网络端到端传输效率的因素,提出从网络负载控制、路由转发设计、链路速率调整等方面对网络协议的设计进行优化。
针对无线Mesh网络主干的无线多跳传输特点,研究基于负载均衡控制的路由转发协议。本文通过对面向Internet接入无线Mesh网络传输特性的分析,提出采用层次结构控制数据转发,通过层次内负载的均衡,来平衡整体网络负载;使用影响因子的概念将无线Mesh网络中上下游之间的负载关系考虑到路由判据中,设计了一种基于上下游链路质量相关的路由判据Metric;引入多网关多路径技术对路由协议进行设计,提出一种多网关多路径路由协议,采用树形结构在源节点与目的节点间选择多条路径,应对链路失效,增加网络的冗余度。
为了提升无线Mesh网络中单跳无线传输的性能,本文着重从链路速率调整、链路传输调度两方面进行研究。为了解决“盲探测”过多尝试低效速率集的问题,提出了一种基于网络历史信息调整的速率自适应算法,通过短期探测评估结合历史有效信息调整的方法进行速率选择,提高了链路传输效率。本文进一步通过实验方法分析了802.11n系统中多输入多输出(MIMO)的特性,设计了一种新的MIMO速率自适应算法,采用模式内顺序移动、模式间跳转切换的方式确保能找到当前环境下的最优传输速率。为了提升射频利用率,开辟无线频谱资源,在多射频无线Mesh系统上,本文研究了基于包级别的调度机制,实现无线链路的并行传输,从而提高了网络吞吐量。
最后,本文以校园网络场景为例,针对所规划区域,在综合考虑用户需求异构、物理设备异质的基础上,提出基于成本优化的无线Mesh网络部署方案。
本文通过构建无线Mesh网络性能分析模型,找到网络端到端传输性能的因素,进而从负载控制、路由转发、速率调整、传输调度四个方面对协议进行了优化设汁,提高了Mesh网络容量和数据流端到端传输性能,改善了用户的体验,为WMN的其他研究提供有力的依据。
By the developing of wireless communication technologies, we can enjoy the convenient wireless network services for Internet accessing. Cellular Network has a high cost in construction and maintenance. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on IEEE 802.11 is widely used for Internet accessing. However, most WLANs used today are designed in Infrastructure mode. All the clients connect to the wired network through an access point within one hop. Limited by the wireless transmission range, the wireless coverage of WLAN is small. In addition, the coverage of wireless network depends on the availability of cable lines. It increases the cost to expand the coverage by building multiple WLANs. A new concept“Wireless Mesh Network”is provided to reduce the cost. Wireless Mesh Network uses wireless multi-hop technologies to expand network coverage. And it can provide more convenient and more affordable wireless broadband access.
Wireless Mesh Network uses wireless technology as the communication medium. Wireless transmission is interference because of the shared spectrum. Impacted by the environments, data transmission is unstable on wireless. In wireless mesh network, data packet is forwarded to destination by multiple hops. Conventional communication protocols cannot fully adapt to this new feature, which makes the end-to-end transmission inefficient. This dissertation aims to improve network capacity and communication efficiency of Internet-access-oriented wireless mesh network. It provides several optimizations of communication and network protocols based on the performance analysis.
First of all, in order to find the factors which affect the communication efficiency, we present a performance prediction model for 802.11-based wireless mesh networks. Based on the analysis, several strategies are provided to optimize the network for throughput, such as“load-balancing”,“routing design”,“rate adaption”, and so on.
Since wireless mesh network backbone is a multi-hop based wireless network, load-balanced routing protocol is investigated here for data forwarding. Based on the usage model of Internet-access-oriented wireless mesh network, a layered transmission model is suggested to control the network load. The entire network load is balanced through the balance of inner-layer. Then, we design a new routing metric for multi-radio and multi-channel wireless mesh network, which considers the transmission interference and takes the load balance between relevant links into account. Subsequently, a multi-gateway multi-path routing protocol is proposed to explore path diversity, cope with link failure and increase network redundancy. It constructs multiple paths between source and destination nodes using proactive tree architecture.
Rate adaption (RA) and transmission scheduling are studied to improve the single hop performance of wireless mesh network. The common rate adaption algorithms do not consider the short-term past performance. This“blind probing”can lead to significant loss and throughput degradation. We propose a history-aware rate adaption algorithm for legacy 802.11 wireless networks. It uses a simple generic adaptive probe time window mechanism to capture short-term history. It takes the tradeoff between history information and short-term probing. New challenges of rate adaption are brought in MIMO scenarios. A novel MIMO RA scheme is proposed in 802.11n wireless networks. Considering the characteristics of MIMO technologies, it zigzags between intra- and inter-mode rate options. Furthermore, in order to improve the radio efficiency, we design and implement a packet-level scheduling mechanism to explore parallel transmissions between wireless links. Radio diversity is explored here to increase network capacity.
In order to deploy a wireless mesh network in campus scenario, a cost-minimization deployment mechanism is provided finally. This mechanism takes both the different user demands and heterogeneous wireless devices into consideration.
On the whole, a performance analysis model is proposed in our dissertation. Based on the analysis result, four protocol optimizations are designed to improve network capacity, end-to-end performance and user experience, which include load-balancing, routing design, rate adaption and transmission scheduling. All these work can provide a strong foundation for other related topics in WMNs.
无线Mesh网络采用无线传输作为通信媒介,由于无线传输共享频域形成干扰,且信号信号受环境等影响,数据传输不稳定,网络传输效率低下。同时,无线Mesh网络具有分布式多跳、动态接入等特点,传统的通信协议无法适应Internet接入的高带宽需求。本文旨在分析面向Internet接入的无线Mesh网络性能,进而研究网络通信协议的优化策略,以提高网络容量,提升通信效率。
首先,为了分析影响无线Mesh网络传输效率低效的因素,本文对无线Mesh网络传输性能进行建模,通过分析找到影响无线Mesh网络端到端传输效率的因素,提出从网络负载控制、路由转发设计、链路速率调整等方面对网络协议的设计进行优化。
针对无线Mesh网络主干的无线多跳传输特点,研究基于负载均衡控制的路由转发协议。本文通过对面向Internet接入无线Mesh网络传输特性的分析,提出采用层次结构控制数据转发,通过层次内负载的均衡,来平衡整体网络负载;使用影响因子的概念将无线Mesh网络中上下游之间的负载关系考虑到路由判据中,设计了一种基于上下游链路质量相关的路由判据Metric;引入多网关多路径技术对路由协议进行设计,提出一种多网关多路径路由协议,采用树形结构在源节点与目的节点间选择多条路径,应对链路失效,增加网络的冗余度。
为了提升无线Mesh网络中单跳无线传输的性能,本文着重从链路速率调整、链路传输调度两方面进行研究。为了解决“盲探测”过多尝试低效速率集的问题,提出了一种基于网络历史信息调整的速率自适应算法,通过短期探测评估结合历史有效信息调整的方法进行速率选择,提高了链路传输效率。本文进一步通过实验方法分析了802.11n系统中多输入多输出(MIMO)的特性,设计了一种新的MIMO速率自适应算法,采用模式内顺序移动、模式间跳转切换的方式确保能找到当前环境下的最优传输速率。为了提升射频利用率,开辟无线频谱资源,在多射频无线Mesh系统上,本文研究了基于包级别的调度机制,实现无线链路的并行传输,从而提高了网络吞吐量。
最后,本文以校园网络场景为例,针对所规划区域,在综合考虑用户需求异构、物理设备异质的基础上,提出基于成本优化的无线Mesh网络部署方案。
本文通过构建无线Mesh网络性能分析模型,找到网络端到端传输性能的因素,进而从负载控制、路由转发、速率调整、传输调度四个方面对协议进行了优化设汁,提高了Mesh网络容量和数据流端到端传输性能,改善了用户的体验,为WMN的其他研究提供有力的依据。
By the developing of wireless communication technologies, we can enjoy the convenient wireless network services for Internet accessing. Cellular Network has a high cost in construction and maintenance. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) based on IEEE 802.11 is widely used for Internet accessing. However, most WLANs used today are designed in Infrastructure mode. All the clients connect to the wired network through an access point within one hop. Limited by the wireless transmission range, the wireless coverage of WLAN is small. In addition, the coverage of wireless network depends on the availability of cable lines. It increases the cost to expand the coverage by building multiple WLANs. A new concept“Wireless Mesh Network”is provided to reduce the cost. Wireless Mesh Network uses wireless multi-hop technologies to expand network coverage. And it can provide more convenient and more affordable wireless broadband access.
Wireless Mesh Network uses wireless technology as the communication medium. Wireless transmission is interference because of the shared spectrum. Impacted by the environments, data transmission is unstable on wireless. In wireless mesh network, data packet is forwarded to destination by multiple hops. Conventional communication protocols cannot fully adapt to this new feature, which makes the end-to-end transmission inefficient. This dissertation aims to improve network capacity and communication efficiency of Internet-access-oriented wireless mesh network. It provides several optimizations of communication and network protocols based on the performance analysis.
First of all, in order to find the factors which affect the communication efficiency, we present a performance prediction model for 802.11-based wireless mesh networks. Based on the analysis, several strategies are provided to optimize the network for throughput, such as“load-balancing”,“routing design”,“rate adaption”, and so on.
Since wireless mesh network backbone is a multi-hop based wireless network, load-balanced routing protocol is investigated here for data forwarding. Based on the usage model of Internet-access-oriented wireless mesh network, a layered transmission model is suggested to control the network load. The entire network load is balanced through the balance of inner-layer. Then, we design a new routing metric for multi-radio and multi-channel wireless mesh network, which considers the transmission interference and takes the load balance between relevant links into account. Subsequently, a multi-gateway multi-path routing protocol is proposed to explore path diversity, cope with link failure and increase network redundancy. It constructs multiple paths between source and destination nodes using proactive tree architecture.
Rate adaption (RA) and transmission scheduling are studied to improve the single hop performance of wireless mesh network. The common rate adaption algorithms do not consider the short-term past performance. This“blind probing”can lead to significant loss and throughput degradation. We propose a history-aware rate adaption algorithm for legacy 802.11 wireless networks. It uses a simple generic adaptive probe time window mechanism to capture short-term history. It takes the tradeoff between history information and short-term probing. New challenges of rate adaption are brought in MIMO scenarios. A novel MIMO RA scheme is proposed in 802.11n wireless networks. Considering the characteristics of MIMO technologies, it zigzags between intra- and inter-mode rate options. Furthermore, in order to improve the radio efficiency, we design and implement a packet-level scheduling mechanism to explore parallel transmissions between wireless links. Radio diversity is explored here to increase network capacity.
In order to deploy a wireless mesh network in campus scenario, a cost-minimization deployment mechanism is provided finally. This mechanism takes both the different user demands and heterogeneous wireless devices into consideration.
On the whole, a performance analysis model is proposed in our dissertation. Based on the analysis result, four protocol optimizations are designed to improve network capacity, end-to-end performance and user experience, which include load-balancing, routing design, rate adaption and transmission scheduling. All these work can provide a strong foundation for other related topics in WMNs.
引文
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