高压配网直挂式电能质量混合补偿技术及应用研究
摘要
非线性负荷的快速增长造成配网功率因数低、谐波含量高、负序电流大等电能质量问题,导致损耗大、设备故障频繁出现。由于高压配网(6/10/35kV)电压等级高,而电力电子器件的耐压水平较低,为实现高压直接补偿需通过不同形式的器件串联,这是当前研究的热点。目前对高压配网的电能质量直接治理主要停留在无功补偿上；而对高压谐波主要采用LC或降压APF,缺乏有源高压直接补偿装置。为此对一种新型高压直挂式混合补偿器(HVSHC)及相关控制技术与应用展开研究。在分析已有治理技术的基础上,对无功和谐波的快速检测方法进行了改进。结合HVSHC装置对其运行原理、等效模型、控制策略及优化技术展开了研究,并开发了HVSHC装置应用于电弧炉所在配网电能质量治理,取得了明显的成效。其主要研究工作及创新性成果如下：
(1)提出了一种由H桥级联型SVG与TCR型SVC组成的新型拓扑HVSHC。该种方式结合SVG的快速可控性和SVC大容量的优势直接对高压配网的大容量无功、谐波和负序进行同时治理,其中SVC对负序电流和波动较慢的大容量无功功率的进行补偿,而SVG对高压谐波和快速波动的无功功率跟踪补偿。通过协同控制可等效于一台同容量的纯SVG的补偿效果,且避免了大容量有源补偿研制问题,并降低了成本。
(2)提出了一种基于数字带通和多旋转坐标变化的无功、谐波快速检测方法。采用数字带通对特定次谐波电流进行分次提取后,采用多旋转坐标下的dq变换将其变成便于PI调节的直流量。该方式与普通旋转变换相比,用一个带通滤波器代替两个低通滤波器,减少了延时和计算量。
(3)建立了HVSHC的综合模型,并在此基础上提出了基于H桥级联多电平SVG在不同旋转坐标下的有功和无功解耦控制策略,并实现了无功和谐波的同时补偿控制；提出了基于相角相加的直流电压均衡控制,解决了直流电压之间的均衡问题；面向快速负荷提出了新型TCR控制触发策略,改进了无功计算、触发时刻选取,将SVC的响应时间从40～60ms提高到20～30ms。这些方法都通过仿真和实验验证。
(4)提出了一种基于规则和神经网络预测的SVG和SVC协同控制方法解决了因两者的响应时间不一致而导致SVG先于SVC响应而进入极限输出,从而使得SVG失去无功储备和谐波抑制功能的问题。以负载无功变化率为准则,将SVG的输出容量分类限制,并根据Elman神经网络对电压波动的预测来实现柔性跟踪。
(5)提出了一种调制波幅值可调和载波变频的优化控制方法。通过调制波幅值可调可抑制由于直流侧电压波动导致的逆变器输出电压的畸变；通过载波变频充分利用SVG的容量,以一定规则根据其输出无功功率的多少分区间改变开关频率,实现输出无功少时开关频率高,从而改善对谐波的抑制效果。
(6)开发了某铸锻厂35kV电弧炉系统用HVSHC装置,对HVSHC参数进行了优化计算。实际应用结果表明,不仅35kV的电能质量得到明显改善,而且还将每炉冶炼时间从原来的8h缩短为7h,节能降耗效果明显。
With rapid increasing of nonlinear loads, the problem of power quality is more and more serious including low power factor, serious harmonic pollution and large negative current. It results in high energy losses and frequent equipment failures. Because of the voltage level is too high to power electronic for power quality direct compensation in the high voltage distribution network (6/10/35kV), different topologies with power electronic device in series become a hot focus for solving the contradiction. At present, suspended technology is still restricted to reactive power compensation. LC and low voltage active power filter (APF) are the main ways for high voltage harmonic direct suppression, and the active suspended compensator is destitute. So a new high voltage suspended hybrid compensator (HVSHC) with its control and application is researched. The improved method of harmonic and reactive power fast extraction is advanced based on existing techniques, and the topological structure, operation principle and equivalent model of HVSHC are analysed. The control and optimization technologies of HVSHC are presented. The equipment of HVSHC is designed and applied to the distribution network of electric arc furnace, and the results demonstrate the validity of the proposed system.The major innovation research achievements include:
(1) A new topological structure combined with H bridge cascade SVG and TCR of SVC is proposed. With the merits of rapid controllability of SVG and large capacity of SVC, it comprehensively compensates the reactive power, harmonic and negative sequence current in high voltage distribution network. SVC is used to compensate negative sequence current and slow change reactive power, and SVG is used to suppress of harmonic and rapid change reactive power. The effect of HVSHC is equivalent to the same capacity pure SVG, but avoids the difficulty of large capacity active compensation and reduces the cost.
(2) A new method for fast extraction selective harmonic is proposed. It detects the control variables of selective harmonic by digital band-pass filter and multiple synchronous rotating reference coordinate in synchronism with frequency. Different AC variables are transformed DC components, which is easy to adjust by proportion-integral. With universal rotating transform, the proposed method decreases the delay time and calculation by two low power filters placed by a band pass filter.
(3) The equivalent model of HVSHC is built, the active power and reactive power decoupling control strategy of H bridge cascade multilevel is advanced on multiple synchronous coordinates is proposed. The reactive power and harmonics are control at the same time. A new control technique of phase angle superposition is introduce to slove DC voltage unbalance. A new calculation and trigger strategy is put forward for fast change loads, and reactive computer and the time of control are improved. The response time of TCR is improved from40～60ms to20～30ms. These methods are validated by the results of the simulation and the experiment.
(4) The cooperating control method based on rules and neural network prediction is proposed. It solved the problem of the function losing of reactive reserve and harmonic suppression by different response time of SVG and SVC. The output of SVG is limited by the change ratio of loads' reactive power, and flexible track of reactive power is realized based on the voltage fluctuation prediction by Elman neural network.
(5) An optimization method of adjustable modulation waveform amplitude and s variable switch frequency are invented. Output voltage distortion of H bridge cascade multilevel converter with DC voltage fluctuation is restrained by adjustable modulation waveform amplitude, and the ratio of active capacity is advanced by variable switch frequency. Switch frequency is divided to multi-sections by anticipant reactive power, and switch frequency is higher when output reactive power is lesser. The effect of harmonic suppression is improved.
(6) The HVSHC device of power quality compensation system for35kV distribution network of electric arc furnace in cast steel factory, and its parameters are optimization. The application results indicated not only that power quality is promoted roundly, but also that smelting time is decreased form8hours to7hours. Moreover it reduces the power energy consumption is obviously.
(1)提出了一种由H桥级联型SVG与TCR型SVC组成的新型拓扑HVSHC。该种方式结合SVG的快速可控性和SVC大容量的优势直接对高压配网的大容量无功、谐波和负序进行同时治理,其中SVC对负序电流和波动较慢的大容量无功功率的进行补偿,而SVG对高压谐波和快速波动的无功功率跟踪补偿。通过协同控制可等效于一台同容量的纯SVG的补偿效果,且避免了大容量有源补偿研制问题,并降低了成本。
(2)提出了一种基于数字带通和多旋转坐标变化的无功、谐波快速检测方法。采用数字带通对特定次谐波电流进行分次提取后,采用多旋转坐标下的dq变换将其变成便于PI调节的直流量。该方式与普通旋转变换相比,用一个带通滤波器代替两个低通滤波器,减少了延时和计算量。
(3)建立了HVSHC的综合模型,并在此基础上提出了基于H桥级联多电平SVG在不同旋转坐标下的有功和无功解耦控制策略,并实现了无功和谐波的同时补偿控制；提出了基于相角相加的直流电压均衡控制,解决了直流电压之间的均衡问题；面向快速负荷提出了新型TCR控制触发策略,改进了无功计算、触发时刻选取,将SVC的响应时间从40～60ms提高到20～30ms。这些方法都通过仿真和实验验证。
(4)提出了一种基于规则和神经网络预测的SVG和SVC协同控制方法解决了因两者的响应时间不一致而导致SVG先于SVC响应而进入极限输出,从而使得SVG失去无功储备和谐波抑制功能的问题。以负载无功变化率为准则,将SVG的输出容量分类限制,并根据Elman神经网络对电压波动的预测来实现柔性跟踪。
(5)提出了一种调制波幅值可调和载波变频的优化控制方法。通过调制波幅值可调可抑制由于直流侧电压波动导致的逆变器输出电压的畸变；通过载波变频充分利用SVG的容量,以一定规则根据其输出无功功率的多少分区间改变开关频率,实现输出无功少时开关频率高,从而改善对谐波的抑制效果。
(6)开发了某铸锻厂35kV电弧炉系统用HVSHC装置,对HVSHC参数进行了优化计算。实际应用结果表明,不仅35kV的电能质量得到明显改善,而且还将每炉冶炼时间从原来的8h缩短为7h,节能降耗效果明显。
With rapid increasing of nonlinear loads, the problem of power quality is more and more serious including low power factor, serious harmonic pollution and large negative current. It results in high energy losses and frequent equipment failures. Because of the voltage level is too high to power electronic for power quality direct compensation in the high voltage distribution network (6/10/35kV), different topologies with power electronic device in series become a hot focus for solving the contradiction. At present, suspended technology is still restricted to reactive power compensation. LC and low voltage active power filter (APF) are the main ways for high voltage harmonic direct suppression, and the active suspended compensator is destitute. So a new high voltage suspended hybrid compensator (HVSHC) with its control and application is researched. The improved method of harmonic and reactive power fast extraction is advanced based on existing techniques, and the topological structure, operation principle and equivalent model of HVSHC are analysed. The control and optimization technologies of HVSHC are presented. The equipment of HVSHC is designed and applied to the distribution network of electric arc furnace, and the results demonstrate the validity of the proposed system.The major innovation research achievements include:
(1) A new topological structure combined with H bridge cascade SVG and TCR of SVC is proposed. With the merits of rapid controllability of SVG and large capacity of SVC, it comprehensively compensates the reactive power, harmonic and negative sequence current in high voltage distribution network. SVC is used to compensate negative sequence current and slow change reactive power, and SVG is used to suppress of harmonic and rapid change reactive power. The effect of HVSHC is equivalent to the same capacity pure SVG, but avoids the difficulty of large capacity active compensation and reduces the cost.
(2) A new method for fast extraction selective harmonic is proposed. It detects the control variables of selective harmonic by digital band-pass filter and multiple synchronous rotating reference coordinate in synchronism with frequency. Different AC variables are transformed DC components, which is easy to adjust by proportion-integral. With universal rotating transform, the proposed method decreases the delay time and calculation by two low power filters placed by a band pass filter.
(3) The equivalent model of HVSHC is built, the active power and reactive power decoupling control strategy of H bridge cascade multilevel is advanced on multiple synchronous coordinates is proposed. The reactive power and harmonics are control at the same time. A new control technique of phase angle superposition is introduce to slove DC voltage unbalance. A new calculation and trigger strategy is put forward for fast change loads, and reactive computer and the time of control are improved. The response time of TCR is improved from40～60ms to20～30ms. These methods are validated by the results of the simulation and the experiment.
(4) The cooperating control method based on rules and neural network prediction is proposed. It solved the problem of the function losing of reactive reserve and harmonic suppression by different response time of SVG and SVC. The output of SVG is limited by the change ratio of loads' reactive power, and flexible track of reactive power is realized based on the voltage fluctuation prediction by Elman neural network.
(5) An optimization method of adjustable modulation waveform amplitude and s variable switch frequency are invented. Output voltage distortion of H bridge cascade multilevel converter with DC voltage fluctuation is restrained by adjustable modulation waveform amplitude, and the ratio of active capacity is advanced by variable switch frequency. Switch frequency is divided to multi-sections by anticipant reactive power, and switch frequency is higher when output reactive power is lesser. The effect of harmonic suppression is improved.
(6) The HVSHC device of power quality compensation system for35kV distribution network of electric arc furnace in cast steel factory, and its parameters are optimization. The application results indicated not only that power quality is promoted roundly, but also that smelting time is decreased form8hours to7hours. Moreover it reduces the power energy consumption is obviously.
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