基于矿山3D数据库的采场贫损与稳定性研究
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摘要
我国地下矿山深孔、中深孔采空场的基础数据一直难以获取,采场的损失贫化、大块率及对周围充填体或围岩的破坏也一直难于控制,因此也相应制约了深孔、中深孔等高效率采矿方法在我国地下矿山的应用,与发达国家相比,我国深孔、中深孔采矿方法的应用比率明显偏低。另外,群体采空场和充填条件下采空场的稳定性问题缺乏较系统的研究,在理论和试验方面均有待于进一步探索,过去数值模拟的结果很难得到实际的验证,其参考价值存有一定的疑问。针对上述问题,结合国家“十一五”科技支撑计划项目“多灾源矿床高效率采矿与安全环境控制综合技术”(2006BAB02B04-1)和中南大学理科发展基金项目“采空场三维空间数据获取与可视化方法研究”(07SDF09),对深孔、中深孔采场的空间数据获取、损失贫化和稳定性进行了深入研究,主要研究内容如下:
第一,研究基于三维激光扫描技术的采空场探测方法。对三维空间数据获取原理、三维激光扫描技术原理进行理论的探索;研究激光扫描数据预处理、三维可视化模型的构建方法。
第二,研究激光在井下空气中的传播规律及扫描点云数据的误差影响因素。依据测量的误差理论,系统分析其误差的来源、误差的影响因素,最终推算出其点云数据单点精度的评价指标;研究激光光束在井下空气介质中的传播规律,从理论和实践上探索和分析井下激光能量衰减的主要原因。
第三,对构建的采空场三维可视化模型及矿山3D空间数据库进行系统的可视化挖掘。从采空场几何信息、空间关系信息、属性信息以及空间要素和非空间要素联合的可视化挖掘中,研究矿山空间信息可视化挖掘的理论、技术和方法,发现数据背后隐藏的有价值的深层信息,为更好地应用这些数据和信息奠定基础。
第四,从理论和技术上探索基于矿山3D数据库的采场贫损控制新方法。研究连续开采的采场贫损控制新模式,探索三维空间数据精确获取与高效率连续开采方法的良性互动与结合点;研究采矿环境再造的采场贫损控制新模式,探索减少人工框架的破坏,降低矿石损失贫化的新方法;研究基于矿山3D数据库的矿柱回采方法,解决两步骤回采的矿柱资源回收困难的问题;研究基于矿山3D数据库实际采矿过程中损失贫化的精确计算方法。
第五,从理论上系统地探索和研究了采空场失稳机理及采空场失稳的主要影响因素。通过数值模拟分析研究群体采空场、不同充填程度采空场的围岩稳定状态及其失稳破坏规律,并采用CMS扫描对模拟结果进行检验;通过系统的区域地质岩层调查与实验室测试分析,获取准确的数值模拟基础参数,并研究参数变化对模拟结果的影响;研究采空场安全控制与处理的技术、理论和方法,采用CMS扫描的方法研究采空场项板破坏的演化规律。
本文立足于学科前沿,紧密结合地下矿山实践,综合运用数学、力学、图形学、采矿学的基本知识,采用先进的试验手段和技术方法,对采空场空间数据获取、贫损控制与稳定性分析进行了深入细致的研究,为最终实现经济、安全、高效的回采奠定了理论和技术基础,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。
Being lack of the basic data of stopes with long or medium long blast holes in underground mines in our country and out of control of the loss and dilution, fragmentation and failure of fill mass and surrounding rock, they restrict the application of the efficient mining methods with long and medium long blast holes in our country correspondingly. And compared with the developed countries, the application ratio of long or medium long blast holes mining methods is obviously somewhat low. Moreover, researches on the stability of multi cavities and cavity under backfilling lack systematic study. It is awaited for more researches in theory and experiment further. The numerical simulation result is difficult to test practically in the past. And its reference value has certain question. Aiming at above questions, the author studied deeply and systematically on the spatial data acquisition of stopes with long and medium-long blast holes, dilution and stability, combining with two main projects: the 11~(th) five-year National Key Technology R&D Program "Comprehensive Technology of Efficient Mining and Safety Environment Control in Deposits with Multi Disaster Source" (2006BAB02B04-1) and the Science Subjects Expansion Funds Project of CSU "Study on 3D Spatial Data Acquisition and Visualization of Cavities" (07SDF09). The main research contents and results in the dissertation are as follows:
First of all, surveying method of stopes and cavities based on 3D laser scanning technology was studied systematically. The 3D spatial data gaining principle and the 3D laser scanning technology principle were explored in theory. Laser scanning data processing and construction method of the 3D visualization model were studied.
Secondly, the laser propagation rule in the underground air and error influencing factors of scanning point clouds were studied systematically. Its error's origin and error's influencing factors were analyzed based on the error propagation rule, and the sole point position precision of the cloud data was deduced finally; The propagation characteristics of laser beam in underground air medium were studied, primary causes of the laser energy decaying in the underground were explored theoretically and practically.
Thirdly, visual data mining of 3D cavity models and 3D spatial databases were performed systematically. From the visual data mining of geometry information, the spatial relations information, the attribute information as well as the union of the spatial and non-spatial information, we studied the theories, techniques and methods of the mine spatial information visual data mining, discovered the valuable and in-depth information hiding behind the data and laid the foundation of applying these data and information better.
Fourthly, the new methods of the stope dilution control based on 3D mining database were explored theoretically and technically. The new mode of stope dilution control in continuous mining was studied. The interaction and combination of 3D laser surveying and the efficient continuous mining methods were searched for. The new mode of stope dilution control in reconstructed mining environment was studied, the decrease of artificial structure destruction and dilution were explored; The new method of pillar stoping based on 3D database was studied, the problem of the pillar resources recovery which 2-step stoped was solved. The precise counting method of dilution in the actual mining process based on 3D database was studied.
Finally, the mechanism and affecting factors of cavity surrounding rock failure were explored. By the numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, the failure rules of surrounding rock in multi cavities and cavity under backfilling were studied, the simulation result was tested by CMS scanning; By systematical investigation of the regional geology rock layer and laboratory test, the accurate numerical simulation parameters were gained, and the influence of parameter variation to the simulation result was analyzed. The techniques, theories and methods of cavity safety control and dealing were studied. The evolved rules of cavity roof failure were studied by CMS scanning.
In short, the research in this dissertation is based on the frontal of the subject and combined with underground mining practice closely. The theories and methods of mathematics, mechanics, graphics, mining, advanced experiment means and technical methods are used in studying on cavity spatial data acquisition, dilution control and stability analysis in depth and detail. It founded a theoretical and technological basis for realizing economic, safe and efficient mining. The research in the dissertation is of important theoretical significance and engineering application values.
第一,研究基于三维激光扫描技术的采空场探测方法。对三维空间数据获取原理、三维激光扫描技术原理进行理论的探索;研究激光扫描数据预处理、三维可视化模型的构建方法。
第二,研究激光在井下空气中的传播规律及扫描点云数据的误差影响因素。依据测量的误差理论,系统分析其误差的来源、误差的影响因素,最终推算出其点云数据单点精度的评价指标;研究激光光束在井下空气介质中的传播规律,从理论和实践上探索和分析井下激光能量衰减的主要原因。
第三,对构建的采空场三维可视化模型及矿山3D空间数据库进行系统的可视化挖掘。从采空场几何信息、空间关系信息、属性信息以及空间要素和非空间要素联合的可视化挖掘中,研究矿山空间信息可视化挖掘的理论、技术和方法,发现数据背后隐藏的有价值的深层信息,为更好地应用这些数据和信息奠定基础。
第四,从理论和技术上探索基于矿山3D数据库的采场贫损控制新方法。研究连续开采的采场贫损控制新模式,探索三维空间数据精确获取与高效率连续开采方法的良性互动与结合点;研究采矿环境再造的采场贫损控制新模式,探索减少人工框架的破坏,降低矿石损失贫化的新方法;研究基于矿山3D数据库的矿柱回采方法,解决两步骤回采的矿柱资源回收困难的问题;研究基于矿山3D数据库实际采矿过程中损失贫化的精确计算方法。
第五,从理论上系统地探索和研究了采空场失稳机理及采空场失稳的主要影响因素。通过数值模拟分析研究群体采空场、不同充填程度采空场的围岩稳定状态及其失稳破坏规律,并采用CMS扫描对模拟结果进行检验;通过系统的区域地质岩层调查与实验室测试分析,获取准确的数值模拟基础参数,并研究参数变化对模拟结果的影响;研究采空场安全控制与处理的技术、理论和方法,采用CMS扫描的方法研究采空场项板破坏的演化规律。
本文立足于学科前沿,紧密结合地下矿山实践,综合运用数学、力学、图形学、采矿学的基本知识,采用先进的试验手段和技术方法,对采空场空间数据获取、贫损控制与稳定性分析进行了深入细致的研究,为最终实现经济、安全、高效的回采奠定了理论和技术基础,具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。
Being lack of the basic data of stopes with long or medium long blast holes in underground mines in our country and out of control of the loss and dilution, fragmentation and failure of fill mass and surrounding rock, they restrict the application of the efficient mining methods with long and medium long blast holes in our country correspondingly. And compared with the developed countries, the application ratio of long or medium long blast holes mining methods is obviously somewhat low. Moreover, researches on the stability of multi cavities and cavity under backfilling lack systematic study. It is awaited for more researches in theory and experiment further. The numerical simulation result is difficult to test practically in the past. And its reference value has certain question. Aiming at above questions, the author studied deeply and systematically on the spatial data acquisition of stopes with long and medium-long blast holes, dilution and stability, combining with two main projects: the 11~(th) five-year National Key Technology R&D Program "Comprehensive Technology of Efficient Mining and Safety Environment Control in Deposits with Multi Disaster Source" (2006BAB02B04-1) and the Science Subjects Expansion Funds Project of CSU "Study on 3D Spatial Data Acquisition and Visualization of Cavities" (07SDF09). The main research contents and results in the dissertation are as follows:
First of all, surveying method of stopes and cavities based on 3D laser scanning technology was studied systematically. The 3D spatial data gaining principle and the 3D laser scanning technology principle were explored in theory. Laser scanning data processing and construction method of the 3D visualization model were studied.
Secondly, the laser propagation rule in the underground air and error influencing factors of scanning point clouds were studied systematically. Its error's origin and error's influencing factors were analyzed based on the error propagation rule, and the sole point position precision of the cloud data was deduced finally; The propagation characteristics of laser beam in underground air medium were studied, primary causes of the laser energy decaying in the underground were explored theoretically and practically.
Thirdly, visual data mining of 3D cavity models and 3D spatial databases were performed systematically. From the visual data mining of geometry information, the spatial relations information, the attribute information as well as the union of the spatial and non-spatial information, we studied the theories, techniques and methods of the mine spatial information visual data mining, discovered the valuable and in-depth information hiding behind the data and laid the foundation of applying these data and information better.
Fourthly, the new methods of the stope dilution control based on 3D mining database were explored theoretically and technically. The new mode of stope dilution control in continuous mining was studied. The interaction and combination of 3D laser surveying and the efficient continuous mining methods were searched for. The new mode of stope dilution control in reconstructed mining environment was studied, the decrease of artificial structure destruction and dilution were explored; The new method of pillar stoping based on 3D database was studied, the problem of the pillar resources recovery which 2-step stoped was solved. The precise counting method of dilution in the actual mining process based on 3D database was studied.
Finally, the mechanism and affecting factors of cavity surrounding rock failure were explored. By the numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, the failure rules of surrounding rock in multi cavities and cavity under backfilling were studied, the simulation result was tested by CMS scanning; By systematical investigation of the regional geology rock layer and laboratory test, the accurate numerical simulation parameters were gained, and the influence of parameter variation to the simulation result was analyzed. The techniques, theories and methods of cavity safety control and dealing were studied. The evolved rules of cavity roof failure were studied by CMS scanning.
In short, the research in this dissertation is based on the frontal of the subject and combined with underground mining practice closely. The theories and methods of mathematics, mechanics, graphics, mining, advanced experiment means and technical methods are used in studying on cavity spatial data acquisition, dilution control and stability analysis in depth and detail. It founded a theoretical and technological basis for realizing economic, safe and efficient mining. The research in the dissertation is of important theoretical significance and engineering application values.
引文
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