网络中立政策的演进与分析
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摘要
伴随着电信产业的快速发展,互联网产业也蓬勃发展,与此同时也产生了新的问题：电信运营商与互联网企业之间的利益纷争。为保护消费者利,平衡电信运营商和互联网企业的利益,网络中立政策也随之诞生。了解网络中立的发展进程和立法情况,探索实现网络中立的方法途径,在理论和实践中都有重要意义。
本文研究发现,网络中立政策经过近些年的发展并未能取得实质性的进展,立法情况同样如此,网络中立的美好初衷仍然未能实现。本文经过深入分析,得出有线网络的网络中立势必要打破运营商网业合一的格局,以网业分离为突破,才能在网络中立性上取得实质性的进展。
本文主要以美国和英国的电信业发展情况为例,通过文献、理论分析、对比研究,证明网业分离是实现网络中立的切实可行办法。并希望以此结论给我国的电信产业结构调整带来一些启示。
With the rapid development of the telecommunications industry, the Internet industry is also booming at the same time also had a new problem:the conflict of interest between Internet service providers and internet enterprises. To protect consumer interests, balance the interests of internet enterprises and the Internet service providers, network neutrality policy was born. Understanding the development of network neutrality and legislative progress, exploring ways to solve the argument of network neutrality, are important both in theory and practice.
This study found that in recent years the network neutrality police have not made any progress, neither in legislative situation. The debate remains unresolved. Thorough analysis and come to the wired network's network neutrality is bound to break the pattern of industry one of the operators network as the breakthrough in the separation of Mesh in order to make substantive progress on net neutrality.
This paper take the telecommunications industry in the United States and the United Kingdom as an example, through literature, theoretical analysis, comparative studies, prove that the functional separation is a practical way to solve the net neutrality debate. With this conclusion I hope to bring some enlightenment to China's telecom industry structure adjustment.
本文研究发现,网络中立政策经过近些年的发展并未能取得实质性的进展,立法情况同样如此,网络中立的美好初衷仍然未能实现。本文经过深入分析,得出有线网络的网络中立势必要打破运营商网业合一的格局,以网业分离为突破,才能在网络中立性上取得实质性的进展。
本文主要以美国和英国的电信业发展情况为例,通过文献、理论分析、对比研究,证明网业分离是实现网络中立的切实可行办法。并希望以此结论给我国的电信产业结构调整带来一些启示。
With the rapid development of the telecommunications industry, the Internet industry is also booming at the same time also had a new problem:the conflict of interest between Internet service providers and internet enterprises. To protect consumer interests, balance the interests of internet enterprises and the Internet service providers, network neutrality policy was born. Understanding the development of network neutrality and legislative progress, exploring ways to solve the argument of network neutrality, are important both in theory and practice.
This study found that in recent years the network neutrality police have not made any progress, neither in legislative situation. The debate remains unresolved. Thorough analysis and come to the wired network's network neutrality is bound to break the pattern of industry one of the operators network as the breakthrough in the separation of Mesh in order to make substantive progress on net neutrality.
This paper take the telecommunications industry in the United States and the United Kingdom as an example, through literature, theoretical analysis, comparative studies, prove that the functional separation is a practical way to solve the net neutrality debate. With this conclusion I hope to bring some enlightenment to China's telecom industry structure adjustment.
引文
[1]Wu, T. (2003). Network neutrality, broadband discrimination. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law,2,141-179.
[2]Federal Trade Commission (2007) "Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy," Report, June 2007. [Online], http://www.ftc.gov/reports/broadband/vO70000report.pdf.
[3]T. Berners-Lee, "Neutrality of the Net," 2006. [Online], http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/132.
[4]付玉辉,“塑造怎样的互联网”,2009
[5]李宏博,“网络中立的规制成本分析”,2009
[6]T. Wu and C. S. Yoo, "Keeping the Internet Neutral?:Tim Wu and Christopher Yoo Debate," Vanderbilt Public Law Research Paper No.06-27. [Online], http://ssrn.com/paper=953989
[7]Cerf, V.G. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce. senate. gov/hearings/testimony. cfm?id= 1705.
[8]Berners, Tim (2011-05-04). "Tim Berners-Lee, Long Live the Web:A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality, Scientific American Magazine, December 2010". Scientificamerican.com. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
[9]J. Crowcroft, "Net Neutrality:The Technical Side of the Debate:A White Paper," SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., vol.37, no.1, pp.49-56,2007.
[10]Ben Scott,Wu, T. (2004). The broadband debate:A user's guide. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law,3,69-96.
[11]Lessig. (2001). The future of ideas. New York:Random House
[12]Mc Chesney,Lessig, L. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online],
[13]Alok Bhardwaj, " argues that any violations to network neutrality "
[14]Ayn Rand Institude, "When should there not be property rights?"
[15]Jon Peha, "Future Internet Architecture:Technology and Policy Issues"
[16]Insenberg, "Net Neutrality"
[17]"Internet Tiered Services:Theory, Economics, and Quality of Service", Springer,2009-4-1
[18]王永刚,阚凯力,《从欧盟电信改革看网业分离》,知网学术论文选,2011年第2期,59页
[19]罗枫,谢明敦,《电信产业应逐步实现网业分离和网络中立》
[20]戴晓鸥,《我国宽带发展不平衡,业界热议网业分离》,《中国新通信》2011.7
[21]科资,网络中立争论分两阵营,互联网免费午餐不再2006
[22]John Musacchio, "Network Neutrality and Provider Investment Incentives"
[23]Calina Schwartz, "Network Neutrality:Avoiding the Extremes"
[24]Khaled Deeb, "A survey on Net netruality"
[25]By ungcho Kim, "A Comparison of Network Neutrality Debates between US and South Korea"
[26]王东,上撰文《网络真能中立吗?》,《中国信通信杂志》2006.7
[27]中国电信广州研究院,徐建峰《移动互联网与网络开放中立》,2009
[28]刘光浩,《欧盟电信业分离的几种模式》,工信部电信研究院,20010.12
[28]阚凯力,对电信业的思考与挑战,北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[30]斯蒂格利茨,《政府为什么干预经济》,物资出版社1998年版
[31]斯蒂格利茨,《经济学》,人民大学出版社1997年版
[32]张五常,交易成本范式,《经济解释—张五常经济论文选》,商务印书馆,北京,2000
[33]张五常,何谓价,《经济解释—张五常经济论文选》,商务印书馆,北京,2000
[34]Tropina, T, et al. Functional separation within the European Union:Debates and challenges, Telematics and Informatics, Vol.27, Issue 3, August2010, pp. 231-241.
[35]"Comcast and BitTorrent Form Collaboration to Address Network Management, Network Architecture and Content Distribution", Press Release, Comcast,27 Mar.2008, [Online], http://www.comcast.com/About/PressRelease/PressReleaseDetail.ashx?PRID=740.
[36]Bachula, G.R. (2006, February 7).Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress.Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce.senate. gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[37]Barron, J.A. (1973). Freedom of the press for whom? The right of access to mass media. Bloomington, Indiana:Indiana University Press.
[38]Congressional Research Service. May 16,2006. Net neutrality:Background and issues.CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RS22444,1-6.
[39]Federal Communications Commission (FCC) v. Midwest Video Corporation, 440 U.S.689(1979).
[40]Herman, B.D. (2007). Opening bottlenecks:On behalf of mandated network neutrality. Federal Communications Law Journal,59(1),107-159. Retrieved February 18,2007, [Online], http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=902071.
[41]Lessig. (2004, Fall). Coase's first question:When should there not be property rights? Regulation,27(3),38-41. http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[42]May, R.J. (2006, September 4). Anything but neutral. New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved November 23,2006, from Academic One File via Gale, [Online], http://find.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.iastate.edu:2048/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.
[43]McSlarrow, K. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[44]Olsen, S. (2006, April 13). AOL charged with blocking opponents'email. CNet News.com. Retrieved March 1,2007, [Online], http://news.com.com/AOL+charged+with+blocking+opponents+email/2100-1030_3-6061089.html.
[45]Save the Internet. Frequently asked questions [F.A.Q.'s]. Retrieved February 21, 2007, [Online], http://www.savetheinternet.com/=faq.
[46]Wu, T. (2003). Network neutrality, broadband discrimination. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law,2,141-179.
[47]Wu, T. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[48]Wu, T.& Lessig, L. (2003, August 22). Re:Ex parte submission in CS Docket No.02-52. Letter to the FCC regarding Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet Over Cable and Other Facilities, Declaratory Ruling and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,17 F.C.C.R.4798.Retrieved December 2,2007,[Online], http://www.freepress.net/docs/wu lessig fcc.pdf
[49]E.Felten, "Nuts and Bolts of Network Neutrality," Working Paper, http://itpolicy.princeton.edu/pub/neutrality.pdf, Center for Information Technology Policy,2006.
[50]B.M. Owen and G. L. Rosston, "Local Broadband Access:A Property Rights Approach," SSRN eLibrary,2003. [Online], http://ssrn.com/paper=431620
[51]R. D. Atkinson and P. Weiser, "A'Third Way'on Network Neutrality," SSRN eLibrary,2006. [Online], http://ssrn.com/paper=1004522
[52]Department of Justice Comments on "Network Neutrality" in Federal Communications Commission Proceeding, September 6,2007.[Online], http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2007/225782.pdf.
[53]T. Wu, "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination," Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law, vol.2, pp.141-179,2003.
[54]Tim Wu Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination 2003(2)
[55]Susan P. Crawford《Transporting Communications》Boston University Law Review, Volume 89 Number 3-June 2009
[56]FTC Staff Report Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy 2007
[57]Department Of Justice comments On "Network, Neutrality" In Federal Communications Commission, Proceeding 2007
[58]杨然,”网络中立”下的利益交锋,世界电信,2006(11)
[59]张晓栋,美国”网络中立”法规初见曙光,广东电信技术2009(4)
[60]胡凌,”网络中立“在美国,互联网评论,2009(7)
[61]木力,”网络中立”再掀波澜,中国数字电视,2009(9)
[62]雁鸣,创新自由无须批准,中国数字电视,2009(10)
[63]许翠萍,InCoda:2010年美国通信业10大预测,通讯世界2010(1)
[64]俞悦,美国网络中立性新规将重蹈美国《1996年电信法》覆辙2009(9)
[65]祁金华,两个世界的规则碰撞,当代传播,2006(15)
[66]高金萍,美国媒体改革记录：民主与市场的博弈,中国图书评论,2009(9)
[67]凡晓芝,沈建苗,2010年：互联网面临崩溃,泰尔实验室电信技术,2010(1)
[68]付玉辉,”网络中立”论争的实质及其影响,国际新闻界,2009(7)
[2]Federal Trade Commission (2007) "Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy," Report, June 2007. [Online], http://www.ftc.gov/reports/broadband/vO70000report.pdf.
[3]T. Berners-Lee, "Neutrality of the Net," 2006. [Online], http://dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/132.
[4]付玉辉,“塑造怎样的互联网”,2009
[5]李宏博,“网络中立的规制成本分析”,2009
[6]T. Wu and C. S. Yoo, "Keeping the Internet Neutral?:Tim Wu and Christopher Yoo Debate," Vanderbilt Public Law Research Paper No.06-27. [Online], http://ssrn.com/paper=953989
[7]Cerf, V.G. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce. senate. gov/hearings/testimony. cfm?id= 1705.
[8]Berners, Tim (2011-05-04). "Tim Berners-Lee, Long Live the Web:A Call for Continued Open Standards and Neutrality, Scientific American Magazine, December 2010". Scientificamerican.com. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web. Retrieved 2011-12-21.
[9]J. Crowcroft, "Net Neutrality:The Technical Side of the Debate:A White Paper," SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., vol.37, no.1, pp.49-56,2007.
[10]Ben Scott,Wu, T. (2004). The broadband debate:A user's guide. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law,3,69-96.
[11]Lessig. (2001). The future of ideas. New York:Random House
[12]Mc Chesney,Lessig, L. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online],
[13]Alok Bhardwaj, " argues that any violations to network neutrality "
[14]Ayn Rand Institude, "When should there not be property rights?"
[15]Jon Peha, "Future Internet Architecture:Technology and Policy Issues"
[16]Insenberg, "Net Neutrality"
[17]"Internet Tiered Services:Theory, Economics, and Quality of Service", Springer,2009-4-1
[18]王永刚,阚凯力,《从欧盟电信改革看网业分离》,知网学术论文选,2011年第2期,59页
[19]罗枫,谢明敦,《电信产业应逐步实现网业分离和网络中立》
[20]戴晓鸥,《我国宽带发展不平衡,业界热议网业分离》,《中国新通信》2011.7
[21]科资,网络中立争论分两阵营,互联网免费午餐不再2006
[22]John Musacchio, "Network Neutrality and Provider Investment Incentives"
[23]Calina Schwartz, "Network Neutrality:Avoiding the Extremes"
[24]Khaled Deeb, "A survey on Net netruality"
[25]By ungcho Kim, "A Comparison of Network Neutrality Debates between US and South Korea"
[26]王东,上撰文《网络真能中立吗?》,《中国信通信杂志》2006.7
[27]中国电信广州研究院,徐建峰《移动互联网与网络开放中立》,2009
[28]刘光浩,《欧盟电信业分离的几种模式》,工信部电信研究院,20010.12
[28]阚凯力,对电信业的思考与挑战,北京邮电大学出版社,2005
[30]斯蒂格利茨,《政府为什么干预经济》,物资出版社1998年版
[31]斯蒂格利茨,《经济学》,人民大学出版社1997年版
[32]张五常,交易成本范式,《经济解释—张五常经济论文选》,商务印书馆,北京,2000
[33]张五常,何谓价,《经济解释—张五常经济论文选》,商务印书馆,北京,2000
[34]Tropina, T, et al. Functional separation within the European Union:Debates and challenges, Telematics and Informatics, Vol.27, Issue 3, August2010, pp. 231-241.
[35]"Comcast and BitTorrent Form Collaboration to Address Network Management, Network Architecture and Content Distribution", Press Release, Comcast,27 Mar.2008, [Online], http://www.comcast.com/About/PressRelease/PressReleaseDetail.ashx?PRID=740.
[36]Bachula, G.R. (2006, February 7).Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress.Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce.senate. gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[37]Barron, J.A. (1973). Freedom of the press for whom? The right of access to mass media. Bloomington, Indiana:Indiana University Press.
[38]Congressional Research Service. May 16,2006. Net neutrality:Background and issues.CRS Report for Congress, Order Code RS22444,1-6.
[39]Federal Communications Commission (FCC) v. Midwest Video Corporation, 440 U.S.689(1979).
[40]Herman, B.D. (2007). Opening bottlenecks:On behalf of mandated network neutrality. Federal Communications Law Journal,59(1),107-159. Retrieved February 18,2007, [Online], http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=902071.
[41]Lessig. (2004, Fall). Coase's first question:When should there not be property rights? Regulation,27(3),38-41. http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[42]May, R.J. (2006, September 4). Anything but neutral. New Jersey Law Journal. Retrieved November 23,2006, from Academic One File via Gale, [Online], http://find.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.iastate.edu:2048/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS.
[43]McSlarrow, K. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[44]Olsen, S. (2006, April 13). AOL charged with blocking opponents'email. CNet News.com. Retrieved March 1,2007, [Online], http://news.com.com/AOL+charged+with+blocking+opponents+email/2100-1030_3-6061089.html.
[45]Save the Internet. Frequently asked questions [F.A.Q.'s]. Retrieved February 21, 2007, [Online], http://www.savetheinternet.com/=faq.
[46]Wu, T. (2003). Network neutrality, broadband discrimination. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law,2,141-179.
[47]Wu, T. (2006, February 7). Testimony before United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation,109th Congress. Hearing on Net Neutrality. Retrieved November 21,2006, [Online], http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=1705.
[48]Wu, T.& Lessig, L. (2003, August 22). Re:Ex parte submission in CS Docket No.02-52. Letter to the FCC regarding Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet Over Cable and Other Facilities, Declaratory Ruling and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking,17 F.C.C.R.4798.Retrieved December 2,2007,[Online], http://www.freepress.net/docs/wu lessig fcc.pdf
[49]E.Felten, "Nuts and Bolts of Network Neutrality," Working Paper, http://itpolicy.princeton.edu/pub/neutrality.pdf, Center for Information Technology Policy,2006.
[50]B.M. Owen and G. L. Rosston, "Local Broadband Access:A Property Rights Approach," SSRN eLibrary,2003. [Online], http://ssrn.com/paper=431620
[51]R. D. Atkinson and P. Weiser, "A'Third Way'on Network Neutrality," SSRN eLibrary,2006. [Online], http://ssrn.com/paper=1004522
[52]Department of Justice Comments on "Network Neutrality" in Federal Communications Commission Proceeding, September 6,2007.[Online], http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press_releases/2007/225782.pdf.
[53]T. Wu, "Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination," Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law, vol.2, pp.141-179,2003.
[54]Tim Wu Network Neutrality, Broadband Discrimination 2003(2)
[55]Susan P. Crawford《Transporting Communications》Boston University Law Review, Volume 89 Number 3-June 2009
[56]FTC Staff Report Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy 2007
[57]Department Of Justice comments On "Network, Neutrality" In Federal Communications Commission, Proceeding 2007
[58]杨然,”网络中立”下的利益交锋,世界电信,2006(11)
[59]张晓栋,美国”网络中立”法规初见曙光,广东电信技术2009(4)
[60]胡凌,”网络中立“在美国,互联网评论,2009(7)
[61]木力,”网络中立”再掀波澜,中国数字电视,2009(9)
[62]雁鸣,创新自由无须批准,中国数字电视,2009(10)
[63]许翠萍,InCoda:2010年美国通信业10大预测,通讯世界2010(1)
[64]俞悦,美国网络中立性新规将重蹈美国《1996年电信法》覆辙2009(9)
[65]祁金华,两个世界的规则碰撞,当代传播,2006(15)
[66]高金萍,美国媒体改革记录：民主与市场的博弈,中国图书评论,2009(9)
[67]凡晓芝,沈建苗,2010年：互联网面临崩溃,泰尔实验室电信技术,2010(1)
[68]付玉辉,”网络中立”论争的实质及其影响,国际新闻界,2009(7)
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