双燃烧室冲压发动机混合增强及燃烧流场的实验和数值仿真研究
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摘要
以双燃烧室冲压发动机(DCR)为研究背景,针对采用具有不同几何构型的隔板这种混合增强措施,对混合层的冷流和燃烧流场进行了实验和数值仿真研究。
为考察各种隔板是否具有混合增强效果以及增混程度,开展了混合层冷流纹影实验和NPLS实验。在混合层冷流的纹影实验中,发现凹腔板混合层随着凹腔长深比的增大,混合层厚度变厚;凸台板、喷流板以及凹腔喷流组合板则未发现有显著的混合增强效果;后缘倾角隔板混合层厚度小于平板混合层;两种交错隔板均具有显著的混合增强效果,其中上下交错隔板混合层表现出了显著的非定常性,且混合层厚度与激波跨度的大小成反比;观察到了激波穿过混合层的折射现象;在混合层冷流NPLS实验中,观察到了与纹影实验相吻合的现象,两者相互佐证。
针对各种隔板对混合层的稳态影响机理,开展了混合层冷流的定常RANS数值仿真。研究表明,凹腔板的增混机制与凹腔剪切层再附着于隔板后缘的厚度有关,再附着厚度越厚,混合层厚度也越厚;凸台板、喷流板以及凹腔喷流组合板未能增混的原因也在于隔板后缘贴壁层较薄;后缘倾角隔板由于隔板后缘回流区较小而使混合层厚度变薄;发现了激波穿越混合层时不仅存在折射现象,亦存在反射现象;发现两种交错隔板的流场具有强三维特征,两种隔板的增混机制是在隔板后缘处形成强力剪切,诱导出了大尺度的流向涡,增强了混合层的不稳定性。针对凹腔板的自激振荡对混合层的影响开展了LES数值仿真研究。研究表明,平板混合层在周期运动的假设下,混合层中空间点的压力波动频率即为该点拟序涡的频率,低频对应大尺度涡,高频对应小尺度涡,给定一点处的压力波动频谱,就可估算出一个周期内该点处出现的拟序涡的尺度;发现凹腔板混合层中涡的尺度比平板混合层显著增大;凹腔板混合层中各点的压力波动的频率分布向凹腔自激振荡的频率分布靠近,并且这种靠近受到自激振荡幅值的制约,即自激振荡幅值越大,这种靠近越明显;随着凹腔后缘倾角的减小,自激振荡的幅值减小,其激发起的涡的尺度也逐渐减小,增混效果也逐渐减弱。
为考察凹腔板和交错板在提高燃烧效率方面的作用,开展了混合层燃烧流场的OH基自发辐射成像和OH基PLIF实验。发现三种凹腔板混合层的火焰分布与平板混合层的火焰分布差异不大,而两种交错隔板混合层的火焰分布区域则比较宽广,且OH基浓度也较高,但是,这种差异与冷流时混合层表现出的差异相比已不甚显著,表明在燃烧流场中凹腔板和交错板通过增强混合进而提高燃烧效率的作用已受到抑制;在数值仿真中,通过比较层流有限速率化学反应模型和有限速率/涡耗散模型,表明在混合层燃烧流场中,主导化学反应过程的是动力学因素,湍涡耗散的作用则十分有限;比较了三种凹腔板与平板混合层的计算结果,发现凹腔板在燃烧流场中的的影响确已十分微弱,这与实验观察到的结果一致。
Under the background of Dual Combustor Ramjet(DCR),an experimental and numerical investigation of reacting and non-reacting mixing layer are launched,which are focused on the mixing enhancement method of applying splitters with different geometric configurations.
In order to check whether those splitters have the effect of mixing enhancement and how the effect is, an schlieren and NPLS experiment are launched.In the experiment with schlieren photograph,it is discovered that the thickness of mixing layer in the flow field with splitters in which a cavity is mounted grows as the ratio of the length to depth of the cavity becomes larger;The schilieren photograph also shows that splitters with step,jet and jet combined with cavity have no obvious effect of mixing enhancement;It is also discovered that the thickness of the mixing layer is thinner when a splitter with an aft angle is applied;Splitters with staggered distributed trail show great effect of mixing enhancement,one of which with up-and-down-toward staggered trail making the flow field highly unsteady and the mixing layer’s thickness inverse-proportional to the shockwave span;The phenomenon of refraction is discovered when the shockwave penetrates through the mixing layer;In the NPLS experiment,phenomena are consistent with the schlieren.
The steady RANS numerical simulation of non reacting mixing layer is launched to investigate the mechanism of influence of splitters on the mixing layer under steady state condition.It is demonstrated that the mixing-enhancement effect of splitters with cavity is due to the cavity shear layer’s reattachment to the trail of the splitter,that is to say,the thicker the reattaching shear layer is,the thicker the mixing layer is.Actually,splitters that have no obvious mixing-enhancement effect can also be attributed to the thinner attaching layer(splitters with aft angle due to the narrow reversed flow area);Beside the refraction as discovered in the schlieren experiment,reflection is also obsersed when shockwave penetrates through the mixing layer;Splitters with staggered distributed trail equip the flow field with highly three-dimensional characteristics,and they make the fluid undertaking such great shear stress that it induces large-scale streamwise vortexs which play an important role in the instability of the mixing layer。
The influence of the cavity self-oscillation on the mixing layer is investigated through LES simulation.Under the hypothesis of periodic motion of vortexs in a mixing layer with a flat splitter,it is demonstrated that the frequency of the pressure at a spatial point just equals that of the vortexs which occur there.That means high frequency according to small vortex and low frequency according to large vortex.Furthermore,the scale of vortexs occurring at one point during a period can be estimated given the plot of frequency-power spectral density;The scale of vortexs in a cavity-mounted-splitter mixing layer is much larger than that in a flat-splitter mixing layer and the frequency of pressure becomes near that of the cavity self-oscillation.The higher the oscillation’s power is,the nearer the frequency is.As the back ramp angle of the cavity decreases,the power of oscillation becomes weak,which consequently reduces the scale of vortexs and weakens the mixing enhancement.
In order to test the effect of enhancing the combusting efficiency of cavity-mounted splitters and staggered-distributed-trail splitters, the experiment of OH spontaneous radiation photograph and OH PLIF on combusting flow field of mixing layer are launched.It is discovered that the flame distribution of cavity-mounted-splitter mixing layer is no much different with flat splitter;The flame area of staggered-distributed-splitters mixing layer is relatively wide and the concentration of OH is relatively high.However, this difference is not so distinguish compared to non-reacting mixing layer,which demonstrates that in the combusting flow field of mixing layer,those splitters’effect of enhancing combusting efficiency through enhancing mixing efficiency is certainly depressed. In the numerical simulation,two chemical reacting models of laminar finite-rate and finite-rate/eddy dissipation are compared and the consequence shows that there is no distinguish difference between them,that means,the chemical rate controls the reacting process and the eddy dissipation has little influence;The reacting flow field with cavity-mounted splitters is compared to that with a flat splitter.The consequence displays that the effect of mixing enhancement of the former does being depressed in reacting flow field,which is consistent with the experiment.
为考察各种隔板是否具有混合增强效果以及增混程度,开展了混合层冷流纹影实验和NPLS实验。在混合层冷流的纹影实验中,发现凹腔板混合层随着凹腔长深比的增大,混合层厚度变厚;凸台板、喷流板以及凹腔喷流组合板则未发现有显著的混合增强效果;后缘倾角隔板混合层厚度小于平板混合层;两种交错隔板均具有显著的混合增强效果,其中上下交错隔板混合层表现出了显著的非定常性,且混合层厚度与激波跨度的大小成反比;观察到了激波穿过混合层的折射现象;在混合层冷流NPLS实验中,观察到了与纹影实验相吻合的现象,两者相互佐证。
针对各种隔板对混合层的稳态影响机理,开展了混合层冷流的定常RANS数值仿真。研究表明,凹腔板的增混机制与凹腔剪切层再附着于隔板后缘的厚度有关,再附着厚度越厚,混合层厚度也越厚;凸台板、喷流板以及凹腔喷流组合板未能增混的原因也在于隔板后缘贴壁层较薄;后缘倾角隔板由于隔板后缘回流区较小而使混合层厚度变薄;发现了激波穿越混合层时不仅存在折射现象,亦存在反射现象;发现两种交错隔板的流场具有强三维特征,两种隔板的增混机制是在隔板后缘处形成强力剪切,诱导出了大尺度的流向涡,增强了混合层的不稳定性。针对凹腔板的自激振荡对混合层的影响开展了LES数值仿真研究。研究表明,平板混合层在周期运动的假设下,混合层中空间点的压力波动频率即为该点拟序涡的频率,低频对应大尺度涡,高频对应小尺度涡,给定一点处的压力波动频谱,就可估算出一个周期内该点处出现的拟序涡的尺度;发现凹腔板混合层中涡的尺度比平板混合层显著增大;凹腔板混合层中各点的压力波动的频率分布向凹腔自激振荡的频率分布靠近,并且这种靠近受到自激振荡幅值的制约,即自激振荡幅值越大,这种靠近越明显;随着凹腔后缘倾角的减小,自激振荡的幅值减小,其激发起的涡的尺度也逐渐减小,增混效果也逐渐减弱。
为考察凹腔板和交错板在提高燃烧效率方面的作用,开展了混合层燃烧流场的OH基自发辐射成像和OH基PLIF实验。发现三种凹腔板混合层的火焰分布与平板混合层的火焰分布差异不大,而两种交错隔板混合层的火焰分布区域则比较宽广,且OH基浓度也较高,但是,这种差异与冷流时混合层表现出的差异相比已不甚显著,表明在燃烧流场中凹腔板和交错板通过增强混合进而提高燃烧效率的作用已受到抑制;在数值仿真中,通过比较层流有限速率化学反应模型和有限速率/涡耗散模型,表明在混合层燃烧流场中,主导化学反应过程的是动力学因素,湍涡耗散的作用则十分有限;比较了三种凹腔板与平板混合层的计算结果,发现凹腔板在燃烧流场中的的影响确已十分微弱,这与实验观察到的结果一致。
Under the background of Dual Combustor Ramjet(DCR),an experimental and numerical investigation of reacting and non-reacting mixing layer are launched,which are focused on the mixing enhancement method of applying splitters with different geometric configurations.
In order to check whether those splitters have the effect of mixing enhancement and how the effect is, an schlieren and NPLS experiment are launched.In the experiment with schlieren photograph,it is discovered that the thickness of mixing layer in the flow field with splitters in which a cavity is mounted grows as the ratio of the length to depth of the cavity becomes larger;The schilieren photograph also shows that splitters with step,jet and jet combined with cavity have no obvious effect of mixing enhancement;It is also discovered that the thickness of the mixing layer is thinner when a splitter with an aft angle is applied;Splitters with staggered distributed trail show great effect of mixing enhancement,one of which with up-and-down-toward staggered trail making the flow field highly unsteady and the mixing layer’s thickness inverse-proportional to the shockwave span;The phenomenon of refraction is discovered when the shockwave penetrates through the mixing layer;In the NPLS experiment,phenomena are consistent with the schlieren.
The steady RANS numerical simulation of non reacting mixing layer is launched to investigate the mechanism of influence of splitters on the mixing layer under steady state condition.It is demonstrated that the mixing-enhancement effect of splitters with cavity is due to the cavity shear layer’s reattachment to the trail of the splitter,that is to say,the thicker the reattaching shear layer is,the thicker the mixing layer is.Actually,splitters that have no obvious mixing-enhancement effect can also be attributed to the thinner attaching layer(splitters with aft angle due to the narrow reversed flow area);Beside the refraction as discovered in the schlieren experiment,reflection is also obsersed when shockwave penetrates through the mixing layer;Splitters with staggered distributed trail equip the flow field with highly three-dimensional characteristics,and they make the fluid undertaking such great shear stress that it induces large-scale streamwise vortexs which play an important role in the instability of the mixing layer。
The influence of the cavity self-oscillation on the mixing layer is investigated through LES simulation.Under the hypothesis of periodic motion of vortexs in a mixing layer with a flat splitter,it is demonstrated that the frequency of the pressure at a spatial point just equals that of the vortexs which occur there.That means high frequency according to small vortex and low frequency according to large vortex.Furthermore,the scale of vortexs occurring at one point during a period can be estimated given the plot of frequency-power spectral density;The scale of vortexs in a cavity-mounted-splitter mixing layer is much larger than that in a flat-splitter mixing layer and the frequency of pressure becomes near that of the cavity self-oscillation.The higher the oscillation’s power is,the nearer the frequency is.As the back ramp angle of the cavity decreases,the power of oscillation becomes weak,which consequently reduces the scale of vortexs and weakens the mixing enhancement.
In order to test the effect of enhancing the combusting efficiency of cavity-mounted splitters and staggered-distributed-trail splitters, the experiment of OH spontaneous radiation photograph and OH PLIF on combusting flow field of mixing layer are launched.It is discovered that the flame distribution of cavity-mounted-splitter mixing layer is no much different with flat splitter;The flame area of staggered-distributed-splitters mixing layer is relatively wide and the concentration of OH is relatively high.However, this difference is not so distinguish compared to non-reacting mixing layer,which demonstrates that in the combusting flow field of mixing layer,those splitters’effect of enhancing combusting efficiency through enhancing mixing efficiency is certainly depressed. In the numerical simulation,two chemical reacting models of laminar finite-rate and finite-rate/eddy dissipation are compared and the consequence shows that there is no distinguish difference between them,that means,the chemical rate controls the reacting process and the eddy dissipation has little influence;The reacting flow field with cavity-mounted splitters is compared to that with a flat splitter.The consequence displays that the effect of mixing enhancement of the former does being depressed in reacting flow field,which is consistent with the experiment.
引文
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