湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展研究
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摘要
矿产资源是人类生存与发展的重要物质基础。我国矿产资源开发为经济建设和社会发展做出了巨大贡献。可长期以来,因缺乏环保意识、采用掠夺式和粗放型的矿产开发模式,出现了开采秩序混乱、利用效率低下、生产事故频发、生态破坏严重等问题,致使资源富集区“越开发越穷”现象普遍存在,严重制约了这些地区的经济社会发展。如何在资源开发过程中保护好矿区生态环境,从而促进矿业的可持续发展正是本文的研究目的。我们首先界定了矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的共生系统——矿区生态经济系统,并对矿区生态经济系统的特征、运行机理进行了深入分析。在此基础上提出,矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展必须健全和完善矿产开发生态补偿机制,并分析和总结了国内外矿产开发生态补偿经验,构建了我国矿产开发生态补偿机制的基本框架。补偿机制运行效果如何,还必须借助于科学合理的评价指标进行多方面、多层次的综合评价,因此,在科学性、实用性、系统性、可靠性原则要求下,构建了经济子系统、资源子系统和生态环境子系统的描述性指标体系,并在描述性指标体系中提炼出评价性指标体系。为使指标体系具有可比性,介绍了网络层次分析法和主成分分析法两种指标赋权方法的基本原理和操作步骤,并指出衡量矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调状况的综合指标是协调度。
在查阅湖南各种统计年鉴和实地调查的基础上,我们对湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展进行了纵向和横向差异演化趋势的实证研究。纵向演化趋势分析从两个方面来进行：一是单指标纵向分析。在数据的可获得性要求下,我们选取了城镇居民与矿区居民恩格尔系数之比、城镇居民和矿区居民人均收入之比、城镇劳动生产率与矿区劳动生产率之比、资源回收率与资源开采率之比、环保投入占矿区总投入比重等五个指标。指标选定后,首先分析了每个指标的历史演化趋势,做出了相应的演化趋势图,并做了简要的结果分析；二是多指标纵向分析,即运用网络层次分析法和主成分分析法给上述五个指标进行赋权,权重值与湖南1978-2008年度相应数据的加权平均数即为综合协调度。指标的演化结果表明,湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展差异总体趋势是不断扩大的,尽管在少数年份某些指标的演化差异有不断缩小的趋势。同时,为了对湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境保护存在的问题提出针对性的建议,本文还以2008年为例,对湖南14个市、州矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的空间差异进行了横向对比分析,选取的方法是网络层次分析法和主成分分析法,并进行了聚类分析。聚类结果表明,湖南2008年14个市、州的矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展呈现较为明显的区域非均衡发展局面,东部地区的协调度明显高于中西部地区的协调度。
无论是纵向还是横向评价都表明,湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的总体形势不容乐观,这不仅与科学发展观相违背,也与湖南“两型”社会建设的目标相冲突。据此,我们在认清湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展形势的基础上,充分借鉴国外的经验与教训,构建了湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的生态补偿机制和接续产业援助机制,并提出了发展矿业集群模式、矿业循环经济模式和低碳经济模式的对策建议。通过机制构建、制度创新和发展模式,以期推进湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展,实现湖南“两型”社会建设的宏伟目标。
Mineral resources are the important materials for human existence and development, and exploitation of mineral resources has contributed greatly to our country's economic and social development. However, due to lack of environmental-protection sense, predatory and extensive exploitation, severe problems have occurred in the course of mineral exploitation, causing disorder exploitation, low efficiency, frequent accidents and damaged ecological system. The more the mineral resources are exploited, the poorer the mineral-enriched areas have become. To protect the ecological system of the mineral areas in the course of exploitation, we first give a definition to eco-economical system in the mineral areas, a co-existent system to coordinate mineral exploitation and environmental protection, and analyze its features and running mechanism. Based on this, it is proposed that an eco-compensation mechanism concerning mineral exploitation and ecological development in the mineral areas should be perfected. By analyzing the experience of eco-compensation mechanism at home and abroad, we describe a framework of eco-compensation mechanism for mineral exploitation in our country. It is clear that to evaluate the efficiency of compensation mechanism, an integrated way is needed, guided by scientific evaluating index. Trying to make it scientific, practical, systematic and reliable, we construct a descriptive index system of sub-economic system, sub-resources system and sub-ecological system, and construct an evaluating index system from it. To make the index systems more comparable, the basic principles and operation steps of network-level analysis and principal components analysis are introduced respectively. It is pointed out that the integrated index to evaluate mineral exploitation and ecological protection is the degree of coordination.
By consulting various statistic almanacs and doing field surveys in Hunan Province, we have an empirical study of mineral exploitation and ecological coordination in the Province, both in vertical and lateral evolvement tendency. The vertical evolvement tendency is analyzed from two aspects. The first one is single index analysis. At the request of acquirable data, we choose five proportion indexes. They are the Engel coefficient proportion between urban dwellers and mineral-area dwellers, the proportion of per capita income between urban dwellers and mineral-area dwellers, the proportion of working efficiency between urban and mineral areas, the proportion between resource recovery rate and resource exploitation rate, and the percentage of environmental protection investment in the total investment in the mineral areas. After the indexes are chosen, the historical evolvement tendency of each index is analyzed, and its corresponding chart of evolvement tendency is made, and the result is briefly indicated as well. The second one is multiple index analysis, that is, to weigh the above-mentioned five indexes according to network-level analysis and principal components analysis, and the weighted average, from the weight and the corresponding annual data in Hunan Province from 1978 to 2008, is just the integrated degree of coordination. The result of index evolvement indicates that the difference between mineral exploitation and ecological coordination has been constantly increased, though in certain years the evolvement difference is decreased. Meanwhile, this paper, taking 14 cities and one prefecture as a case study in Hunan Province in 2008, studies the space difference of mineral exploitation and ecological coordination in a lateral and comparative way, hoping to provide solutions for the existing problems. Network-level analysis and principal components analysis are used in the study, and clustering analysis is adopted. The clustering result indicates that mineral exploitation and ecological coordination is geographically unbalanced in the Province, the eastern areas having an obvious higher degree of coordination than the western areas.
The evaluation, whether from vertical or lateral, shows that the general situation of mineral exploitation and ecological coordination in Hunan Province is depressing. This is against the scientific view of development and conflicting with the Province's goal to build a two-oriented (resource-saving and environment-friendly) society. Understanding this, we have fully drawn lessons and experience from foreign countries and constructed an ecological compensation mechanism and a continuous industry-aid mechanism as well. We have also provided suggestions to develop mineral cluster model, mineral circular economy model and low-carbon economy model. By constructing mechanisms, reforming systems and proving suggestions, we hope that mineral exploitation and ecological environment could be developed harmoniously, and the Province's goal to build a two-oriented society could be realized.
在查阅湖南各种统计年鉴和实地调查的基础上,我们对湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展进行了纵向和横向差异演化趋势的实证研究。纵向演化趋势分析从两个方面来进行：一是单指标纵向分析。在数据的可获得性要求下,我们选取了城镇居民与矿区居民恩格尔系数之比、城镇居民和矿区居民人均收入之比、城镇劳动生产率与矿区劳动生产率之比、资源回收率与资源开采率之比、环保投入占矿区总投入比重等五个指标。指标选定后,首先分析了每个指标的历史演化趋势,做出了相应的演化趋势图,并做了简要的结果分析；二是多指标纵向分析,即运用网络层次分析法和主成分分析法给上述五个指标进行赋权,权重值与湖南1978-2008年度相应数据的加权平均数即为综合协调度。指标的演化结果表明,湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展差异总体趋势是不断扩大的,尽管在少数年份某些指标的演化差异有不断缩小的趋势。同时,为了对湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境保护存在的问题提出针对性的建议,本文还以2008年为例,对湖南14个市、州矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的空间差异进行了横向对比分析,选取的方法是网络层次分析法和主成分分析法,并进行了聚类分析。聚类结果表明,湖南2008年14个市、州的矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展呈现较为明显的区域非均衡发展局面,东部地区的协调度明显高于中西部地区的协调度。
无论是纵向还是横向评价都表明,湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的总体形势不容乐观,这不仅与科学发展观相违背,也与湖南“两型”社会建设的目标相冲突。据此,我们在认清湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展形势的基础上,充分借鉴国外的经验与教训,构建了湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展的生态补偿机制和接续产业援助机制,并提出了发展矿业集群模式、矿业循环经济模式和低碳经济模式的对策建议。通过机制构建、制度创新和发展模式,以期推进湖南矿产开发与矿区生态环境协调发展,实现湖南“两型”社会建设的宏伟目标。
Mineral resources are the important materials for human existence and development, and exploitation of mineral resources has contributed greatly to our country's economic and social development. However, due to lack of environmental-protection sense, predatory and extensive exploitation, severe problems have occurred in the course of mineral exploitation, causing disorder exploitation, low efficiency, frequent accidents and damaged ecological system. The more the mineral resources are exploited, the poorer the mineral-enriched areas have become. To protect the ecological system of the mineral areas in the course of exploitation, we first give a definition to eco-economical system in the mineral areas, a co-existent system to coordinate mineral exploitation and environmental protection, and analyze its features and running mechanism. Based on this, it is proposed that an eco-compensation mechanism concerning mineral exploitation and ecological development in the mineral areas should be perfected. By analyzing the experience of eco-compensation mechanism at home and abroad, we describe a framework of eco-compensation mechanism for mineral exploitation in our country. It is clear that to evaluate the efficiency of compensation mechanism, an integrated way is needed, guided by scientific evaluating index. Trying to make it scientific, practical, systematic and reliable, we construct a descriptive index system of sub-economic system, sub-resources system and sub-ecological system, and construct an evaluating index system from it. To make the index systems more comparable, the basic principles and operation steps of network-level analysis and principal components analysis are introduced respectively. It is pointed out that the integrated index to evaluate mineral exploitation and ecological protection is the degree of coordination.
By consulting various statistic almanacs and doing field surveys in Hunan Province, we have an empirical study of mineral exploitation and ecological coordination in the Province, both in vertical and lateral evolvement tendency. The vertical evolvement tendency is analyzed from two aspects. The first one is single index analysis. At the request of acquirable data, we choose five proportion indexes. They are the Engel coefficient proportion between urban dwellers and mineral-area dwellers, the proportion of per capita income between urban dwellers and mineral-area dwellers, the proportion of working efficiency between urban and mineral areas, the proportion between resource recovery rate and resource exploitation rate, and the percentage of environmental protection investment in the total investment in the mineral areas. After the indexes are chosen, the historical evolvement tendency of each index is analyzed, and its corresponding chart of evolvement tendency is made, and the result is briefly indicated as well. The second one is multiple index analysis, that is, to weigh the above-mentioned five indexes according to network-level analysis and principal components analysis, and the weighted average, from the weight and the corresponding annual data in Hunan Province from 1978 to 2008, is just the integrated degree of coordination. The result of index evolvement indicates that the difference between mineral exploitation and ecological coordination has been constantly increased, though in certain years the evolvement difference is decreased. Meanwhile, this paper, taking 14 cities and one prefecture as a case study in Hunan Province in 2008, studies the space difference of mineral exploitation and ecological coordination in a lateral and comparative way, hoping to provide solutions for the existing problems. Network-level analysis and principal components analysis are used in the study, and clustering analysis is adopted. The clustering result indicates that mineral exploitation and ecological coordination is geographically unbalanced in the Province, the eastern areas having an obvious higher degree of coordination than the western areas.
The evaluation, whether from vertical or lateral, shows that the general situation of mineral exploitation and ecological coordination in Hunan Province is depressing. This is against the scientific view of development and conflicting with the Province's goal to build a two-oriented (resource-saving and environment-friendly) society. Understanding this, we have fully drawn lessons and experience from foreign countries and constructed an ecological compensation mechanism and a continuous industry-aid mechanism as well. We have also provided suggestions to develop mineral cluster model, mineral circular economy model and low-carbon economy model. By constructing mechanisms, reforming systems and proving suggestions, we hope that mineral exploitation and ecological environment could be developed harmoniously, and the Province's goal to build a two-oriented society could be realized.
引文
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