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鱼眼相机恒星法检校技术研究
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摘要
论文通过分析鱼眼相机检校的国内外研究现状及发展趋势,结合目前鱼眼相机检校存在的问题,提出采用恒星法检校鱼眼相机。研究了恒星法相机检校的原理,给出了检校的流程,并针对检校过程中的各个技术环节展开研究和试验,包括:星图获取、星点提取、星点中心计算、星图识别等;针对鱼眼镜头投影模型,推导了基于鱼眼相机投影公式的摄影测量光束平差解析式和直接线性变换式;论文提出了鱼眼相机检校的4种模型,采用实测数据进行了检校实验,最终检校精度达到100″量级,与目前搜集文献中国际上最好的结果相当,在视场角40°以内时,本文实验的精度优于该最好结果;论文在国内外首次提出鱼眼相机检校的有效视场问题,在检校实验中给出了相关指标,本文的有效检校视场可达140°,数据点个数可达470个,均明显优于国外检校实验中的相关指标;论文对不同检校模型有效检校视场的可扩展性进行了实验和分析,并论述了不同模型的优缺点及适用条件。
     论文的主要工作和创新点如下:
     (1)分析了恒星法相机检校的优缺点,论述了恒星法在检校鱼眼相机中的优势;研究了恒星法相机检校的原理,分析了恒星法相机检校的观测坐标系和观测模型,给出了恒星法相机检校的流程及关键技术环节;
     (2)将尼康10.5mm鱼眼镜头改装并与Alta U9000组合成可180°成像的鱼眼相机;对U9000CCD的固定图形噪声及噪声变化情况进行了测试和分析;研究了U900016位图像到Windows8位图像的转换方法,定义了用于存储、读取16位图像的UMP类;
     (3)精确测试和分析了ALta U9000曝光过程中各环节所需的时间,给出了根据程序执行时间计算精确曝光时间的模型和公式,实验表明,采用该模型,根据程序执行时间计算的曝光时刻误差小于0.2ms;
     (4)研究了鱼眼星图中星点图像的提取方法,为缩短提取时间,提出了星点提取的视框法;提出了适用于鱼眼星图的基于直方图的全局阈值确定方法,以及针对单星的自适应阈值算法;根据星点的特征,提出了不同背景、不同亮度星点的自动检测算法;
     (5)根据星点中心提取质心法的不同形式,总结出了质心法的统一模型;介绍了基于二维高斯分布的星点图像模拟方法,给出了影响星点中心算法精度的因素;针对这些因素,在不同条件的星点图像下,对各种常用星点中心算法的定心误差变化情况进行了模拟实验,并根据实验结果论述了不同算法对不同星点图像的适用情况;
     (6)介绍了常用的星图识别算法,分析了不同算法的优缺点及适用性;根据鱼眼星图的特点,提出了基于基准星的多三角形识别算法;针对该算法中基准星识别时间长的问题,利用星形法识别时间短的优点,提出了改进的多三角形识别法;
     (7)推导了鱼眼镜头在等立体角投影和等距投影下“共线条件方程式”的形式,依据该式推导了两种投影模型下摄影测量的光线束平差解析式和直接线性变换式;
     (8)根据鱼眼相机畸变主要为径向畸变的特点,提出了基于半视场角约束的等立体角十参数模型和等立体角投影多项式模型两种鱼眼相机检校模型,并采用实测数据进行了检校实验,对实验结果进行了分析;
     (9)根据等立体角投影下的摄影测量解析公式,提出了等立体角投影下的自检校平差模型,采用实测数据进行了检校实验,并与普通自检校平差模型的检校实验结果进行了比较分析;
     (10)针对投影模型不明确的鱼眼相机,提出了独立于投影模型的鱼眼相机投影曲面拟合检校方法,采用实测数据对等立体角投影的鱼眼相机进行了检校实验,取得了同等立体角投影多项式模型相当的实验结果;
     (11)针对鱼眼相机检校中的有效检校视场问题,对不同模型有效检校视场的可扩展性进行了实验和分析;结合检校视场可扩展性的实验结果,综合分析了本文提出的4种鱼眼相机检校模型的优缺点,并论述了不同模型的适用情况;
     (12)结合全站仪的测量结果,使用鱼眼相机对室内小型抛物面天线进行了测量实验,对鱼眼相机在测量领域的应用进行了初步探讨;实验表明,使用鱼眼相机测量时,任意有测量点的视场处,在检校时均应有观测数据,否则将导致该点的测量误差明显较大。
Analyzing the research status and development trends of fish-eye cameras calibration athome and abroad, according to the currently problems in fish-eye cameras calibration, thisdissertation proposes using stellar method to calibrating fish-eye cameras. In this dissertation, theprinciple of stellar calibration method is analyzed, and the calibration flow is presented, and allthe key technologies in calibration are analyzed and tested, which include star images getting,star points extracting, center coordinates calculating and star image identification. The bundleadjustment analytic formulae and DLT formulae of photogrammetry are derivated based on theprojective models of fish-eye cameras.4calibration models are presented. The calibratingexperiments are made using survey data, and the calibration accuracy is up to100’’, which isequivalent to the actual international best result. When the effectual calibration field of view isless than40°, the calibration accuracy of this paper is higher than the actual international bestresult. The matter of effectual calibration field of view is first presented in the world, and thevalue of it is presented in every calibration experiment. The effectual calibration field of view inthis paper’s experiment is more than140°, and the number of observation data is more than470,which are better than the actual international experiments. The experimentes of the extensibilityof effectual calibration field of view of different calibration modeles are made, and theexperiment resultes results and the advantages and disadvantages and the applicability of the4models are analyzed.
     The main works and contributions are summarized as follows:
     (1) The advantages and disadvantages of stellar camera calibration method are analyzed.The preponderance of stellar method in calibrating fish-eye cameras is discussed. The principleof stellar camera calibration method is studied, and the observation coordinate and model ofstellar camera calibration method are analyzed, and the calibration flow and key technologies arepresented.
     (2) A fish-eye camera which could image in180°space is established using the improvedNikon10.5mm fish-eye lens and the Alta U9000. The FPN and other noise of U9000CCD aretested and analyzed. The transformation methods from U900016bits images to Windows8bitsimages are studied, and the UMP class for saving and reading16bits images is defined.
     (3) The exposure time of Alta U9000is tested accurately, and the results make the error ofthe exposure time calculating using program execute time less than0.2ms.
     (4) The extraction methods of star points in fish-eye star images are studied, and the visualcase searching method is presented to shorten calculating time. The global threshold algorithm based on gray histogram which workes well in fish-eye star images and the self-adaptingthreshold algorithm for single star are presented. The star point automatic detecting algorithm ispresented according to star points’ characters that are different background and differentbrightness.
     (5) The uniform model of centroid algorithm is summarized, according to different forms.The simulation method of star point images based on2D Gauss distribution is introduced, andfactores which can influence the precise of star point center algorithmes are presented. Thesimulation experimentes of star point center calculating errors using all the common algorithmesin different star point images. According to the resultes, the applicability of different algorithmfor different star point images is discussed.
     (6) The star image identification algorithmes in common use are introduced, and theadvantages and disadvantages and applicability of the algorithmes are analyzed. Themulti-triangle identification algorithm based on datum stares is presented, according tocharacteres of fish-eye star images. To avoid the matter of this method that the identification timeof the datum stares is long, the improved multi-triangle identification algorithm is presentedcombining this method and the starlike mappings pattern algorithm whose calculating time isvery short.
     (7) The collinear equationes are derivated based on equisolid projection and equidistanceprojection of fish-eye lenses, and according to these equationes, the bundle adjustment analyticformulae and DLT formulae of photogrammetry are derivated based on equisolid projection andequidistance projection of fish-eye lenses.
     (8) According to the character of fish-eye cameras that the radial distortion is the maindistortion, two fish-eye camera calibration modeles, the equisolid projection polynomial modeland the equisolid projection ten-parameter model based on the restriction of angle of halfcoverage. The calibration experimentes are made using the two modeles and observation data,and the experiment resultes are analyzed.
     (9) According to the analytical formula of photogrammetry in equisolid projection, theself-calibration adjustment model in equisolid projection is presented. The calibrationexperimentes are made using this model and observation data, and the experiment resultes areanalyzed and compared to that of common self-calibration adjustment model.
     (10) To calibrate the fish-eye cameraes whose projection modeles are unknown, thecalibration method based on projection surface fitting is presented which is independent ofprojection model. The calibration experimentes of fish-eye camera using equisolid projection aremade using this model and observation data, the experiment resultes are the same well to theequisolid projection polynomial model.
     (11) To the matter of effectual calibration field of view in calibrating fish-eye camera, theexperimentes of the extensibility of effectual calibration field of view of different calibrationmodeles are made, and the experiment resultes are analyzed. According to this resultes, theadvantages and disadvantages of the four fish-eye camera calibration modeles presented in thisdissertation are analyzed synthetically, and the applicability of different modeles are discussed.
     (12) The survey experimentes for an indoor minitype parabolic reflector antenna are madeusing the fish-eye camera, according to the total station’s survey data for the antenna. Thediscussion preparatory to application of fish-eye camera in measurement is made, and conclusionis educed that if the fish-eye camera used in measurement, when calibtating, all the field of viewwhich could used in measurement should have observation data.
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