中国象鼻溞属的形态与分子系统发育学研究
摘要
象鼻溞是一种在水体中常见、广泛分布的枝角类,多数淡水水体的优势浮游动物。在生态系统中起重要的作用。本论文以中国部分水库、湖泊的象鼻溞为对象,应用形态学、线粒体DNA COI基因序列和核糖体ITS区序列分析,进行了系统发育学研究,探讨象鼻溞属的分类地位和亲缘关系,为揭示不同类群间的系统发育提供了基础资料。结果如下：
1.运用形态学方法比较象鼻溞属的形态差异,对8个常规性状(体长、体高、甲壳高、第一触角、第二触角、壳刺、眼直径、侧孔到边缘的距离)进行测量,发现8个形状都无法作为物种的分类依据。根据侧孔到边缘的距离、壳瓣的形状和尾爪的栉刺数量对17个地点的样品进行分类,发现新疆天山天池、四川七星湖、四川金秋湖、甘肃刘家峡、云南拉市海的样品尾爪有2列栉刺及壳瓣的形状定为长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)。浙江千岛湖、湖北赤壁、江苏扬州、高邮湖、广东西丽水库、广东高州水库、浙江西湖、海南松涛水库、黑龙江的样品尾爪有1列栉刺,侧孔远离边缘定为脆弱象鼻溞(Bosmina fatalis),其中贵州的啊哈水库样品存在2个物种,乌拉圭是Bosmina freyi。
2.测定了线粒体DNA COI基因5’端部分序列,获得全序列长为617bp,其中变异位点256个,A+T(63.2%)含量明显高于G+C(36.8%)。转换数为30,颠换数为27,转换、颠换比(R)为1.1。分子系统树分为A、B、C3个谱系,A谱系分为A1和A2两个群体,B谱系又分为B1和B2两个群体,C为单独一枝,以后检概率为1.00单独成枝。TS(新疆)、JQ(四川)和LJX(甘肃)样品聚在B支,A2支的样品为四川省的YA和QX,后检概率是1.00,可能是一隐藏种。在地理分布上可以看出,除了BL(甘肃)样品为基本上是东西分化明显。
3.测定核糖体ITS区基因(ITS1、5.8S、ITS2)序列为1172个bp,碱基含量没有偏倚性。分子系统树分为明显的3个谱系结果,不同地理群体间相对聚为一枝。但是AH(贵州)的样品聚在不同的谱系中,AH2在1谱系中,而AH1、AH3位于2谱系,在系统树上可以认为贵州样品分为2个物种。这与形态观察结果一致。
Bosmina is a common zooplankton of Cladoceras.Bosmina has a high abundance in most water bodies and play an important role in ecological system. The present study, morphology, mtDNA and nrDNA were used as markers, to analyse the phylogeny of the Bosmina from China; Discusses the classification and the relationship of Bosmina, provides material and academic perspectives for the phylogeny of Bosmina. The results were as following:
1.We measured eight morphological varibales:total body length、carapace length、body height、length of first antennule、length of second antennule、length of mucrones、eye diameter、the distance Lateral head pore to ventral rim of head shield. All the speciemens were identified by difference in the distance Lateral head pore to ventral rim of head shield and the number of spinules in the postabdomen claw. The specimens of TS(XinJiang province)、QX(SiChuan province、LJX(GanSu province)、LS(YunNan province)、JQ(SiChuan province)have two row spinules in the postabdomen claw, and the lateral head pore close to the ventral margin of head shield, they are identified as Bosmina longirostris. The specimens of QDH(ZheJiang province), CB(HuBei province), YZ(JiangSu province), GY(JiangSu province), XL(GuangDong province), XH(ZheJiang province), HN(HaiNan province), GZ(GuangDong province) and HLJ(HeiLongjiang province) have one spinules in the postabdomen claw, and the lateral head pore is far away the ventral margin of head shield, they are identified as Bosmina fatalis. The specimens from AH comprised two spcies, the specimens of Uruguay is Bosmina freyi.
2.By determining mitochondrial DNA genetic sequences, the length of the COI genes were 617bp, variation, variable sites were 256, A+T (63.2%)>G+C (36.8%). And the average rate of Si/Sv(R) is about 1.1. There are three embranchment (A、B、C) in molecular phylogenetic tree, Embranchment A was divided into the two groups:Al and A2, Embranchment B was divided into two groups:B1 and B2, C is a phylogenetic group and the posterior probability is 1.00.TS(XinJiang province), JQ(SiChuan province), LJX(GanSu province) in the embranchment B, A2 was composed of YA and QX from Sichuan Province. The posterior probability is 1.00. It may be a cryptic species. In the geographical distribution, differentiation is obvious between the east and west parts of China except for BL(GanSu province) sample.
3.By determining Ribosomal ITS fragments (ITS1、5.8S、ITS), the sequence length is 1172bp, molecular phylogenetic tree is divided into three embranchments(1, 2 and 3), different geographical groups gathered in one embranchment relatively.But AH2 in the Embranchment 1, AH1 and AH3 in Embranchment 2, the speciemns of AH comprised two species in the molecular phylogenetic tree.
1.运用形态学方法比较象鼻溞属的形态差异,对8个常规性状(体长、体高、甲壳高、第一触角、第二触角、壳刺、眼直径、侧孔到边缘的距离)进行测量,发现8个形状都无法作为物种的分类依据。根据侧孔到边缘的距离、壳瓣的形状和尾爪的栉刺数量对17个地点的样品进行分类,发现新疆天山天池、四川七星湖、四川金秋湖、甘肃刘家峡、云南拉市海的样品尾爪有2列栉刺及壳瓣的形状定为长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)。浙江千岛湖、湖北赤壁、江苏扬州、高邮湖、广东西丽水库、广东高州水库、浙江西湖、海南松涛水库、黑龙江的样品尾爪有1列栉刺,侧孔远离边缘定为脆弱象鼻溞(Bosmina fatalis),其中贵州的啊哈水库样品存在2个物种,乌拉圭是Bosmina freyi。
2.测定了线粒体DNA COI基因5’端部分序列,获得全序列长为617bp,其中变异位点256个,A+T(63.2%)含量明显高于G+C(36.8%)。转换数为30,颠换数为27,转换、颠换比(R)为1.1。分子系统树分为A、B、C3个谱系,A谱系分为A1和A2两个群体,B谱系又分为B1和B2两个群体,C为单独一枝,以后检概率为1.00单独成枝。TS(新疆)、JQ(四川)和LJX(甘肃)样品聚在B支,A2支的样品为四川省的YA和QX,后检概率是1.00,可能是一隐藏种。在地理分布上可以看出,除了BL(甘肃)样品为基本上是东西分化明显。
3.测定核糖体ITS区基因(ITS1、5.8S、ITS2)序列为1172个bp,碱基含量没有偏倚性。分子系统树分为明显的3个谱系结果,不同地理群体间相对聚为一枝。但是AH(贵州)的样品聚在不同的谱系中,AH2在1谱系中,而AH1、AH3位于2谱系,在系统树上可以认为贵州样品分为2个物种。这与形态观察结果一致。
Bosmina is a common zooplankton of Cladoceras.Bosmina has a high abundance in most water bodies and play an important role in ecological system. The present study, morphology, mtDNA and nrDNA were used as markers, to analyse the phylogeny of the Bosmina from China; Discusses the classification and the relationship of Bosmina, provides material and academic perspectives for the phylogeny of Bosmina. The results were as following:
1.We measured eight morphological varibales:total body length、carapace length、body height、length of first antennule、length of second antennule、length of mucrones、eye diameter、the distance Lateral head pore to ventral rim of head shield. All the speciemens were identified by difference in the distance Lateral head pore to ventral rim of head shield and the number of spinules in the postabdomen claw. The specimens of TS(XinJiang province)、QX(SiChuan province、LJX(GanSu province)、LS(YunNan province)、JQ(SiChuan province)have two row spinules in the postabdomen claw, and the lateral head pore close to the ventral margin of head shield, they are identified as Bosmina longirostris. The specimens of QDH(ZheJiang province), CB(HuBei province), YZ(JiangSu province), GY(JiangSu province), XL(GuangDong province), XH(ZheJiang province), HN(HaiNan province), GZ(GuangDong province) and HLJ(HeiLongjiang province) have one spinules in the postabdomen claw, and the lateral head pore is far away the ventral margin of head shield, they are identified as Bosmina fatalis. The specimens from AH comprised two spcies, the specimens of Uruguay is Bosmina freyi.
2.By determining mitochondrial DNA genetic sequences, the length of the COI genes were 617bp, variation, variable sites were 256, A+T (63.2%)>G+C (36.8%). And the average rate of Si/Sv(R) is about 1.1. There are three embranchment (A、B、C) in molecular phylogenetic tree, Embranchment A was divided into the two groups:Al and A2, Embranchment B was divided into two groups:B1 and B2, C is a phylogenetic group and the posterior probability is 1.00.TS(XinJiang province), JQ(SiChuan province), LJX(GanSu province) in the embranchment B, A2 was composed of YA and QX from Sichuan Province. The posterior probability is 1.00. It may be a cryptic species. In the geographical distribution, differentiation is obvious between the east and west parts of China except for BL(GanSu province) sample.
3.By determining Ribosomal ITS fragments (ITS1、5.8S、ITS), the sequence length is 1172bp, molecular phylogenetic tree is divided into three embranchments(1, 2 and 3), different geographical groups gathered in one embranchment relatively.But AH2 in the Embranchment 1, AH1 and AH3 in Embranchment 2, the speciemns of AH comprised two species in the molecular phylogenetic tree.
引文
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