组织环境管理绩效分析方法与实证
|
摘要
各类组织资源利用效率低和废弃物产生量大已成为我国建设和谐社会，实现可持续发展的最主要障碍之一。推动和帮助各类组织主动开展环境管理是解决这一问题的重要和必要途径。建立环境管理体系(Environmental Management System，EMS)被认为有助于组织有效地实施环境管理，不断提升环境表现(EnvironmentalPerformacne，EP)。但迄今，EMS与EP的关系仍没有肯定的研究结论。为此，本论文依据我国组织开展环境管理活动的实践，通过建立可行的EP度量方法和环境管理方式有效性论证方法，论证组织建立EMS是否有助于其持续提升EP，并分析影响EP的主要因素，为我国各类组织有效开展环境管理提出建议。论文的主要研究内容和成果如下：
1、调查了浙江省大学和全国饭店业环境管理活动的基本情况。根据初步研究结果，确定利用浙江省大学水电管理和浙江省饭店业创建“绿色饭店”实践，进一步论证EMS与EP的关系，并分析EP主要影响因素。
2、根据度量EP既要考虑环境因素的物理量，也需考虑社会如何看待影响的特征，结合连续观测环境表现参数(Environmental Performance Indicator，EPI)三年及以上的情形，建立了EPI和EP度量新方法，并成功地应用于实证研究。
3、针对只能获得开展环境管理组织EPI的情形，建立了运用二项分布假设检验法论证环境管理方式有效性的新方法。研究表明，从整体上看，浙江省“绿色饭店”按照EMS的要求开展环境管理活动，其多数EPI持续改进；而浙江省大学按其现行管理方式管理水电没有取得显著的成效。这说明，组织建立EMS有助于其持续提升EP。
4、分析了影响浙江省大学和“绿色饭店”EP的主要可能因素。结果显示：保证环境管理要素的完整及循环执行是组织提升其EP的基础；核心利益攸关者的“压力”和“助力”是重要驱动力；组织目标包含明确可行的环境管理目标是前提；关心自身经济利益和长期发展是重要源动力；采取合适环境管理策略和方式方法是保证。
5、提出了保证环境管理有效开展需关注的若干问题：组织最高管理者应充分认识构建EMS的必要性，持续关注和支持EMS的运行，高度重视环境管理策略和方式方法，并努力获得外界的专业帮助和指导；此外，政府应更多地利用经济手段促使各类组织实施环境管理。
In China, the low efficiency of utilizing resources and too large quantity of wastesgenerated in all kinds of organization has become major obstacle to harmonious, andsustainable development. It seems to be an important and indispensable approach toencourage organizations to take proactive attitude to carry out environmentalmanagement in order to solve this problem. It is generally recognized that establishingan environmental management system (EMS) is helpful for an organization toeffectively implement environmental management and to continually improve itsenvironmental performance (EP). However, we cannot reach a definite conclusion onthe relationship between EMS and EP based on the existing literatures. Therefore,according to the environmental management practices of some organizations in China,this dissertation is going to establish appropriate methods for measuring EP, to furtherassess whether or not implementing an EMS in an organization can contribute to theimprovement of its EP, to analyze the key influencing factors of EP, and finally toprovide some suggestions to organizations for the sake of implementing environmentalmanagement effectively. The main investigations and results of this study are asfollows:
1. Review relevant literatures and find out the environmental practices on a wholein the universities in Zhejiang province and hotels around China. Based upon thepreliminary researches, it is then decided to investigate the linkage between EMS andEP and the main influencing factors of EP through examining the water and electricitymanagement of the universities and the movement of establishing the green hotels inZhejiang province.
2. Develop new approaches for measuring environmental performance indicator(EPI) and EP, with consideration for the requirement that both physical impact on theenvironment of an environmental aspect and how society perceives this have to be takeninto account when evaluating EPI and EP, and for the need of observing EPI for threeyears and above. Afterward, EPIs and EP of the universities and the green hotels inZhejiang province have been measured respectively.
3. Propose a new method for verifying the effectiveness of a mode ofenvironmental management when we can only obtain EPIs of organizations that havealready had environmental management in place. It proves that, as a whole, most of theEPIs of the green hotels in Zhejiang province had been improved continually as theycarry out environmental management in light of EMS, and the universities in Zhejiangprovince did not achieve significant fulfillment since they adopt existing managementmode to manage water and electricity consumption. So, this finding strongly suggeststhat implementing an EMS in an organization can contribute to the improvement of itsEP.
4. Examine main factors that might influence EP of the universities and the greenhotels in Zhejiang province. The findings are: to guarantee the existence of allenvironmental management elements and to execute the elements repeatedly are thefoundation for improving EP; the pressure and the assistance from key stakeholders arethe essential driving force for an organization to enhance its EP; it is a precondition forimproving EP that the management objectives of an organization containsenvironmental targets; organization paying attention to economic profits or long-termdevelopment is an important source for energizing itself to improve EP; it is a guaranteefor achieving a higher level of EP to adopt proper management strategies andapproaches.
5. Put forward several key issues to that attention should be paid for the sake ofeffectively implementing environmental management. The top management of anorganization should fully recognize the necessity of establishing an EMS, should followand support the operation of EMS continuously, should try to obtain professional helpand instruction from outside, and should attach great importance to environmentalmanagement strategies and approaches. Besides, governments should make more use ofeconomic measures to prod all sorts of organizations to implement environmentalmanagement.
1、调查了浙江省大学和全国饭店业环境管理活动的基本情况。根据初步研究结果，确定利用浙江省大学水电管理和浙江省饭店业创建“绿色饭店”实践，进一步论证EMS与EP的关系，并分析EP主要影响因素。
2、根据度量EP既要考虑环境因素的物理量，也需考虑社会如何看待影响的特征，结合连续观测环境表现参数(Environmental Performance Indicator，EPI)三年及以上的情形，建立了EPI和EP度量新方法，并成功地应用于实证研究。
3、针对只能获得开展环境管理组织EPI的情形，建立了运用二项分布假设检验法论证环境管理方式有效性的新方法。研究表明，从整体上看，浙江省“绿色饭店”按照EMS的要求开展环境管理活动，其多数EPI持续改进；而浙江省大学按其现行管理方式管理水电没有取得显著的成效。这说明，组织建立EMS有助于其持续提升EP。
4、分析了影响浙江省大学和“绿色饭店”EP的主要可能因素。结果显示：保证环境管理要素的完整及循环执行是组织提升其EP的基础；核心利益攸关者的“压力”和“助力”是重要驱动力；组织目标包含明确可行的环境管理目标是前提；关心自身经济利益和长期发展是重要源动力；采取合适环境管理策略和方式方法是保证。
5、提出了保证环境管理有效开展需关注的若干问题：组织最高管理者应充分认识构建EMS的必要性，持续关注和支持EMS的运行，高度重视环境管理策略和方式方法，并努力获得外界的专业帮助和指导；此外，政府应更多地利用经济手段促使各类组织实施环境管理。
In China, the low efficiency of utilizing resources and too large quantity of wastesgenerated in all kinds of organization has become major obstacle to harmonious, andsustainable development. It seems to be an important and indispensable approach toencourage organizations to take proactive attitude to carry out environmentalmanagement in order to solve this problem. It is generally recognized that establishingan environmental management system (EMS) is helpful for an organization toeffectively implement environmental management and to continually improve itsenvironmental performance (EP). However, we cannot reach a definite conclusion onthe relationship between EMS and EP based on the existing literatures. Therefore,according to the environmental management practices of some organizations in China,this dissertation is going to establish appropriate methods for measuring EP, to furtherassess whether or not implementing an EMS in an organization can contribute to theimprovement of its EP, to analyze the key influencing factors of EP, and finally toprovide some suggestions to organizations for the sake of implementing environmentalmanagement effectively. The main investigations and results of this study are asfollows:
1. Review relevant literatures and find out the environmental practices on a wholein the universities in Zhejiang province and hotels around China. Based upon thepreliminary researches, it is then decided to investigate the linkage between EMS andEP and the main influencing factors of EP through examining the water and electricitymanagement of the universities and the movement of establishing the green hotels inZhejiang province.
2. Develop new approaches for measuring environmental performance indicator(EPI) and EP, with consideration for the requirement that both physical impact on theenvironment of an environmental aspect and how society perceives this have to be takeninto account when evaluating EPI and EP, and for the need of observing EPI for threeyears and above. Afterward, EPIs and EP of the universities and the green hotels inZhejiang province have been measured respectively.
3. Propose a new method for verifying the effectiveness of a mode ofenvironmental management when we can only obtain EPIs of organizations that havealready had environmental management in place. It proves that, as a whole, most of theEPIs of the green hotels in Zhejiang province had been improved continually as theycarry out environmental management in light of EMS, and the universities in Zhejiangprovince did not achieve significant fulfillment since they adopt existing managementmode to manage water and electricity consumption. So, this finding strongly suggeststhat implementing an EMS in an organization can contribute to the improvement of itsEP.
4. Examine main factors that might influence EP of the universities and the greenhotels in Zhejiang province. The findings are: to guarantee the existence of allenvironmental management elements and to execute the elements repeatedly are thefoundation for improving EP; the pressure and the assistance from key stakeholders arethe essential driving force for an organization to enhance its EP; it is a precondition forimproving EP that the management objectives of an organization containsenvironmental targets; organization paying attention to economic profits or long-termdevelopment is an important source for energizing itself to improve EP; it is a guaranteefor achieving a higher level of EP to adopt proper management strategies andapproaches.
5. Put forward several key issues to that attention should be paid for the sake ofeffectively implementing environmental management. The top management of anorganization should fully recognize the necessity of establishing an EMS, should followand support the operation of EMS continuously, should try to obtain professional helpand instruction from outside, and should attach great importance to environmentalmanagement strategies and approaches. Besides, governments should make more use ofeconomic measures to prod all sorts of organizations to implement environmentalmanagement.
引文
Adair, J. Effective Leadership. London: Pan Books, 1998
Alkhamis, T M, Alhusein, M A, Kablan, M M. Utilization of waste heat from the kitchen furnace of an enclosed campus. Energy Conversation Management, 1998, 39 (10), 1113-1119
Ammenberg, J, Hjelm, O. The connection between environmental management systems and continual environmental performance improvements. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 2002, 9(2), 183-192
Andrews, R N L. et al. Environmental management systems: do they improve performance? -Project final report: executive summary. Based on National Database on Environmental Management Systems. Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003
Ayala, H. Eco-resort: a "green" master-plan for the international resort. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1995, 14(3/4), 351-375
Bansal, P, Howard, E. Business and the natural environment. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.
Bansal, P, Roth, K. Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 2000, 43(4), 717-736
Barnes, P, Jerman, P. Developing an environmental management system for a multiple university consortium. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, 10, 33-39
Bartol, K M, Martin, D C. Management, third edition. McGraw-Hill. 1998
Blanchard, K, Lacinak, T, Tompkins, J B. Whale Done: the power of positive relationships. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2002
British Standards Institution BS 7750: 1994, Specification for Environmental Management Systems. London: BSI, 1994
Bronson, J, Noble, B. Measuring the effectiveness of Parks Canada's environmental management system: a case study of Riding Mountain National Park. The Canadian Geographer, 2006, 50(1), 101-113
Brown, M, Environmental policy in the hotel sector: green strategy or stratagem? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1996, 8(3), 18-23
Brown, J R, Dew, C S. Looking beyond RevPAR: productivity consequences of hotel strategies. Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 1999, 40(2), 23-33
Carmona-Moreno, E, Cespedes-Lorente, J, Burgos-Jimenez, J D. Environmental strategies in Spanish hotels: contextual factors and performance. The Service Industries Journal, 2004, 24(3), 101-130
Cascio, J, Woodside, G, Mitchell, P. ISO14000 guide. the new international environmental management standards. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996
Cespedes-Lorente, J, Burgos-Jimenez, J, Alvarez-Gil, M J. Stakeholders' environmental influence. An empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 2003, 19, 333-358
Chan, E S W, Wong, S C K. Motivation for ISO14000 in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 2006, 27, 481-492
Chan, K Y, Li, X D. A study of the implementation of ISO14000 environmental management system in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2001, 44(5), 589-601
Christensen, P, Rasmussen, B D. Implementation of environmental management in the Danish printing house industry. Eco-Management and Auditing, 1998, 5, 88-94
Clark, D. What drives companies to seek ISO14000 certification? Pollution Engineering International, 1999, 1 (3), 14-15
Clarkson, M B E. A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 1995, 20(1), 92-117
Cleveland, J N, Murphy, K R, Williams, R E. Multiple uses of performance appraisal: prevalence and correlates. Journal of Applied Psychology, February, 1989, 74(1), 130-135
Collins, J. Good to Great: why some companies make the leap and others don't. New York: Harper Business, 2001
Corbett, C J, Pan, J N. Evaluating environmental performance using statistical process control techniques. European Journal of Operational Research, 2002, 139, 68-83
Dacin MT Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal, 1997, 40(1), 46-81
Daft, R L. Organization theory and design. 9~(th) ed. South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning, 2007
Daily, B F, Huang, S C. Achieving sustainability through attention to human resource factors in environmental management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2001, 21(1), 57-66
Darr, E D, Argote, L, Epple, D. The acquisition, transfer and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations: productivity in franchises. Management Science, 1995, 41, 1750-1762
De Pree, M. Leadership is an Art. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989
De Vega, C A, Ojeda-Benitez, S, Ramirez-Barreto, M E. Mexican educational institutions and waste management programmes: a University case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2003, 39, 283-296
Deming, W. E.
Deng, S M, Burnett, J. Water use in hotels in Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2002a, 21, 57-66
Deng, S M, Burnett, J. Energy use and management in hotels in Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2002b,21,371-380
Dessler,G.Human resource management.8n ed.Prentice Hall.2000
Donaldson,J.US companies gear up for ISO 14001 certification.InTech,1996,34(4),34-37
Donaldson,T,Preston,L E.The stakeholder theory of the corporation:concepts,evidence,and implications.Academy of Management Review,1995,20(1),65-91
Doonan,J,Lanoie,P,Laplante,B.Determinants of environmental performance in the Canadian pulp and paper industry:an assessment from inside the industry.Ecological Economics,2005,55,73-84
Drucker,P F.The effective executive.New York:Harper Row,1967
Earnhart,D,Lizal,L.Effects of ownership and financial performance on corporate environmental performance.Journal of Comparative Economics,2006,34,111-129
Enger,E D,Smith,B F.Environmental science:a study of interrelationships.7~(th) ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,1994
Etzioni,A.Modern organizations.Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,1964
Faber,M,et al.Toward an open future:ignorance,novelty,and evolution,in:Costanza,R,et al.,eds.Ecosystem health:new goals for environmental management.Washington D C:Island Press,1992
Feiertag,H.Boost sales with environment-driven strategy.Hotel Motel Management,1994,209(2),8
Field,B C.Environmental economics:an introduction.New York:McGrow-Hill,1994
Fineman,S Clarke,K.Green stakeholders:Industry interpretations and response.Journal of Management Studies,1996,33,715-730
Forte,J.Environmental-friendly management in hotels,in:Taylor.B,et al.,eds.Environmental Management Handbook.London:Pitman Publishing,1994,97-113
Foster,S T,Sampson,S E,Dunn,S C.The Impact of customer contact on environmental initiatives for service firms.International Journal of Operations Production Management,2000,20(2),187-203
Frooman,J.Stakeholder influence strategies.Academy of Management Review,1999,24,191-205
Fryxell,G E,Szeto,A.The influence of motivation for seeking ISO14001 certification:an empirical study of ISO 14001 certified facilities in Hong Kong.Journal of Environmental management,2002,65,223-238
Geng,Y,Cote,R.Environmental management systems at the industrial park level in China.Environmental Management,2003,31 (6),784-794
Gil,M J A,Jimenez,J B,Lorente,J J C.An analysis of environmental management,organizational context and performance of Spanish hotels.Omega,2001.29,457-471
Gilbert,M J.Achieving Environmental Management Standards:a step-by-step guide to meeting BS7750.The Institute of Management Pitman Publishing,London,1993
Greeno,J L.Corporate environmental excellence and stewardship,in:Kolluru,R,ed.Environmental Strategies Handbook:a guide to effective policies and practices.New York:McGraw-Hill,1994
Grove,A S.High Output Management.Vintage Books,New York,1995
Gustin,M E,Weaber,P A.Are hotels prepared for the environmental consumer? Hospitality Research Journal,1996,20(2),1-14
Hamner,B.Waste reduction:the cost-effective approach to ISO14000 compliance,in:Tibor,T,et al.,eds.Implementing ISO 14000.New York:McGraw-Hill,1997
Harrison,K.Talking with the Donkey:cooperative approaches to environmental protection.Journal of Industrial Ecology,1998.2(3).51
Harvard Business Essentials Managing Creativity and Innovation.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2003
Heifetz,R A,Linsky,M.Leadership on the Line:staying alive through the dangers of leading.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2002
Heinz Family Foundation.Blueprint for a green campus:the campus earth summit initiatives for higher education.Pittsburgh,USA:Heinz Family Foundation,1995
Hemenway,C G,Hale,G J.Are you ready for ISO 14000.Quality,1995,34(11),26-29
Henriques,I,Sadorsky,P.The relationship between environmental commitment and managerial perceptions of stakeholders importance.Academy of Management Journal,1999,42(1),87-99
Hilson,G Nayee,V.Environmental management system implementation in the mining industry:a key to achieving cleaner production.International Journal of Mineral Processing,2002,64,19-41
Horobin,H,Long,J.Sustainable tourism:the role of the small firm.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,1996,8(5),15-19
Huisingh,D.People,products and production:what are Universities doing to help societies make a transition to sustainable development,in:Proceedings of the International Conference on Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention at Universities:Inside Stories.University of Sonora,Mexico,2002.16-18
Hussey,D M,Eagan,P H.Validating an environmental performance improvement model for large and small companies.IEEE,2003,193-198
Hussey,D M,Eagan,P H.Using structural equation modeling to test environmental performance in small and medium-sized manufacturers:can SEM help SMEs? Journal of Cleaner Production,2007,15,303-312
Ilinitch,A Y,Soderstrom,N S,Thomas,T E.Measuring corporate environmental performance.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.1998,17,383-408
Ingram,P,Baum,J A C.Chain affiliation and the failure of Manhattan hotels,1898-1980. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1997, 42, 68-102
ISO. 1998. ISO14000-Meet the whole family. ISO Central Secretariat, Gen(?)ve, Switzerland.
ISO. 2000. Generic management system standards www.iso.ch/9000e/generic.htm.
ISO. 2001a. What is ISO? www.iso.ch/iso/en/aboutiso/introduction/wahtisISO.html.
ISO. 2001 b. How are ISO standards developed? www.iso.ch/iso/en/aboutiso/introduction/howstdsdev.html.
Ispos-RSL Tourism, an ethical issue - Market research report prepared for Tearfund. Teddington, Middlesex, Tearfund, UK, 1999
James, P. Business environmental performance measurement. Business Strategy and the Environment, 1994, 3(2), 59-67
Jennings, J. Less is More - how great companies use productivity as a competitive tool in business. New York: Portfolio, 2002
Kalafatis, S P, Pollard, M, East, R, Ysogas, M H. Green marketing and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior: a cross-market perspective. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 1999, 16(5), 441-460
Kassinis, G, Vafeas, N. Stakeholder pressures and environmental performance. Academy of Management Journal, 2006, 49(1), 145-159
Kattara, H S, Zeid, A W. Current environmental issues: a study of Sinai and Red Sea hotels. Food Service Technology, 2002, 2, 155-161
Kempeneers, F D. Pollution prevention at Utrecht University - successful projects towards sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1995, 3 (1-2), 13-17
Keniry, J. Ecodemia: campus environmental stewardship at the turn of the 21~(st) century. Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation, 1995
Kirk, D. Computer systems for energy management in hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1987, 6(4), 237-242
Kirk, D. Environmental management in hotel. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1995, 7(6), 3-8
Kirk, D, Osner, R C. Collection of data on food waste from catering outlets in a university and a polytechnic. The Institute of Food Science and Technology (UK), 1981, 14(4), 190-194
Kirk, D. Attitudes to environmental management held by a group of hotel managers in Edinburgh. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1998, 17, 33-47
Klassen, R D, McLaughlin, C P. The impact of environmental management on firm performance. Management Science, 1996, 42(8), 1199-1214
Kotler, P, Bowen, J, Makens. J. Marketing for hospitality and tourism. 2~(nd) ed. Prentice-Hall Incorporated, UK Ltd, 1999
Kotter, J P. Power and Influence: beyond formal authority. New York: The Free Press, 1985
Kotter, J P. A Force for Change: how leadership differs from management. New York: The Free Press, 1990
Kotter,J P.The New Rules:how to succeed in today s post-corporate world.New York:The Free Press,1995
Kotter,J P,Cohen,D S.The Heart of Change-real-life stories of how people change their organizations.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2002
Krames,J A.What the Best CEOs Know:7 exceptional leaders and their lessons for transforming any business.New York:McGraw-Hill,2003
Le,Y,Hollenhorst,S,Harris,C,McLaughlin,W,Shook,S.Environmental management:a study of Vietnamese hotels.Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(2),545-567
Leal-Filho,W.Sustainable what? Misconceptions on the concept of sustainability at University level.in:Environmental Management for Sustainable University Conference.Lund,Sweden,1999
Lee,J J,Gemba,K,Kodama,F.Analyzing the innovation process for environmental performance improvement.Technological Forecasting Social Change,2006,73,290-301
Lee-Ross,D,Ingold,T.Increasing productivity in small hotels:are academic proposals realistic? InternationalJournal of Hospitality Management,1994,13(3),201-207
Leigh,A,Maynard,M.Leading your Team-how to involve and inspire teams (second edition).London:Nicholas Brealey Publishing,2002
Link,S,Naveh,E.Standardization and discretion:does the environmental standard ISO 14001 lead to performance benefits? IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2006,53(4),508-519 Lundin,S C,Christensen,J,Paul,H.Fish Sticks.London,Hodder Stoughton,2003
Mason,I G,Brooking,A K,Oberender,A,Harford,J M,Horsley,P G.Implementation of a zero waste program at a university campus.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2003,38,257-269
Mason,I G,Oberender,A,Brooking,A K.Source separation and potential re-use of resource residuals at a university campus.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2004,40,155-172
Matthews,D H,Christini,G C,Hendrickson,C T.Five elements for organizational decision-making with an environmental management system.Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38(7),1927-1932
Mensah,I.Environmental management practices among hotels in the great Accra region.InternationalJournal of Hospitality Management,2006,25,414-431
Metcalf,K R,Williams,P L.An assessment of corporate environmental programs and their performance measurement systems.Journal of Environmental Health,1995,58(2),9-18
Mbuligwe,S E.Institutional solid waste management practices in developing countries:a case study of three academic institutions in Tanzania.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2002,35,131-146
McLaren,D,et al.Tomorrow's world.London:Earthscan Publications Ltd.,1998
Melnyk,S A,Sroufe,R P,Calantone,R.Assessing the impact of environmental management systems on corporate and environmental performance.Journal of Operations Management,2003,21,329-351
Middleton,V T C,Hawkins,R.Sustainable tourism:A marketing perspective.Oxford:Butterworth Heinemann,1998
Milliman,J F,Nathan,B,Mohrman,A M.Conflicting appraisal purposes of managers and subordinates and their effect on performance and satisfaction.Paper presented at the National Academy of Management meeting,Miami,Florida,1991
Milliman,J F,Nathan,B,Lowe,K.Kim,N-H,Huo,P.An empirical study of performance appraisal practices in Japan,Korea,Taiwan,and the US.in:Moore,D P,ed.Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings,Vancouver,BC,Canada,1995
Morrison,J,Cushing,K K,Day,Z,Speir,J.Managing a better environment:opportunities and obstacles for ISO 14001 in public policy and commerce.Occasional paper,the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development,Environment,and Security,Oakland,CA.2000,1-9
Nakashima,K,Nose,T,Kurijama,S.A new approach to environmental performance evaluation.International Journal of Production Research,2006,44(18-19),4137-4143
Nash,L.Mission statements:mirrors and windows.Harvard Business Review,1988,155-156
Netherwood,A.Environmental management systems,in:Welford,R,ed.Corporate environmental management:systems and strategies.London:Earthscan Publications,1996
Noeke,J.Implementation of environmental management systems in universities-practical experiences,in:Environmental Management Systems for Sustainable Universities Conference 2002,Rhodes University,South Africa,2002.268-275
Opschoor,J B,Vos,J.Economic instruments for environmental protection.OECD,Paris,1989
O'Reilly,M,Wathey,D,Gelber,M.ISO14031:effective mechanism to environmental performance evalustion.Corporate Environmental Strategy,2000,7,267-275
Orr,D.The problem of education,in:Egan,D,et al.,eds.The campus environmental responsibility.USA:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1992.3-8
Ottensmeyer,E J,McCarthy,G.Ethics in the Workplace.New York:McGraw Hill,1996
Pearce,D W.Sustainable development and developing country economies,in:Turner,R K,ed.Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management:principles and practices.Chichester,England:John Wiley Sons,1995
Pearce,J A,Robinson,R.B.Strategic management.Irwin,Homewood,111.,1988
Pimenova,P.van der Vorst,R.The role of support programmes and policies in improving SMEs environmental performance in developed and transition economics.Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12,549-559
Plunkett,W R,Attner,R F,Allen,G S.Management:meeting and exceeding customer expectations.8th ed.South-Western,a division of Thomson Learning,2004
Pouliot, C. ISO14000: beyond compliance to competitiveness. Manufacturing Engineering, 1996, 20(5), 585-606
Potoski, M, Prakash, A. Covenants with weak swords: ISO14001 and facilities' environmental performance. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2005, 24, 745-769
Quazi, H A, Khoo, Y K, Tan, C M, Wong, P S. Motivation for ISO14000 certification: development of a predictive model. The International Journal of Management Science, 2001, 29(6), 525-542
Raines, S S. Implementing ISO14001: an international survey assessing the benefits of certification. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 2002, 9(4), 418-426
Raven, B H, Kruglanski, A W. Conflict and power, in: Swingle, P, ed. The structure of conflict. New York: Academic Press, 1970
Reinhardt, F L, Victor, R H K. Business management and the natural environment: cases text. South-Western College Publishing, 1996
Roarty, M. Greening business in a market economy. European Business Review, 1997, 97(5), 244-254
Robbins, S P. Organizational behavior. 9~(th) ed. Prentice Hall, 2001
Rothwell, W J, Lindholm. J E, Wallick, W G. What CEOs expect from corporate training - building Workplace Learning and Performance initiatives that advance organizational goals. New York: AMACOM - American Management Association, 2003
Roy, M J, Boiral, O, Lagace, D. Environmental commitment and manufacturing excellence: a comparative study within Canadian industry. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2001, 10(5), 257-286
Russo, M V, Harrison, N S. Organizational design and environmental performance: clues from the electronics industry. Academy of Management Journal, 2005, 48(4), 582-593
Saunders, T, McGovern, L. The bottom line of green is black. New York: Harper Collins, 1993
Savely, S M, Carson, A I, Delclos, G L. An environmental management system implementation model for U. S. colleges and universities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2007, 15, 660-670
Shanklin, C. Ecology age: implications for the hospitality and tourism industry. Hospitality Research Journal, 1993, 17(1), 221-229
Sharp, L. Green campuses: the road from little victories to systemic transformation. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2002, 3(2), 128-145
Shayler, M, Welford, R, Shayler, G. Panacer or Palliative. Eco-management and Auditing, 1994, 1(2), 26-30
Shrivastava P. Environmental technologies and competitive advantage. Stratigic Management Journal, 1995, special issue, 183-200
Slater, R. Get Better or Get Beaten: 29 Leadership Secrets from GE's Jack Welch. McGraw-Hill, 2001
Steger,U.Environmental management systems:empirical evidence and further perspectives.European Management Journal,2000,18(1),23-37
Stenzel,P L.Can the ISO14000 series environmental management standards provide a viable alternative to government regulation? American Business Law Journal,2000,37(2),237-299
Stewart,M.The Martha Rules-10 essentials for achieving success as you start,build or manage a business.Rodale,London,2005
Stewart,T A.Intellectual Capital:the new wealth of organizations.New York:Currency Doubleday,1999
Stipanuk,D M.The US lodging industry and the environment.Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly,October,1996.39-45
Strauss,B H.The class of 2000 report:environmental education,practice and activism on campus.1996.www.secondnature.org/ncf2000/get.html
Tarn,V W Y,Tarn,C M,Zeng,S X,Chan,K K.Environmental performance measurement indicators in construction.Building and Environment,2006,41,164-173
Theyel,G.Management practices for environmental innovation and performance.International Journal of Operations and Production Management,2000,20(2),249-266
Tibor,T,Feldman,I.The development of ISO14000.in:1SO14000:a guide to the new environmental management standards,Irwin,1996.27-42
Trung,D N,Kumar,S.Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,2005,13,109-116
Turner,R K,Pearce,D,Bateman,I.Environmental economics:an elementary introduction.London:Wheatsheaf,1994
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme),Global environmental outlook 1.Nairobi:UNEP.1997
United Nations."Process of preparation of the Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and Beyond." General Assembly Resolution 38/161,19 December 1983
ULSF (University Leaders for a Sustainable Future).Talloires Declaration resource kit:a guide to promoting and signing the Talloires Declaration.Washington,DC:Association of University Leaders for Sustainable Future,2001
Van den Bosch,F A J,Van Riel,C B M.Buffering and bridging as environmental strategies of firms.Business Strategy and the Environment,1998,7(1),24-31
Viebahn,P.An environmental management model for universities:from environmental guidelines to staff involvement.Journal of Cleaner Production,2002,10,3-12
Wang,H,Jin,Y H.Industrial ownership and environmental performance:evidence from China.Environmental Resource Economics,2007,36,255-273
Watkins,E.Do guests want green hotels? Lodging Hospitality,1994,50(4),70-72
WCED Our common future.Oxford,England:Oxford University Press,1987
Wei, S, Ruys, H. Perceptions of environmental management in the Australian hospitality industry: a polit study. in: Proceedings of Eastern Conference (IAHMS), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 1997. 15-30
Welch, J. Straight from the Gut. New York: Warner Books, 2001
Welch, J. Winning. New York: HarperBusiness, 2005
Welford, R. Corporate environmental management. London: Earthscan, 1995
Welford, R. Environmental strategy sustainable development: corporate challenge. London: Routledge, 1995
Welford R J. Corporate environmental management, technology and sustainable development, postmodern perspective and the need for a critical research agenda. Business Strategy and the Environment, 1998, 7(1), 1-12
Wight, P. The greening of the hospitality industry: economic and environmental good sense, in: Seaton, A V, et al., eds. Tourism: The state of the art. West Sussex: John Willey Sons, 1994. 665-674
Winter, G. Business and the Environment. Hamberg: McGraw-Hill Book Company GmbH, 1987
Zhao, J L, Merna, K M. Impact analysis and the international environment, in: Teare, R, et al., eds. International Hospitality Management; Corporate Strategy in Practice. New York: Wiley, Pitman Publishing, 1992
Zurburg, R, Ruff, D, Ninemeier, J. Environmental action in the United States lodging industry. Hospitality and Tourism Educator, 1995, 7(2), 45-49
Zutshi, A, Sohal, A. Environmental management system adoption by Australasian orgnisations: part 1, reasons, benefits and impediments. Technovation, 2004a, 24, 335-357
Zutshi, A, Sohal, A. A study of the environmental management system (EMS) adoption process within Australasian organization: 2. role of stakeholders. Technovation, 2004b, 24, 371-386
半月谈，www.xinhuanet.com，2005年9月19日
陈芳．实施ISO14001环境管理体系的绩效探讨．中国玻璃，2003，3，34-37
陈浩，薛声家．企业环境管理绩效的多级模糊综合评价．科技管理研究，2006，4，56-58，65
陈亮曾．改善化学实验室环境污染的措施．实验室研究与探索，1998，4，100-101
陈士明，明芳．高等学校建立环境管理体系的探讨．重庆环境科学，2003，25(11)，7-9
慈溪市统计局．2005年慈溪市国民经济和社会发展统计公报．慈溪市统计局，2006．
董长德，陈全．企业如何实施环境管理体系--ISO14000环境管理标准实用指南．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1999．
杜觉祥．“创绿”过程中的节能、环保实践．能源工程，1999，6，46-48
甘师俊，陈玉祥．可持续发展--跨世纪的抉择．广州：广东科技出版社；北京：中共中央党校出版社，1997．
戈爱晶，张世秋．跨国公司的环境管理现状及影响因素分析．中国环境科学，2006，26(1)， 106-110
顾江源．环境管理体系监测测量初探．中国ISO14000认证，2000，4，22
韩明，陈新华．丹麦绿色饭店考察报告．中外饭店与餐饮，2002，6，11-14
李海生，薛祥中．将ISO14000纳入建设项目环境保护管理程序 环境科学，2000，21(2)，110-112
李守玲．浅谈高等学校实验室的环境污染．中国环境管理，2001，4，42-43
刘金起．推行ISO14000环境管理体系工作的思路．城市环境与城市生态，1999，12(4)，46-47
罗伟强．有机化学实验教学中的环保措施．高校实验室工作研究，2003，4，59-60，73
毛孝明，张德平．环境因素和环境影响的识别与评估．中国ISO14000认证，2000，2，16
刘成军．绿色饭店发展进程．吉林商业高等专科学校学报，2004，1，52-54
刘永海．浙江丽水紫荆花大酒店创建绿色饭店实践．能源工程，2000，5，58-59
陆诤岚．饭店节能与创建绿色饭店．能源工程，2000，3，44-47
陆诤岚．饭店的绿色建筑设计初探．能源工程，2002，1，51-53
陆诤岚，陈天来．绿色饭店及其标准的制订．企业标准化，2003，32-33
裘金德．杭州梅苑宾馆的“创绿”实践．能源工程，2000，4，60-61
彭海珍，任荣明．中小企业实施环境管理体系的激励因素和障碍．上海管理科学，2003，1，27-28
邵建新，高景华．高校化学实验中的水污染和防治，山东环境，2001，3，35
舒麒麟．实验室环境污染与防治对策．实验室研究与探索，2003，22(3)，129-130
水利部．我国水环境问题及对策．水利简报，2003，21-23
孙汉文，安建华，梁淑轩，康林．固体废物污染状况分析与废物资源化的思考．河北大学学报(自然科学版)，2006，26(5)，506-514
田国华．华辰大酒店创建绿色饭店的节能措施．能源工程，2001，3，56-57
万慧茹．城市政府建立环境管理体系的绩效分析．辽宁城乡环境科技，2004，24(5)，1-2，13
王敏．区域ISO14001环境管理体系运行绩效．环境保护科学，2003，29(117)，46-48
汪劲．中国环境法原理，北京：北京大学出版社，2000
吴旭，张清．建设资源节约型校园--校园节约水电运行分析．中山大学学报论丛，2006，26(10)，68-71
燕航．ISO9000与ISO14000体系的兼容性．中国ISO14000认证，1999，1，16-22
杨欣．绿色宾馆--评价要素及管理运作．商业经济与管理，1999，5，61-64
杨秀丽．绿色饭店：21世纪饭店业发展的必然选择．沈阳大学学报，2000，12(3)，29-32
张继娟，魏世强．我国城市大气污染现状与特点．四川环境，2006，25(3)，104-108
赵富根．浙江诸暨晶都大酒店一年节能节支45万元．能源工程，2002，2，59
中国青年报．我国万元GDP能源消耗水平是发达国家3至11倍．2005 www.chinaci.com/ci/hbcy/14551734.htm．
中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组．2005中国可持续发展战略报告．北京：科学出版社．2005．
中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组．2006中国可持续发展战略报告--建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会．北京：科学出版社，2006．
中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组．2007中国可持续发展战略报告--水：治理与创新．北京：科学出版社，2007．
中国国家环境保护总局．2005年中国环境状况公报．www.zhb.gov.cn/plan/index.htm
中国国家统计局．中国统计年鉴-2005．www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2005/indexch.htm
中国国家技术监督局标准化司．GB／T24001-ISO14000环境管理系列国家标准宣贯教材(一)．北京：中国标准出版社，1997．
中国国家质量技术监督局．中华人民共和国国家标准：GB／T24031-2001--环境管理 环境表现评价 指南 2001．
中国认证人员国家注册委员会．ISO14000环境管理体系国家注册审核员基础知识通用教程．北京：中国计量出版社，2000．
周溢、邵爱华．ISO14000在创建“绿色大学”中的运用．高等理科教育，2005，5，112-115
邹国忠．法律法规在环境管理体系建立和实施中的作用．中国ISO14000认证，1998，2
Alkhamis, T M, Alhusein, M A, Kablan, M M. Utilization of waste heat from the kitchen furnace of an enclosed campus. Energy Conversation Management, 1998, 39 (10), 1113-1119
Ammenberg, J, Hjelm, O. The connection between environmental management systems and continual environmental performance improvements. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 2002, 9(2), 183-192
Andrews, R N L. et al. Environmental management systems: do they improve performance? -Project final report: executive summary. Based on National Database on Environmental Management Systems. Department of Public Policy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003
Ayala, H. Eco-resort: a "green" master-plan for the international resort. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1995, 14(3/4), 351-375
Bansal, P, Howard, E. Business and the natural environment. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997.
Bansal, P, Roth, K. Why companies go green: A model of ecological responsiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 2000, 43(4), 717-736
Barnes, P, Jerman, P. Developing an environmental management system for a multiple university consortium. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002, 10, 33-39
Bartol, K M, Martin, D C. Management, third edition. McGraw-Hill. 1998
Blanchard, K, Lacinak, T, Tompkins, J B. Whale Done: the power of positive relationships. London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2002
British Standards Institution BS 7750: 1994, Specification for Environmental Management Systems. London: BSI, 1994
Bronson, J, Noble, B. Measuring the effectiveness of Parks Canada's environmental management system: a case study of Riding Mountain National Park. The Canadian Geographer, 2006, 50(1), 101-113
Brown, M, Environmental policy in the hotel sector: green strategy or stratagem? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1996, 8(3), 18-23
Brown, J R, Dew, C S. Looking beyond RevPAR: productivity consequences of hotel strategies. Cornell Hotel Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 1999, 40(2), 23-33
Carmona-Moreno, E, Cespedes-Lorente, J, Burgos-Jimenez, J D. Environmental strategies in Spanish hotels: contextual factors and performance. The Service Industries Journal, 2004, 24(3), 101-130
Cascio, J, Woodside, G, Mitchell, P. ISO14000 guide. the new international environmental management standards. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996
Cespedes-Lorente, J, Burgos-Jimenez, J, Alvarez-Gil, M J. Stakeholders' environmental influence. An empirical analysis in the Spanish hotel industry. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 2003, 19, 333-358
Chan, E S W, Wong, S C K. Motivation for ISO14000 in the hotel industry. Tourism Management, 2006, 27, 481-492
Chan, K Y, Li, X D. A study of the implementation of ISO14000 environmental management system in Hong Kong. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2001, 44(5), 589-601
Christensen, P, Rasmussen, B D. Implementation of environmental management in the Danish printing house industry. Eco-Management and Auditing, 1998, 5, 88-94
Clark, D. What drives companies to seek ISO14000 certification? Pollution Engineering International, 1999, 1 (3), 14-15
Clarkson, M B E. A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review, 1995, 20(1), 92-117
Cleveland, J N, Murphy, K R, Williams, R E. Multiple uses of performance appraisal: prevalence and correlates. Journal of Applied Psychology, February, 1989, 74(1), 130-135
Collins, J. Good to Great: why some companies make the leap and others don't. New York: Harper Business, 2001
Corbett, C J, Pan, J N. Evaluating environmental performance using statistical process control techniques. European Journal of Operational Research, 2002, 139, 68-83
Dacin MT Isomorphism in context: The power and prescription of institutional norms. Academy of Management Journal, 1997, 40(1), 46-81
Daft, R L. Organization theory and design. 9~(th) ed. South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning, 2007
Daily, B F, Huang, S C. Achieving sustainability through attention to human resource factors in environmental management. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2001, 21(1), 57-66
Darr, E D, Argote, L, Epple, D. The acquisition, transfer and depreciation of knowledge in service organizations: productivity in franchises. Management Science, 1995, 41, 1750-1762
De Pree, M. Leadership is an Art. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989
De Vega, C A, Ojeda-Benitez, S, Ramirez-Barreto, M E. Mexican educational institutions and waste management programmes: a University case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2003, 39, 283-296
Deming, W. E.
Deng, S M, Burnett, J. Water use in hotels in Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2002a, 21, 57-66
Deng, S M, Burnett, J. Energy use and management in hotels in Hong Kong. International Journal of Hospitality Management,2002b,21,371-380
Dessler,G.Human resource management.8n ed.Prentice Hall.2000
Donaldson,J.US companies gear up for ISO 14001 certification.InTech,1996,34(4),34-37
Donaldson,T,Preston,L E.The stakeholder theory of the corporation:concepts,evidence,and implications.Academy of Management Review,1995,20(1),65-91
Doonan,J,Lanoie,P,Laplante,B.Determinants of environmental performance in the Canadian pulp and paper industry:an assessment from inside the industry.Ecological Economics,2005,55,73-84
Drucker,P F.The effective executive.New York:Harper Row,1967
Earnhart,D,Lizal,L.Effects of ownership and financial performance on corporate environmental performance.Journal of Comparative Economics,2006,34,111-129
Enger,E D,Smith,B F.Environmental science:a study of interrelationships.7~(th) ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,1994
Etzioni,A.Modern organizations.Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs,1964
Faber,M,et al.Toward an open future:ignorance,novelty,and evolution,in:Costanza,R,et al.,eds.Ecosystem health:new goals for environmental management.Washington D C:Island Press,1992
Feiertag,H.Boost sales with environment-driven strategy.Hotel Motel Management,1994,209(2),8
Field,B C.Environmental economics:an introduction.New York:McGrow-Hill,1994
Fineman,S Clarke,K.Green stakeholders:Industry interpretations and response.Journal of Management Studies,1996,33,715-730
Forte,J.Environmental-friendly management in hotels,in:Taylor.B,et al.,eds.Environmental Management Handbook.London:Pitman Publishing,1994,97-113
Foster,S T,Sampson,S E,Dunn,S C.The Impact of customer contact on environmental initiatives for service firms.International Journal of Operations Production Management,2000,20(2),187-203
Frooman,J.Stakeholder influence strategies.Academy of Management Review,1999,24,191-205
Fryxell,G E,Szeto,A.The influence of motivation for seeking ISO14001 certification:an empirical study of ISO 14001 certified facilities in Hong Kong.Journal of Environmental management,2002,65,223-238
Geng,Y,Cote,R.Environmental management systems at the industrial park level in China.Environmental Management,2003,31 (6),784-794
Gil,M J A,Jimenez,J B,Lorente,J J C.An analysis of environmental management,organizational context and performance of Spanish hotels.Omega,2001.29,457-471
Gilbert,M J.Achieving Environmental Management Standards:a step-by-step guide to meeting BS7750.The Institute of Management Pitman Publishing,London,1993
Greeno,J L.Corporate environmental excellence and stewardship,in:Kolluru,R,ed.Environmental Strategies Handbook:a guide to effective policies and practices.New York:McGraw-Hill,1994
Grove,A S.High Output Management.Vintage Books,New York,1995
Gustin,M E,Weaber,P A.Are hotels prepared for the environmental consumer? Hospitality Research Journal,1996,20(2),1-14
Hamner,B.Waste reduction:the cost-effective approach to ISO14000 compliance,in:Tibor,T,et al.,eds.Implementing ISO 14000.New York:McGraw-Hill,1997
Harrison,K.Talking with the Donkey:cooperative approaches to environmental protection.Journal of Industrial Ecology,1998.2(3).51
Harvard Business Essentials Managing Creativity and Innovation.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2003
Heifetz,R A,Linsky,M.Leadership on the Line:staying alive through the dangers of leading.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2002
Heinz Family Foundation.Blueprint for a green campus:the campus earth summit initiatives for higher education.Pittsburgh,USA:Heinz Family Foundation,1995
Hemenway,C G,Hale,G J.Are you ready for ISO 14000.Quality,1995,34(11),26-29
Henriques,I,Sadorsky,P.The relationship between environmental commitment and managerial perceptions of stakeholders importance.Academy of Management Journal,1999,42(1),87-99
Hilson,G Nayee,V.Environmental management system implementation in the mining industry:a key to achieving cleaner production.International Journal of Mineral Processing,2002,64,19-41
Horobin,H,Long,J.Sustainable tourism:the role of the small firm.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,1996,8(5),15-19
Huisingh,D.People,products and production:what are Universities doing to help societies make a transition to sustainable development,in:Proceedings of the International Conference on Cleaner Production and Pollution Prevention at Universities:Inside Stories.University of Sonora,Mexico,2002.16-18
Hussey,D M,Eagan,P H.Validating an environmental performance improvement model for large and small companies.IEEE,2003,193-198
Hussey,D M,Eagan,P H.Using structural equation modeling to test environmental performance in small and medium-sized manufacturers:can SEM help SMEs? Journal of Cleaner Production,2007,15,303-312
Ilinitch,A Y,Soderstrom,N S,Thomas,T E.Measuring corporate environmental performance.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy.1998,17,383-408
Ingram,P,Baum,J A C.Chain affiliation and the failure of Manhattan hotels,1898-1980. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1997, 42, 68-102
ISO. 1998. ISO14000-Meet the whole family. ISO Central Secretariat, Gen(?)ve, Switzerland.
ISO. 2000. Generic management system standards www.iso.ch/9000e/generic.htm.
ISO. 2001a. What is ISO? www.iso.ch/iso/en/aboutiso/introduction/wahtisISO.html.
ISO. 2001 b. How are ISO standards developed? www.iso.ch/iso/en/aboutiso/introduction/howstdsdev.html.
Ispos-RSL Tourism, an ethical issue - Market research report prepared for Tearfund. Teddington, Middlesex, Tearfund, UK, 1999
James, P. Business environmental performance measurement. Business Strategy and the Environment, 1994, 3(2), 59-67
Jennings, J. Less is More - how great companies use productivity as a competitive tool in business. New York: Portfolio, 2002
Kalafatis, S P, Pollard, M, East, R, Ysogas, M H. Green marketing and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior: a cross-market perspective. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 1999, 16(5), 441-460
Kassinis, G, Vafeas, N. Stakeholder pressures and environmental performance. Academy of Management Journal, 2006, 49(1), 145-159
Kattara, H S, Zeid, A W. Current environmental issues: a study of Sinai and Red Sea hotels. Food Service Technology, 2002, 2, 155-161
Kempeneers, F D. Pollution prevention at Utrecht University - successful projects towards sustainable development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1995, 3 (1-2), 13-17
Keniry, J. Ecodemia: campus environmental stewardship at the turn of the 21~(st) century. Washington DC: National Wildlife Federation, 1995
Kirk, D. Computer systems for energy management in hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1987, 6(4), 237-242
Kirk, D. Environmental management in hotel. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 1995, 7(6), 3-8
Kirk, D, Osner, R C. Collection of data on food waste from catering outlets in a university and a polytechnic. The Institute of Food Science and Technology (UK), 1981, 14(4), 190-194
Kirk, D. Attitudes to environmental management held by a group of hotel managers in Edinburgh. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 1998, 17, 33-47
Klassen, R D, McLaughlin, C P. The impact of environmental management on firm performance. Management Science, 1996, 42(8), 1199-1214
Kotler, P, Bowen, J, Makens. J. Marketing for hospitality and tourism. 2~(nd) ed. Prentice-Hall Incorporated, UK Ltd, 1999
Kotter, J P. Power and Influence: beyond formal authority. New York: The Free Press, 1985
Kotter, J P. A Force for Change: how leadership differs from management. New York: The Free Press, 1990
Kotter,J P.The New Rules:how to succeed in today s post-corporate world.New York:The Free Press,1995
Kotter,J P,Cohen,D S.The Heart of Change-real-life stories of how people change their organizations.Boston:Harvard Business School Press,2002
Krames,J A.What the Best CEOs Know:7 exceptional leaders and their lessons for transforming any business.New York:McGraw-Hill,2003
Le,Y,Hollenhorst,S,Harris,C,McLaughlin,W,Shook,S.Environmental management:a study of Vietnamese hotels.Annals of Tourism Research,2006,33(2),545-567
Leal-Filho,W.Sustainable what? Misconceptions on the concept of sustainability at University level.in:Environmental Management for Sustainable University Conference.Lund,Sweden,1999
Lee,J J,Gemba,K,Kodama,F.Analyzing the innovation process for environmental performance improvement.Technological Forecasting Social Change,2006,73,290-301
Lee-Ross,D,Ingold,T.Increasing productivity in small hotels:are academic proposals realistic? InternationalJournal of Hospitality Management,1994,13(3),201-207
Leigh,A,Maynard,M.Leading your Team-how to involve and inspire teams (second edition).London:Nicholas Brealey Publishing,2002
Link,S,Naveh,E.Standardization and discretion:does the environmental standard ISO 14001 lead to performance benefits? IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2006,53(4),508-519 Lundin,S C,Christensen,J,Paul,H.Fish Sticks.London,Hodder Stoughton,2003
Mason,I G,Brooking,A K,Oberender,A,Harford,J M,Horsley,P G.Implementation of a zero waste program at a university campus.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2003,38,257-269
Mason,I G,Oberender,A,Brooking,A K.Source separation and potential re-use of resource residuals at a university campus.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2004,40,155-172
Matthews,D H,Christini,G C,Hendrickson,C T.Five elements for organizational decision-making with an environmental management system.Environmental Science and Technology,2004,38(7),1927-1932
Mensah,I.Environmental management practices among hotels in the great Accra region.InternationalJournal of Hospitality Management,2006,25,414-431
Metcalf,K R,Williams,P L.An assessment of corporate environmental programs and their performance measurement systems.Journal of Environmental Health,1995,58(2),9-18
Mbuligwe,S E.Institutional solid waste management practices in developing countries:a case study of three academic institutions in Tanzania.Resources,Conservation and Recycling,2002,35,131-146
McLaren,D,et al.Tomorrow's world.London:Earthscan Publications Ltd.,1998
Melnyk,S A,Sroufe,R P,Calantone,R.Assessing the impact of environmental management systems on corporate and environmental performance.Journal of Operations Management,2003,21,329-351
Middleton,V T C,Hawkins,R.Sustainable tourism:A marketing perspective.Oxford:Butterworth Heinemann,1998
Milliman,J F,Nathan,B,Mohrman,A M.Conflicting appraisal purposes of managers and subordinates and their effect on performance and satisfaction.Paper presented at the National Academy of Management meeting,Miami,Florida,1991
Milliman,J F,Nathan,B,Lowe,K.Kim,N-H,Huo,P.An empirical study of performance appraisal practices in Japan,Korea,Taiwan,and the US.in:Moore,D P,ed.Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings,Vancouver,BC,Canada,1995
Morrison,J,Cushing,K K,Day,Z,Speir,J.Managing a better environment:opportunities and obstacles for ISO 14001 in public policy and commerce.Occasional paper,the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development,Environment,and Security,Oakland,CA.2000,1-9
Nakashima,K,Nose,T,Kurijama,S.A new approach to environmental performance evaluation.International Journal of Production Research,2006,44(18-19),4137-4143
Nash,L.Mission statements:mirrors and windows.Harvard Business Review,1988,155-156
Netherwood,A.Environmental management systems,in:Welford,R,ed.Corporate environmental management:systems and strategies.London:Earthscan Publications,1996
Noeke,J.Implementation of environmental management systems in universities-practical experiences,in:Environmental Management Systems for Sustainable Universities Conference 2002,Rhodes University,South Africa,2002.268-275
Opschoor,J B,Vos,J.Economic instruments for environmental protection.OECD,Paris,1989
O'Reilly,M,Wathey,D,Gelber,M.ISO14031:effective mechanism to environmental performance evalustion.Corporate Environmental Strategy,2000,7,267-275
Orr,D.The problem of education,in:Egan,D,et al.,eds.The campus environmental responsibility.USA:Jossey-Bass Publishers,1992.3-8
Ottensmeyer,E J,McCarthy,G.Ethics in the Workplace.New York:McGraw Hill,1996
Pearce,D W.Sustainable development and developing country economies,in:Turner,R K,ed.Sustainable Environmental Economics and Management:principles and practices.Chichester,England:John Wiley Sons,1995
Pearce,J A,Robinson,R.B.Strategic management.Irwin,Homewood,111.,1988
Pimenova,P.van der Vorst,R.The role of support programmes and policies in improving SMEs environmental performance in developed and transition economics.Journal of Cleaner Production,2004,12,549-559
Plunkett,W R,Attner,R F,Allen,G S.Management:meeting and exceeding customer expectations.8th ed.South-Western,a division of Thomson Learning,2004
Pouliot, C. ISO14000: beyond compliance to competitiveness. Manufacturing Engineering, 1996, 20(5), 585-606
Potoski, M, Prakash, A. Covenants with weak swords: ISO14001 and facilities' environmental performance. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2005, 24, 745-769
Quazi, H A, Khoo, Y K, Tan, C M, Wong, P S. Motivation for ISO14000 certification: development of a predictive model. The International Journal of Management Science, 2001, 29(6), 525-542
Raines, S S. Implementing ISO14001: an international survey assessing the benefits of certification. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 2002, 9(4), 418-426
Raven, B H, Kruglanski, A W. Conflict and power, in: Swingle, P, ed. The structure of conflict. New York: Academic Press, 1970
Reinhardt, F L, Victor, R H K. Business management and the natural environment: cases text. South-Western College Publishing, 1996
Roarty, M. Greening business in a market economy. European Business Review, 1997, 97(5), 244-254
Robbins, S P. Organizational behavior. 9~(th) ed. Prentice Hall, 2001
Rothwell, W J, Lindholm. J E, Wallick, W G. What CEOs expect from corporate training - building Workplace Learning and Performance initiatives that advance organizational goals. New York: AMACOM - American Management Association, 2003
Roy, M J, Boiral, O, Lagace, D. Environmental commitment and manufacturing excellence: a comparative study within Canadian industry. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2001, 10(5), 257-286
Russo, M V, Harrison, N S. Organizational design and environmental performance: clues from the electronics industry. Academy of Management Journal, 2005, 48(4), 582-593
Saunders, T, McGovern, L. The bottom line of green is black. New York: Harper Collins, 1993
Savely, S M, Carson, A I, Delclos, G L. An environmental management system implementation model for U. S. colleges and universities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2007, 15, 660-670
Shanklin, C. Ecology age: implications for the hospitality and tourism industry. Hospitality Research Journal, 1993, 17(1), 221-229
Sharp, L. Green campuses: the road from little victories to systemic transformation. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 2002, 3(2), 128-145
Shayler, M, Welford, R, Shayler, G. Panacer or Palliative. Eco-management and Auditing, 1994, 1(2), 26-30
Shrivastava P. Environmental technologies and competitive advantage. Stratigic Management Journal, 1995, special issue, 183-200
Slater, R. Get Better or Get Beaten: 29 Leadership Secrets from GE's Jack Welch. McGraw-Hill, 2001
Steger,U.Environmental management systems:empirical evidence and further perspectives.European Management Journal,2000,18(1),23-37
Stenzel,P L.Can the ISO14000 series environmental management standards provide a viable alternative to government regulation? American Business Law Journal,2000,37(2),237-299
Stewart,M.The Martha Rules-10 essentials for achieving success as you start,build or manage a business.Rodale,London,2005
Stewart,T A.Intellectual Capital:the new wealth of organizations.New York:Currency Doubleday,1999
Stipanuk,D M.The US lodging industry and the environment.Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly,October,1996.39-45
Strauss,B H.The class of 2000 report:environmental education,practice and activism on campus.1996.www.secondnature.org/ncf2000/get.html
Tarn,V W Y,Tarn,C M,Zeng,S X,Chan,K K.Environmental performance measurement indicators in construction.Building and Environment,2006,41,164-173
Theyel,G.Management practices for environmental innovation and performance.International Journal of Operations and Production Management,2000,20(2),249-266
Tibor,T,Feldman,I.The development of ISO14000.in:1SO14000:a guide to the new environmental management standards,Irwin,1996.27-42
Trung,D N,Kumar,S.Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,2005,13,109-116
Turner,R K,Pearce,D,Bateman,I.Environmental economics:an elementary introduction.London:Wheatsheaf,1994
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme),Global environmental outlook 1.Nairobi:UNEP.1997
United Nations."Process of preparation of the Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and Beyond." General Assembly Resolution 38/161,19 December 1983
ULSF (University Leaders for a Sustainable Future).Talloires Declaration resource kit:a guide to promoting and signing the Talloires Declaration.Washington,DC:Association of University Leaders for Sustainable Future,2001
Van den Bosch,F A J,Van Riel,C B M.Buffering and bridging as environmental strategies of firms.Business Strategy and the Environment,1998,7(1),24-31
Viebahn,P.An environmental management model for universities:from environmental guidelines to staff involvement.Journal of Cleaner Production,2002,10,3-12
Wang,H,Jin,Y H.Industrial ownership and environmental performance:evidence from China.Environmental Resource Economics,2007,36,255-273
Watkins,E.Do guests want green hotels? Lodging Hospitality,1994,50(4),70-72
WCED Our common future.Oxford,England:Oxford University Press,1987
Wei, S, Ruys, H. Perceptions of environmental management in the Australian hospitality industry: a polit study. in: Proceedings of Eastern Conference (IAHMS), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 1997. 15-30
Welch, J. Straight from the Gut. New York: Warner Books, 2001
Welch, J. Winning. New York: HarperBusiness, 2005
Welford, R. Corporate environmental management. London: Earthscan, 1995
Welford, R. Environmental strategy sustainable development: corporate challenge. London: Routledge, 1995
Welford R J. Corporate environmental management, technology and sustainable development, postmodern perspective and the need for a critical research agenda. Business Strategy and the Environment, 1998, 7(1), 1-12
Wight, P. The greening of the hospitality industry: economic and environmental good sense, in: Seaton, A V, et al., eds. Tourism: The state of the art. West Sussex: John Willey Sons, 1994. 665-674
Winter, G. Business and the Environment. Hamberg: McGraw-Hill Book Company GmbH, 1987
Zhao, J L, Merna, K M. Impact analysis and the international environment, in: Teare, R, et al., eds. International Hospitality Management; Corporate Strategy in Practice. New York: Wiley, Pitman Publishing, 1992
Zurburg, R, Ruff, D, Ninemeier, J. Environmental action in the United States lodging industry. Hospitality and Tourism Educator, 1995, 7(2), 45-49
Zutshi, A, Sohal, A. Environmental management system adoption by Australasian orgnisations: part 1, reasons, benefits and impediments. Technovation, 2004a, 24, 335-357
Zutshi, A, Sohal, A. A study of the environmental management system (EMS) adoption process within Australasian organization: 2. role of stakeholders. Technovation, 2004b, 24, 371-386
半月谈，www.xinhuanet.com，2005年9月19日
陈芳．实施ISO14001环境管理体系的绩效探讨．中国玻璃，2003，3，34-37
陈浩，薛声家．企业环境管理绩效的多级模糊综合评价．科技管理研究，2006，4，56-58，65
陈亮曾．改善化学实验室环境污染的措施．实验室研究与探索，1998，4，100-101
陈士明，明芳．高等学校建立环境管理体系的探讨．重庆环境科学，2003，25(11)，7-9
慈溪市统计局．2005年慈溪市国民经济和社会发展统计公报．慈溪市统计局，2006．
董长德，陈全．企业如何实施环境管理体系--ISO14000环境管理标准实用指南．北京：中国环境科学出版社，1999．
杜觉祥．“创绿”过程中的节能、环保实践．能源工程，1999，6，46-48
甘师俊，陈玉祥．可持续发展--跨世纪的抉择．广州：广东科技出版社；北京：中共中央党校出版社，1997．
戈爱晶，张世秋．跨国公司的环境管理现状及影响因素分析．中国环境科学，2006，26(1)， 106-110
顾江源．环境管理体系监测测量初探．中国ISO14000认证，2000，4，22
韩明，陈新华．丹麦绿色饭店考察报告．中外饭店与餐饮，2002，6，11-14
李海生，薛祥中．将ISO14000纳入建设项目环境保护管理程序 环境科学，2000，21(2)，110-112
李守玲．浅谈高等学校实验室的环境污染．中国环境管理，2001，4，42-43
刘金起．推行ISO14000环境管理体系工作的思路．城市环境与城市生态，1999，12(4)，46-47
罗伟强．有机化学实验教学中的环保措施．高校实验室工作研究，2003，4，59-60，73
毛孝明，张德平．环境因素和环境影响的识别与评估．中国ISO14000认证，2000，2，16
刘成军．绿色饭店发展进程．吉林商业高等专科学校学报，2004，1，52-54
刘永海．浙江丽水紫荆花大酒店创建绿色饭店实践．能源工程，2000，5，58-59
陆诤岚．饭店节能与创建绿色饭店．能源工程，2000，3，44-47
陆诤岚．饭店的绿色建筑设计初探．能源工程，2002，1，51-53
陆诤岚，陈天来．绿色饭店及其标准的制订．企业标准化，2003，32-33
裘金德．杭州梅苑宾馆的“创绿”实践．能源工程，2000，4，60-61
彭海珍，任荣明．中小企业实施环境管理体系的激励因素和障碍．上海管理科学，2003，1，27-28
邵建新，高景华．高校化学实验中的水污染和防治，山东环境，2001，3，35
舒麒麟．实验室环境污染与防治对策．实验室研究与探索，2003，22(3)，129-130
水利部．我国水环境问题及对策．水利简报，2003，21-23
孙汉文，安建华，梁淑轩，康林．固体废物污染状况分析与废物资源化的思考．河北大学学报(自然科学版)，2006，26(5)，506-514
田国华．华辰大酒店创建绿色饭店的节能措施．能源工程，2001，3，56-57
万慧茹．城市政府建立环境管理体系的绩效分析．辽宁城乡环境科技，2004，24(5)，1-2，13
王敏．区域ISO14001环境管理体系运行绩效．环境保护科学，2003，29(117)，46-48
汪劲．中国环境法原理，北京：北京大学出版社，2000
吴旭，张清．建设资源节约型校园--校园节约水电运行分析．中山大学学报论丛，2006，26(10)，68-71
燕航．ISO9000与ISO14000体系的兼容性．中国ISO14000认证，1999，1，16-22
杨欣．绿色宾馆--评价要素及管理运作．商业经济与管理，1999，5，61-64
杨秀丽．绿色饭店：21世纪饭店业发展的必然选择．沈阳大学学报，2000，12(3)，29-32
张继娟，魏世强．我国城市大气污染现状与特点．四川环境，2006，25(3)，104-108
赵富根．浙江诸暨晶都大酒店一年节能节支45万元．能源工程，2002，2，59
中国青年报．我国万元GDP能源消耗水平是发达国家3至11倍．2005 www.chinaci.com/ci/hbcy/14551734.htm．
中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组．2005中国可持续发展战略报告．北京：科学出版社．2005．
中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组．2006中国可持续发展战略报告--建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会．北京：科学出版社，2006．
中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组．2007中国可持续发展战略报告--水：治理与创新．北京：科学出版社，2007．
中国国家环境保护总局．2005年中国环境状况公报．www.zhb.gov.cn/plan/index.htm
中国国家统计局．中国统计年鉴-2005．www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2005/indexch.htm
中国国家技术监督局标准化司．GB／T24001-ISO14000环境管理系列国家标准宣贯教材(一)．北京：中国标准出版社，1997．
中国国家质量技术监督局．中华人民共和国国家标准：GB／T24031-2001--环境管理 环境表现评价 指南 2001．
中国认证人员国家注册委员会．ISO14000环境管理体系国家注册审核员基础知识通用教程．北京：中国计量出版社，2000．
周溢、邵爱华．ISO14000在创建“绿色大学”中的运用．高等理科教育，2005，5，112-115
邹国忠．法律法规在环境管理体系建立和实施中的作用．中国ISO14000认证，1998，2
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |