基于PDCA与SDCA循环的电力系统黑启动服务管理
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摘要
为了提高电网安全运行水平,在当前电力系统黑启动能力维持标准缺失的情况下,建全电力系统安全防御体系,本文研究了电力系统维持黑启动能力所必须具备的条件,提出了规范黑启动能力的黑启动服务成熟度模型,并结合山东电网黑启动研究与实验的实际经验设计了基于PDCA与SDCA循环混合的系统黑启动能力维持的框架体系结构,并在山东电网的两次黑启动实验管理中发挥了作用。
首先,针对目前电力系统黑启动能力维持过程中缺乏从运行风险角度进行分级控制的现状,提出了黑启动服务成熟度评价模型。通过建立递阶评价因素集,给出了评价因素与运行风险之间的灰色模糊关系,采用灰色模糊理论综合评估电网的黑启动服务安全成熟度。运用灰色模糊算法对黑启动过程的风险因素进行了综合评判。按照最大隶属度原则,选取可信度值最大的评价对应的决断为最终评价结果。
其次,针对目前电力系统黑启动能力缺乏有效机制以维持与持续改进的现状,提出PDCA模式的试验管理机制与SDCA循环的黑启动服务管理模式。按照风险驱动、事故优先控制和持续改进三个实施原则,指导实施了山东电网的黑启动现场试验。在黑启动试验策划阶段,发现了抽水蓄能机组低负荷下参数失常、开关直流电源缺失、子系统同期并列困难等风险因素,通过分阶段整改在实验前排除了风险。试验实施阶段分方式调整、机组停机、黑启动试验、试验子系统恢复四个步骤实施,各步骤时间控制效果良好；试验检查与数据分析阶段通过试验录波数据分析了抽水蓄能电站、大型火电机组的黑启动性能,全面验证了试验目标；整改行动阶段修订了原有黑启动方案,制订了新一轮的试验方案与调度操作方案。PDCA循环模式将风险高、代价大、涉及面广的试验通过前馈控制、同期控制与反馈控制三个环节,实现黑启动应急管理闭环,有效保证了试验的顺利实施。同时,通过循环前进与持续改进,促使电网黑启动能力能够更加符合实战要求。
和PDCA一样,基于SDCA的黑启动服务管理采用项目计划方法,将黑启动服务项目相关人员的任务转换成为组织管理的标准过程,能够有效保证标准得以执行。通过对黑启动服务的量化分解,能够客观地决定如何对黑启动服务项目执行过程进行控制以及对组织标准过程进行改进。基于SDCA的黑启动服务管理,赋予了整个黑启动服务管理过程极大的标准性,保证了黑启动服务的质量。
最后,在技术上依据新的标准重新制定了山东电网黑启动方案,对方案内容做了充分电气校核,并对基于泰山抽水蓄能的黑启动方案做了实际的试验,试验结果正确,验证了黑启动服务方案的基本思路。
In order to improve the grid security level, this paper studies the conditions for maintain power system black start ability. It proposed the power system black start services maturity models to normalize the standards of power system black start ability. And a hybrid PDCA and SDCA cycles based management system was designed for the maintenance of power system black start ability. It was demonstrated during the two times power system black start experiments of Shandong power systems.
The proposed power system black start services maturity models were designed in view of the present situation of lack of grading control in the power system black start ability mantenance process considering operating risks. Through the establishment of hierarchical evaluation factors set, the grey fuzzy relations were given to evaluate operating risks. Grey fuzzy algorithms was adopted in the process of black start the comprehensive evaluation. According to the principle of selecting the maximum membership degree, the maximum reliability evaluation for the final judgment of the corresponding evaluation result.
According to the lack of an effective mechanism to maintain and continuous improve the black start capability of the system, and to achieve a dynamic cycle management of hazard identification and risk control, it was proposed a black start services management mechanism based on PDCA and SDCA mode to achieve standardized management of black start services and field tests. The black start experiment management of PDCA mode is proposed according to the risk management mechanism, accident priority control and continuous improvement implementation principles. Shangdong power grid black start experiment is implemented successfully with the standardization management. In the Planning stage during implementation of PDCA cycle management, three risk factors including abnormal Parameters of the pumped-storage unit with low load, DC power shortage for breaks and issues of synchronism parallel operation are early detected and eliminated through rectification with several phases. In the Doing stage, test is implemented with four steps including adjustment of Operation Mode, shutdown of units, black start test and restoration of subsystem. Time is controlled accurately during test procedure. In the Checking stage, the black start ability of pumped-storage unit and large thermal power unit is analyzed with recording data of test. Test objectives are fully verified. In the Action stage, prior schemes of black start are revised. Test plan and dispatching operation are developed for the next cycle. Following the PDCA pattern, the high-risk large-cost experiment involving wide scopes realizes the closed-loop management with feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control. It effectively guarantees the smooth implementation of the experiment. Moreover, the continuous improvement action promotes black start capabilities to be more in line with actual requirements.
As the PDCA, SDCA used the project plan methods. Black start services program related personnel tasks were converted to a set of standard processes of organization and management. It can effectively guarantee the standard will be implemented. Through the quantification decomposition of black start services, it can objectively decide how to control and improve the service project execution process. Based on SDCA cycle, black start service management, to the whole black start service management processes great straight-ahead, ensure the black start quality of service.
Finally, according to the new standard re-enacted the shandong grid black start scheme with fully electric checking, and based on Tai-an pumped-storage black start field tests was carried out. The field tests results verifies the basic thought of service plan.
首先,针对目前电力系统黑启动能力维持过程中缺乏从运行风险角度进行分级控制的现状,提出了黑启动服务成熟度评价模型。通过建立递阶评价因素集,给出了评价因素与运行风险之间的灰色模糊关系,采用灰色模糊理论综合评估电网的黑启动服务安全成熟度。运用灰色模糊算法对黑启动过程的风险因素进行了综合评判。按照最大隶属度原则,选取可信度值最大的评价对应的决断为最终评价结果。
其次,针对目前电力系统黑启动能力缺乏有效机制以维持与持续改进的现状,提出PDCA模式的试验管理机制与SDCA循环的黑启动服务管理模式。按照风险驱动、事故优先控制和持续改进三个实施原则,指导实施了山东电网的黑启动现场试验。在黑启动试验策划阶段,发现了抽水蓄能机组低负荷下参数失常、开关直流电源缺失、子系统同期并列困难等风险因素,通过分阶段整改在实验前排除了风险。试验实施阶段分方式调整、机组停机、黑启动试验、试验子系统恢复四个步骤实施,各步骤时间控制效果良好；试验检查与数据分析阶段通过试验录波数据分析了抽水蓄能电站、大型火电机组的黑启动性能,全面验证了试验目标；整改行动阶段修订了原有黑启动方案,制订了新一轮的试验方案与调度操作方案。PDCA循环模式将风险高、代价大、涉及面广的试验通过前馈控制、同期控制与反馈控制三个环节,实现黑启动应急管理闭环,有效保证了试验的顺利实施。同时,通过循环前进与持续改进,促使电网黑启动能力能够更加符合实战要求。
和PDCA一样,基于SDCA的黑启动服务管理采用项目计划方法,将黑启动服务项目相关人员的任务转换成为组织管理的标准过程,能够有效保证标准得以执行。通过对黑启动服务的量化分解,能够客观地决定如何对黑启动服务项目执行过程进行控制以及对组织标准过程进行改进。基于SDCA的黑启动服务管理,赋予了整个黑启动服务管理过程极大的标准性,保证了黑启动服务的质量。
最后,在技术上依据新的标准重新制定了山东电网黑启动方案,对方案内容做了充分电气校核,并对基于泰山抽水蓄能的黑启动方案做了实际的试验,试验结果正确,验证了黑启动服务方案的基本思路。
In order to improve the grid security level, this paper studies the conditions for maintain power system black start ability. It proposed the power system black start services maturity models to normalize the standards of power system black start ability. And a hybrid PDCA and SDCA cycles based management system was designed for the maintenance of power system black start ability. It was demonstrated during the two times power system black start experiments of Shandong power systems.
The proposed power system black start services maturity models were designed in view of the present situation of lack of grading control in the power system black start ability mantenance process considering operating risks. Through the establishment of hierarchical evaluation factors set, the grey fuzzy relations were given to evaluate operating risks. Grey fuzzy algorithms was adopted in the process of black start the comprehensive evaluation. According to the principle of selecting the maximum membership degree, the maximum reliability evaluation for the final judgment of the corresponding evaluation result.
According to the lack of an effective mechanism to maintain and continuous improve the black start capability of the system, and to achieve a dynamic cycle management of hazard identification and risk control, it was proposed a black start services management mechanism based on PDCA and SDCA mode to achieve standardized management of black start services and field tests. The black start experiment management of PDCA mode is proposed according to the risk management mechanism, accident priority control and continuous improvement implementation principles. Shangdong power grid black start experiment is implemented successfully with the standardization management. In the Planning stage during implementation of PDCA cycle management, three risk factors including abnormal Parameters of the pumped-storage unit with low load, DC power shortage for breaks and issues of synchronism parallel operation are early detected and eliminated through rectification with several phases. In the Doing stage, test is implemented with four steps including adjustment of Operation Mode, shutdown of units, black start test and restoration of subsystem. Time is controlled accurately during test procedure. In the Checking stage, the black start ability of pumped-storage unit and large thermal power unit is analyzed with recording data of test. Test objectives are fully verified. In the Action stage, prior schemes of black start are revised. Test plan and dispatching operation are developed for the next cycle. Following the PDCA pattern, the high-risk large-cost experiment involving wide scopes realizes the closed-loop management with feedforward control, concurrent control and feedback control. It effectively guarantees the smooth implementation of the experiment. Moreover, the continuous improvement action promotes black start capabilities to be more in line with actual requirements.
As the PDCA, SDCA used the project plan methods. Black start services program related personnel tasks were converted to a set of standard processes of organization and management. It can effectively guarantee the standard will be implemented. Through the quantification decomposition of black start services, it can objectively decide how to control and improve the service project execution process. Based on SDCA cycle, black start service management, to the whole black start service management processes great straight-ahead, ensure the black start quality of service.
Finally, according to the new standard re-enacted the shandong grid black start scheme with fully electric checking, and based on Tai-an pumped-storage black start field tests was carried out. The field tests results verifies the basic thought of service plan.
引文
1. Roger, K., Restoration in Sweden and experience gained from the blackout of 1983. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987.2(2):p.422-428.
2. Adibi, M.M., J.N. Borkoshi, and R.J. Kafka, Power system, restoration-the second task force report. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987.2(4):p. 927-933.
3. Adibi, M.M., P. Clelland, L. Fink, et al., Power system restoration-a task force report. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987.2(2):p.271-277.
4. U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force. Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada, in https://reports.energy.gov/.2004.
5. NERC, NETC planning standards.1997, North American Electric Reliability Council.
6.中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会,DL/T 723-2000.电力系统安全稳定控制技术导则.2001,北京：中国电力出版社.
7.唐震,山西电网黑启动方案滚动研究及其保护配置.山西电力,2007(143)：p.4-6.
8.国家电力调度通信中心文件,电力系统黑启动方案编制和实施技术规范(试行).调技[2005]88号,2005.
9.江长明,闰贺群,许鹏,等,华北电网黑启动实验.电力系统自动化,2000.25(24)：p.57-58.
10. Northeast Power Coordinating Council:http://www.npcc.org/.
11. NERC administered products:Ontario Power System Restoration Plan. http://www.nerc.com/～oc/pds.html.
12.夏少连,李国柱,华中网调黑启动方案的编制.华中电力,2002.15(增刊)：p.76-80.
13.张涛,沈青,戴建炜,等,贵州电网黑启动方案研究.贵州电力技术,2002.5(11)：p.5-8.
14.周云海,闵勇,林姿峰,等.,吉林电网黑启动方案的制定及仿真.中国电 力,2002.35(4)：p.28-31.
15.张其明,王万军,陕西电网黑启动方案研究.电网技术,2002.26(4)：p.42-45.
16. Adibi, M.M., R.W. Alexander, and B. Avramovic, Overvoltage control during restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1992.7(4):p.1464-1470.
17. Adibi, M.M., D.P. Milanicz, and T.L. Volkmann, Asymmetry issues in power system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1999.14(3):p.1085-1091.
18. Adibi, M.M. and D.P. Milanicz, Protective system issues during restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1995.10(3):p.1492-1497.
19.杨可,刘俊勇,贺星棋,et al.,黑启动负荷恢复对电压影响的理论及实例分析.电力系统自动化,2008.32(24)：p.11-15.
20.陈小平and顾雪平,基于遗传模拟退火算法的负荷恢复计划制定.电工技术学报,2009.24(1)：p.171-175.
21.程改红and徐政,基于粒子群优化的最优负荷恢复算法.电力系统自动化,2007.31(16)：p.62-65.
22. SARAF N, MCINTYRE K, DUMAS J, et al. The annual black start service selection analysis of ERCOT grid[J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,2009, 24(4):1867-1874.
23. ERCOT Current Protocols, Section 6:Ancillary Services. Available: http://www.ercot.com/mktrules/protocols/current.html,Sep.2007.
24. NERC Standard EOP-005-1, System Restoration Plans. Available: ftp://www.nerc.com/pub/sys/all updl/standards/rs/EOP-005-1.pdf.
25.张铭.海南“9.26”大停电后电网黑启动过程的启示[J].华东电力,2005,33(11)：13-15.
26.彭赛红,琚自力.冰灾期间郴州电网黑启动分析[J].华中电力2008,.21(2)：53-56.
27. Adibi, M.M., L.H. Fink, C.J. Andrews, et al., Special considerations in power system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1992.7(4):p.1419-1427.
28.林姿峰,闵勇,周云海,等.电力市场中的黑启动服务[J].电力系统自动化,2002,26(2)：9-13.
29. KIRKBY B, HIRST E. New Black start Standards Needed for Competitive Markets.IEEE Power Engineering Review,1999,19(2):9-11.
30. PJM Black Start Service. http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/ancillary-services/black-start-service.asp x.
2. Adibi, M.M., J.N. Borkoshi, and R.J. Kafka, Power system, restoration-the second task force report. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987.2(4):p. 927-933.
3. Adibi, M.M., P. Clelland, L. Fink, et al., Power system restoration-a task force report. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1987.2(2):p.271-277.
4. U.S.-Canada Power System Outage Task Force. Final Report on the August 14, 2003 Blackout in the United States and Canada, in https://reports.energy.gov/.2004.
5. NERC, NETC planning standards.1997, North American Electric Reliability Council.
6.中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会,DL/T 723-2000.电力系统安全稳定控制技术导则.2001,北京：中国电力出版社.
7.唐震,山西电网黑启动方案滚动研究及其保护配置.山西电力,2007(143)：p.4-6.
8.国家电力调度通信中心文件,电力系统黑启动方案编制和实施技术规范(试行).调技[2005]88号,2005.
9.江长明,闰贺群,许鹏,等,华北电网黑启动实验.电力系统自动化,2000.25(24)：p.57-58.
10. Northeast Power Coordinating Council:http://www.npcc.org/.
11. NERC administered products:Ontario Power System Restoration Plan. http://www.nerc.com/～oc/pds.html.
12.夏少连,李国柱,华中网调黑启动方案的编制.华中电力,2002.15(增刊)：p.76-80.
13.张涛,沈青,戴建炜,等,贵州电网黑启动方案研究.贵州电力技术,2002.5(11)：p.5-8.
14.周云海,闵勇,林姿峰,等.,吉林电网黑启动方案的制定及仿真.中国电 力,2002.35(4)：p.28-31.
15.张其明,王万军,陕西电网黑启动方案研究.电网技术,2002.26(4)：p.42-45.
16. Adibi, M.M., R.W. Alexander, and B. Avramovic, Overvoltage control during restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1992.7(4):p.1464-1470.
17. Adibi, M.M., D.P. Milanicz, and T.L. Volkmann, Asymmetry issues in power system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1999.14(3):p.1085-1091.
18. Adibi, M.M. and D.P. Milanicz, Protective system issues during restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1995.10(3):p.1492-1497.
19.杨可,刘俊勇,贺星棋,et al.,黑启动负荷恢复对电压影响的理论及实例分析.电力系统自动化,2008.32(24)：p.11-15.
20.陈小平and顾雪平,基于遗传模拟退火算法的负荷恢复计划制定.电工技术学报,2009.24(1)：p.171-175.
21.程改红and徐政,基于粒子群优化的最优负荷恢复算法.电力系统自动化,2007.31(16)：p.62-65.
22. SARAF N, MCINTYRE K, DUMAS J, et al. The annual black start service selection analysis of ERCOT grid[J]. IEEE Transaction on Power Systems,2009, 24(4):1867-1874.
23. ERCOT Current Protocols, Section 6:Ancillary Services. Available: http://www.ercot.com/mktrules/protocols/current.html,Sep.2007.
24. NERC Standard EOP-005-1, System Restoration Plans. Available: ftp://www.nerc.com/pub/sys/all updl/standards/rs/EOP-005-1.pdf.
25.张铭.海南“9.26”大停电后电网黑启动过程的启示[J].华东电力,2005,33(11)：13-15.
26.彭赛红,琚自力.冰灾期间郴州电网黑启动分析[J].华中电力2008,.21(2)：53-56.
27. Adibi, M.M., L.H. Fink, C.J. Andrews, et al., Special considerations in power system restoration. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1992.7(4):p.1419-1427.
28.林姿峰,闵勇,周云海,等.电力市场中的黑启动服务[J].电力系统自动化,2002,26(2)：9-13.
29. KIRKBY B, HIRST E. New Black start Standards Needed for Competitive Markets.IEEE Power Engineering Review,1999,19(2):9-11.
30. PJM Black Start Service. http://www.pjm.com/markets-and-operations/ancillary-services/black-start-service.asp x.