TC21细晶钛合金超塑性变形行为与断裂特征
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摘要
本文研究了初始晶粒度分别为2μm、4μm和7μm TC21细晶钛合金的超塑性能及超塑性变形过程中的组织演变、断裂机制和变形机理,为合金的应用提供理论依据。
在860℃～950℃温度范围和1×10~(-3)s~(-1)～5×10~(-4)s~(-1)应变速率范围内对合金进行了超塑性拉伸,拉伸结果表明TC21合金的超塑性能优异,晶粒度为2μm的试样在最佳变形温度(890℃)与最佳应变速率(5×10~(-4)s~(-1))条件下,断裂延伸率高达1400%。实验条件范围内,晶粒度为2μm和4μm试样的应力敏感指数m大于0.5,极值达到0.87,晶粒度7μm试样的m值在0.3～0.45之间。
利用金相显微镜对变形组织进行观察,发现变形会诱发两相晶粒沿拉伸轴方向联接长大,变形主要在β相内。变形初期,晶粒间不断协调,力求达到平衡态,动态再结晶现象明显,静态晶粒长大占主导地位;当应变量达到一定值时,组织很快达到动态平衡,进入高度稳定状态,从而保证合金获得优异的超塑性能。
扫描电镜对断裂表面的观察结果表明:晶粒度为2μm与4μm的试样因微小空洞的聚集连接而断裂,断口宏观形貌为“点状”,微观SEM形貌由大小、深浅不同的韧窝组成;晶粒度7μm的试样断口形式为“刀尖形”,可能因解理而开裂,最终以滑移方式分离,因而在断裂表面留下形貌学上的信息。
晶粒度为2μm与4μm试样的主要变形机制为晶界滑动。高温低应变速率下,晶界原子扩散控制的位错蠕变是主要的变形协调机制。随着应变速率的升高,温度的降低,原子扩散能力减弱,位错运动协调机制逐渐占主导地位。利用透射电镜在变形α相内观察到规则排列的位错墙。晶粒度为7μm试样的变形激活能值远大于纯钛的体扩散激活能,其变形属于高温塑性变形范畴,以晶内变形为主。
In this study,the tensile tests of fine-grained TC21 alloy with grain size 2μm,4μm and 7μm have been performed.And the deformed microstructure,fracture and deformed mechanism also have been examined to provide scientific support for the application.
The superplastic tensile tests have been performed at various temperature(860℃～950℃) and strain rate(1×10~(-3)s~(-1)～5×10~(-4)s~(-1)).The results show that fine-grained TC21 alloy has excellent superplasticity.On the optimal superplatic deformation condition(890℃,5×10~(-4)s~(-1)), the maximum of elongation for TC21 alloy is up to 1400%.The strain rate sensitive index m is more than 0.5 for TC21 alloy with grain size 2μm and 4μm,and the maximum ofm is 0.87, while m is between 0.3 and 0.5 for the alloy with grain size 0.7μm.
The microstructure of fine-grained TC21 alloy as a function of deformed temperature and strain rate was examined.Deformation primarily occurred alongβ/βorβ/αgrain boundary.During the initial stage of superplastic deformation,grain group coordinate deformation to establish the equilibrium state.So the microstructure varies significantly,and static grain growth is dominant.When equilibrium state is established,the microstructure is highly stable,thus ensue excellent superplaticity of fine-grained TC21 alloy.Strain inducing gain connection and growth,which is clearly observed during superplastic deformation.
The SEM morphology of the fracture surfaces is composed of various dimples.The macroscopic feature is punctiform.The alloy with grain size 2μm and 4μm submits to cavities rupture mechanism.The macroscopic feature of alloy with 7μm is knifepoint.The SEM morphology indicates the microstructure because of cleavage fracture and gliding fracture.
The dominant deformed mechanism of TC21 alloy with grain size 2μm and 4μm is grain boundary gliding.In the condition of low strain rate,coordination mechanism is dislocation creep controlled by diffusion through atoms at grain boundaries.As the strain rate increase or temperature decrease,the diffusion of atoms is obviously weakened,thus dislocation creep becomes the dominant coordination mechanism.And a lot of dislocation wall arranged regularly are observed in deformedα.The deformation of TC21 alloy with grain size 7μm is non-superplastic,just high temperature plastic deformation.
在860℃～950℃温度范围和1×10~(-3)s~(-1)～5×10~(-4)s~(-1)应变速率范围内对合金进行了超塑性拉伸,拉伸结果表明TC21合金的超塑性能优异,晶粒度为2μm的试样在最佳变形温度(890℃)与最佳应变速率(5×10~(-4)s~(-1))条件下,断裂延伸率高达1400%。实验条件范围内,晶粒度为2μm和4μm试样的应力敏感指数m大于0.5,极值达到0.87,晶粒度7μm试样的m值在0.3～0.45之间。
利用金相显微镜对变形组织进行观察,发现变形会诱发两相晶粒沿拉伸轴方向联接长大,变形主要在β相内。变形初期,晶粒间不断协调,力求达到平衡态,动态再结晶现象明显,静态晶粒长大占主导地位;当应变量达到一定值时,组织很快达到动态平衡,进入高度稳定状态,从而保证合金获得优异的超塑性能。
扫描电镜对断裂表面的观察结果表明:晶粒度为2μm与4μm的试样因微小空洞的聚集连接而断裂,断口宏观形貌为“点状”,微观SEM形貌由大小、深浅不同的韧窝组成;晶粒度7μm的试样断口形式为“刀尖形”,可能因解理而开裂,最终以滑移方式分离,因而在断裂表面留下形貌学上的信息。
晶粒度为2μm与4μm试样的主要变形机制为晶界滑动。高温低应变速率下,晶界原子扩散控制的位错蠕变是主要的变形协调机制。随着应变速率的升高,温度的降低,原子扩散能力减弱,位错运动协调机制逐渐占主导地位。利用透射电镜在变形α相内观察到规则排列的位错墙。晶粒度为7μm试样的变形激活能值远大于纯钛的体扩散激活能,其变形属于高温塑性变形范畴,以晶内变形为主。
In this study,the tensile tests of fine-grained TC21 alloy with grain size 2μm,4μm and 7μm have been performed.And the deformed microstructure,fracture and deformed mechanism also have been examined to provide scientific support for the application.
The superplastic tensile tests have been performed at various temperature(860℃～950℃) and strain rate(1×10~(-3)s~(-1)～5×10~(-4)s~(-1)).The results show that fine-grained TC21 alloy has excellent superplasticity.On the optimal superplatic deformation condition(890℃,5×10~(-4)s~(-1)), the maximum of elongation for TC21 alloy is up to 1400%.The strain rate sensitive index m is more than 0.5 for TC21 alloy with grain size 2μm and 4μm,and the maximum ofm is 0.87, while m is between 0.3 and 0.5 for the alloy with grain size 0.7μm.
The microstructure of fine-grained TC21 alloy as a function of deformed temperature and strain rate was examined.Deformation primarily occurred alongβ/βorβ/αgrain boundary.During the initial stage of superplastic deformation,grain group coordinate deformation to establish the equilibrium state.So the microstructure varies significantly,and static grain growth is dominant.When equilibrium state is established,the microstructure is highly stable,thus ensue excellent superplaticity of fine-grained TC21 alloy.Strain inducing gain connection and growth,which is clearly observed during superplastic deformation.
The SEM morphology of the fracture surfaces is composed of various dimples.The macroscopic feature is punctiform.The alloy with grain size 2μm and 4μm submits to cavities rupture mechanism.The macroscopic feature of alloy with 7μm is knifepoint.The SEM morphology indicates the microstructure because of cleavage fracture and gliding fracture.
The dominant deformed mechanism of TC21 alloy with grain size 2μm and 4μm is grain boundary gliding.In the condition of low strain rate,coordination mechanism is dislocation creep controlled by diffusion through atoms at grain boundaries.As the strain rate increase or temperature decrease,the diffusion of atoms is obviously weakened,thus dislocation creep becomes the dominant coordination mechanism.And a lot of dislocation wall arranged regularly are observed in deformedα.The deformation of TC21 alloy with grain size 7μm is non-superplastic,just high temperature plastic deformation.
引文
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