CCD非接触几何量测量系统的设计与实现
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摘要
电荷藕合器件(CCD)是一种半导体成像器件。这种器件借助于必要的光学系统和适合的驱动电路，可以将景物的图像以光电信号形式转移、存储、传输和处理。近二十年来，CCD技术已经广泛应用于军用和民用各个领域，尤其是随着工业自动化程度的提高以及工业现场的需要，在检测和监控方面的应用也越来越普及。
本文结合光学技术、信号处理技术，研究和设计了一种精密的光电尺寸几何量测量系统。光源采用高强度窄波谱LED，经特殊的光学结构形成均匀的平行光。同时采用高分辨率线阵CCD传感器及细分技术，结合数字信号处理技术，实现了稳定的微米级尺寸几何量测量。采用CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)设计了CCD时序驱动电路，使整个驱动电路体积小，缩短了设计周期，可随时修改设计，提高了电路的可靠性和灵活性。利用差分放大电路、二阶巴特沃思低通滤波电路、同相比例放大电路设计了视频信号预处理电路，实现了对原始信号的初级捕捉、滤波和视频放大等调理。选用TLC5510、CY7C199、74F579、PDIUSBD12等芯片设计了数据采集系统，实现了对视频信号的采样、存储和传输。数据处理采用平滑处理的复合算法及数字图像边缘检测技术来提高测量精度。
对CCD驱动及视频处理电路进行了实验，结果表明驱动电路能很好地与CCD配合，充分发挥CCD光电转换的特性，输出稳定可靠的电信号。视频预处理电路对影响CCD“像质”的主要噪声均有明显的抑制效果，提高了信噪比，为进一步的信号处理提供了高质量的信号。对数据处理和显示部分进行了编程调试，并进行了系统的误差分析。
通过理论分析、实物设计以及实验表明，整套系统的应用切实可行，相对于传统的测量方法具有精度高、可以进行非接触测量等优点，本系统在精密机械加工等方面有很好的使用前景。
The Charge Coupled Device (CCD) is a device of the formation of image of semiconductor, which can shift, store, transmission and deal with the picture of the scenery in the form of photoelectric signal with the aid of the essential optical system and suitable driving circuit. In the past 20 years, the CCD technology applies military and civil fields widely. The applications of measuring and monitoring are more and more popular especially with the improvement of the industrial automation and need of the industry condition.
This paper studies and designs a precise photoelectric measurement device for dimension integrated with optics and signal proceeding technology. Using narrow-spectrum of high brightness LED as lamp-house, even parallel light comes into being when passing special optical structure. Adopting high resolution linear CCD sensor and subdivision technology and integrated with digital signal proceeding technology, the system has achieved steady micron-grade dimension measure. The time order driving circuit of CCD is designed and debugged with CPLD, which make the whole driving circuit's volume smaller, shorter design, modify design at any time, and enhance reliability and agility of circuit. The video signal processing circuit is designed by differentiating amplifier, second Butterworth low-pass filter and in-phass proportion amplifier, that realizes the primary catching, filtering and signal amplifying. The data acquisition system is designed using TLC5510, CY7C199, 74F579 and PDIUSBD12, that realizes the sampling, store and transmission of the video signal. In order to improve the precision of the measurement, the data processing adopts multiple algorithm of smooth processing and edge detecting in digital image processing.
The experiment of CCD driving and signal processing circuit shows that the drivers can assort with CCD well, take advantage of the characteristic of CCD photoelectric transition and output steady and reliable electric signal. Video processing circuit can restrain the main noise, enhance SNR and obtain high quality video signal for further signal processing. Software program and debug of data processing are completed, and system error is analyzed.
Principle analysis, practicality design and experiment result indicate that the application of the whole system is feasible, and has merits of high precision and non-contact measurement relative to traditional measuring methods.
本文结合光学技术、信号处理技术，研究和设计了一种精密的光电尺寸几何量测量系统。光源采用高强度窄波谱LED，经特殊的光学结构形成均匀的平行光。同时采用高分辨率线阵CCD传感器及细分技术，结合数字信号处理技术，实现了稳定的微米级尺寸几何量测量。采用CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)设计了CCD时序驱动电路，使整个驱动电路体积小，缩短了设计周期，可随时修改设计，提高了电路的可靠性和灵活性。利用差分放大电路、二阶巴特沃思低通滤波电路、同相比例放大电路设计了视频信号预处理电路，实现了对原始信号的初级捕捉、滤波和视频放大等调理。选用TLC5510、CY7C199、74F579、PDIUSBD12等芯片设计了数据采集系统，实现了对视频信号的采样、存储和传输。数据处理采用平滑处理的复合算法及数字图像边缘检测技术来提高测量精度。
对CCD驱动及视频处理电路进行了实验，结果表明驱动电路能很好地与CCD配合，充分发挥CCD光电转换的特性，输出稳定可靠的电信号。视频预处理电路对影响CCD“像质”的主要噪声均有明显的抑制效果，提高了信噪比，为进一步的信号处理提供了高质量的信号。对数据处理和显示部分进行了编程调试，并进行了系统的误差分析。
通过理论分析、实物设计以及实验表明，整套系统的应用切实可行，相对于传统的测量方法具有精度高、可以进行非接触测量等优点，本系统在精密机械加工等方面有很好的使用前景。
The Charge Coupled Device (CCD) is a device of the formation of image of semiconductor, which can shift, store, transmission and deal with the picture of the scenery in the form of photoelectric signal with the aid of the essential optical system and suitable driving circuit. In the past 20 years, the CCD technology applies military and civil fields widely. The applications of measuring and monitoring are more and more popular especially with the improvement of the industrial automation and need of the industry condition.
This paper studies and designs a precise photoelectric measurement device for dimension integrated with optics and signal proceeding technology. Using narrow-spectrum of high brightness LED as lamp-house, even parallel light comes into being when passing special optical structure. Adopting high resolution linear CCD sensor and subdivision technology and integrated with digital signal proceeding technology, the system has achieved steady micron-grade dimension measure. The time order driving circuit of CCD is designed and debugged with CPLD, which make the whole driving circuit's volume smaller, shorter design, modify design at any time, and enhance reliability and agility of circuit. The video signal processing circuit is designed by differentiating amplifier, second Butterworth low-pass filter and in-phass proportion amplifier, that realizes the primary catching, filtering and signal amplifying. The data acquisition system is designed using TLC5510, CY7C199, 74F579 and PDIUSBD12, that realizes the sampling, store and transmission of the video signal. In order to improve the precision of the measurement, the data processing adopts multiple algorithm of smooth processing and edge detecting in digital image processing.
The experiment of CCD driving and signal processing circuit shows that the drivers can assort with CCD well, take advantage of the characteristic of CCD photoelectric transition and output steady and reliable electric signal. Video processing circuit can restrain the main noise, enhance SNR and obtain high quality video signal for further signal processing. Software program and debug of data processing are completed, and system error is analyzed.
Principle analysis, practicality design and experiment result indicate that the application of the whole system is feasible, and has merits of high precision and non-contact measurement relative to traditional measuring methods.
引文
[1] 友清．科学CCD的过去、现状和未来．激光与光电子学进展，1995，(10)：8-10．
[2] 胡渝，荣健．CCD的发展现状及展望．仪器仪表学报，2005，26(8)：718-720．
[3] 马附州．CCD衍射成像在线精密测量细丝直径技术．西安科技学院学报，2001，21(1)：70-77．
[4] L. S. Tanwar. An Electro Optical Sensor for Microdisplacement Measurement and Control. Apparatus and Techniques, 1991, 17: 43-48.
[5] P.T. Albrech, B. D. Michaelis. Improvement of The Spatial Resolution of an Optical 3-D Measurement Precedure. IEEE Tranactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1998,47(1): 158-162.
[6] M. T. Takeuchi, T. K. Kubono. A Spectroscopic Detecting System for Measuring the Temperature Distribution of Silver Arc Using a CCD Color Camera. IEEE Tranactions on Instrumentaction and Measurement, 1999,48(3):678-683.
[7] Jinghui Wang. Industrial Monitoring and Controlling System of Integrated Single Chip Computer with Linear CCD Image Sensor. Wuhan University Journal, 1999, (4):3-4.
[8] 王庆有．图像传感器应用技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[9] 蔡文贵，李永远，许振华．CCD技术及应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1992．
[10] 袁祥辉．固体图像传感器及其应用．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1996．
[11] 王以铭．电荷耦合器件原理与应用．北京：科学出版社，1987．
[12] 张广军．光电测试技术．北京：中国计量出版社，2003．
[13] 苏显喻．照明设计手册．北京：电子工业出版社，1990．
[14] 杨淋，周肇飞等．线阵CCD在高精度测量系统中的照明选择．实用测试技术，2002，28(5)：20-22．
[15] 黄健．LED产业化的发展：(硕士学位论文)．厦门：厦门大学，2001．
[16] 张文革，段晨东，董革平．线阵CCD检测技术中二值化方法的研究．现代电子技术，2003，(17)：92-93．
[17] 廖宁放．实用CCD外围电路设计．电子技术，1993，(12)：22-25．
[18] 赵洋，郝群，李达成．CCD高速信号采集和处理系统．光电工程，1998，25(5)：42-45．
[19] Kaoli Huang, Changqing Zhu. Application of liner CCD Sensor. Proceeding of The International Symposium on Test and Meansurement, 1999:951-953.
[20] W. F. Ranson. Digital Image Techniques in Experimental Stress Analysis. Optical Engineering, 1982, (21):421-427.
[21] 兰荣清．线阵CCD驱动器设计新方法．光电子激光，1997，8(4)：295-297．
[22] 张化朋．用单片机驱动线阵CCD的设计探讨．光学技术，2000，26(4)：342-347．
[23] 常丹华．基于CPLD技术的CCD驱动时序产生方法．仪表技术与传感器，2001，(3)：26-28．
[24] 宋万杰，罗丰．CPLD技术及其应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1999．
[25] 廖裕评，陆瑞强．CPLD数字电路设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[26] 王庆有．CCD应用技术．天津：天津大学出版社，2000．
[27] 康华光等．电子技术基础-模拟部分(第四版)．北京：高等教育出版社，1996．
[28] 童诗白，华成英．模拟电子技术基础．北京：高等教育出版社，2001．
[29] TI. TLC5510 8-Bit High-Speed Analog-To-Digital Converters. Datasheet, 1999.
[30] CYPRESS. CY7C199 32K Static RAM. Datasheet, 2003.
[31] 盖素丽，常青．USB接口的驱动程序开发．河北省科学院学报，2005，22(2)：17-20．
[32] 杜春雷．ARM体系结构与编程．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．
[33] 王诚，薛小刚，钟信潮．FPGA／CPLD设计工具．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003．
[34] XILINX. XC9500 In-System Programmable CPLD Family. Product specification, 1999:1-16.
[35] XILINX. XC95108 In-System Programmable CPLD. Datasheet, 1998.
[36] TOSHIBA. TOSHIBA CCD LINEAR IMAGE SENSOR CCD TCD1500C. Datasheet, 1997.
[37] 武安河，邰铭，于洪涛．WDM设备驱动程序开发．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[38] 盖素丽，常青．USB接口的驱动程序开发．河北省科学院学报，2005，22(2)：17-20．
[39] 郭学涛．基于DriverStudio的USB设备驱动程序开发．现代电子技术，2004，27(19)：6-8．
[40] 雷志勇，刘群华，姜寿山等．线阵CCD图像处理算法研究．光学技术，2002，28(5)：475-477．
[41] 傅德胜，寿益禾．图形图像处理学．南京：东南大学出版社，2002．
[42] 吴晓波．图像边缘特征分析．光学精密工程，1999，7(1)：59-63．
[43] E. P. Lyvers, O. R. Mitchell. Precision edge contrast and orientation estimation. IEEE rranactions on PAMI, 1988,10(6): 927-937
[2] 胡渝，荣健．CCD的发展现状及展望．仪器仪表学报，2005，26(8)：718-720．
[3] 马附州．CCD衍射成像在线精密测量细丝直径技术．西安科技学院学报，2001，21(1)：70-77．
[4] L. S. Tanwar. An Electro Optical Sensor for Microdisplacement Measurement and Control. Apparatus and Techniques, 1991, 17: 43-48.
[5] P.T. Albrech, B. D. Michaelis. Improvement of The Spatial Resolution of an Optical 3-D Measurement Precedure. IEEE Tranactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 1998,47(1): 158-162.
[6] M. T. Takeuchi, T. K. Kubono. A Spectroscopic Detecting System for Measuring the Temperature Distribution of Silver Arc Using a CCD Color Camera. IEEE Tranactions on Instrumentaction and Measurement, 1999,48(3):678-683.
[7] Jinghui Wang. Industrial Monitoring and Controlling System of Integrated Single Chip Computer with Linear CCD Image Sensor. Wuhan University Journal, 1999, (4):3-4.
[8] 王庆有．图像传感器应用技术．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[9] 蔡文贵，李永远，许振华．CCD技术及应用．北京：电子工业出版社，1992．
[10] 袁祥辉．固体图像传感器及其应用．重庆：重庆大学出版社，1996．
[11] 王以铭．电荷耦合器件原理与应用．北京：科学出版社，1987．
[12] 张广军．光电测试技术．北京：中国计量出版社，2003．
[13] 苏显喻．照明设计手册．北京：电子工业出版社，1990．
[14] 杨淋，周肇飞等．线阵CCD在高精度测量系统中的照明选择．实用测试技术，2002，28(5)：20-22．
[15] 黄健．LED产业化的发展：(硕士学位论文)．厦门：厦门大学，2001．
[16] 张文革，段晨东，董革平．线阵CCD检测技术中二值化方法的研究．现代电子技术，2003，(17)：92-93．
[17] 廖宁放．实用CCD外围电路设计．电子技术，1993，(12)：22-25．
[18] 赵洋，郝群，李达成．CCD高速信号采集和处理系统．光电工程，1998，25(5)：42-45．
[19] Kaoli Huang, Changqing Zhu. Application of liner CCD Sensor. Proceeding of The International Symposium on Test and Meansurement, 1999:951-953.
[20] W. F. Ranson. Digital Image Techniques in Experimental Stress Analysis. Optical Engineering, 1982, (21):421-427.
[21] 兰荣清．线阵CCD驱动器设计新方法．光电子激光，1997，8(4)：295-297．
[22] 张化朋．用单片机驱动线阵CCD的设计探讨．光学技术，2000，26(4)：342-347．
[23] 常丹华．基于CPLD技术的CCD驱动时序产生方法．仪表技术与传感器，2001，(3)：26-28．
[24] 宋万杰，罗丰．CPLD技术及其应用．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1999．
[25] 廖裕评，陆瑞强．CPLD数字电路设计．北京：清华大学出版社，2001．
[26] 王庆有．CCD应用技术．天津：天津大学出版社，2000．
[27] 康华光等．电子技术基础-模拟部分(第四版)．北京：高等教育出版社，1996．
[28] 童诗白，华成英．模拟电子技术基础．北京：高等教育出版社，2001．
[29] TI. TLC5510 8-Bit High-Speed Analog-To-Digital Converters. Datasheet, 1999.
[30] CYPRESS. CY7C199 32K Static RAM. Datasheet, 2003.
[31] 盖素丽，常青．USB接口的驱动程序开发．河北省科学院学报，2005，22(2)：17-20．
[32] 杜春雷．ARM体系结构与编程．北京：清华大学出版社，2003．
[33] 王诚，薛小刚，钟信潮．FPGA／CPLD设计工具．北京：人民邮电出版社，2003．
[34] XILINX. XC9500 In-System Programmable CPLD Family. Product specification, 1999:1-16.
[35] XILINX. XC95108 In-System Programmable CPLD. Datasheet, 1998.
[36] TOSHIBA. TOSHIBA CCD LINEAR IMAGE SENSOR CCD TCD1500C. Datasheet, 1997.
[37] 武安河，邰铭，于洪涛．WDM设备驱动程序开发．北京：电子工业出版社，2003．
[38] 盖素丽，常青．USB接口的驱动程序开发．河北省科学院学报，2005，22(2)：17-20．
[39] 郭学涛．基于DriverStudio的USB设备驱动程序开发．现代电子技术，2004，27(19)：6-8．
[40] 雷志勇，刘群华，姜寿山等．线阵CCD图像处理算法研究．光学技术，2002，28(5)：475-477．
[41] 傅德胜，寿益禾．图形图像处理学．南京：东南大学出版社，2002．
[42] 吴晓波．图像边缘特征分析．光学精密工程，1999，7(1)：59-63．
[43] E. P. Lyvers, O. R. Mitchell. Precision edge contrast and orientation estimation. IEEE rranactions on PAMI, 1988,10(6): 927-937