内嵌金属富勒烯修饰的共聚物的合成与性能研究
|
摘要
富勒烯分子对很多有机试剂有较高的化学活性,将其基本的有机化学反应引入高分子化学的领域,大大拓展了富勒烯衍生物设计与合成的范围。例如,在过去的几年中,单取代或多取代富勒烯衍生物,如烷基、芳基、有机胺基、羟基、卤化物等各种功能基的富勒烯衍生物相继被合成出来。将具有独特结构的笼状分子键合于聚合物上可使其卓越的性能与柔性高分子母体性质相结合,从而有望生成一种具有新的性质并在技术上得到应用的新型材料,诸如优越的能量发射、光吸收、荧光、内部的电子或电荷转移、光致电子转移、高温超导等。内嵌金属富勒烯是一种新颖的富勒烯,当空心的富勒烯碳笼内包入金属原子时,所形成的化合物称为内嵌金属富勒烯或金属包合物(缩写为EMF),金属包合物既具有金属原子的性质,又具有富勒烯的性质,但比空心富勒烯具有更高的活性、热稳定性及光电化学特性。由于存在金属原子到碳笼的电子转移,还有可能使金属包合物具有某些特殊的性质。因此,人们预期金属包合物将会在功能材料、生物体系和催化剂等许多领域有广阔的应用前景。
因此合成金属富勒烯化学修饰的高分子衍生物将为其在基础研究领域甚至应用方面打开新的一页。发展富勒烯的高分子衍生物的关键是能在温和的条件下,高产率的合成可溶、易加工的具有特定结构和性质的富勒烯高分子化合物。本论文是在课题组原有的工作基础上,并根据国内外相关领域的发展趋势,首次将金属富勒烯与聚合物结合起来,研究了用自由基聚合反应合成高分子修饰的金属富勒烯(Gd@C82)衍生物,并对合成的聚合物进行了结构表征,同时利用SEM/AFM联合分析了其表面形貌及相态,提出了新颖的机理对其进行了解释,并与相应的C60的衍生物作比较。本论文共分四章。
第一章对富勒烯修饰的高分子衍生物的研究进展做了综述,特别是对金属富勒烯Gd@C82的结构特性及C60高分子化合物作了较系统的总结。
第二章主要总结了实验部分所需要的实验原料、测试设备即合成方法。
第三章首先合成了一系列C60的聚苯乙烯衍生物,通过改变不同的反应条件,如温度,引发剂的量及反应时间,研究了随着这些因素的变化导致的分子量的改变,从而摸索到了分子量分布相对较窄较均一的最佳条件。在相似的条件下合成了一系列金属富勒烯Gd@C82的衍生物。并用GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR, UV-Vis, TGA, DSC, XPS, CV, DPV, SEM, AFM等测试技术对产物的结构和性能作了表征。得出了三方面结论,第一,鉴于Gd@C82有较好的电子亲和力,GPC结果表明,Gd@C82-PS的分子量分布比C60-PS窄,这表明,在聚合中,Gd@C82具有比C60较强较快的捕捉自由基的能力,可迅速与引发剂发生反应。第二,UV, FTIR以及13C-NMR给出的信息可以确认Gd@C82分子已经键合于高分子链上。同时,随着Gd@C82含量增加,共聚物的还原电位出现了规律的负移,这主要由于含氧基团的引入使富勒烯捕捉自由基的能力增强造成的。因此,可以说,Gd@C82的键入影响了聚合物接受电子的能力,并且使得PS成为一种更好的绝缘材料。另外,热失重分析表明,共聚物分解温度的升高主要是聚合物与富勒烯分子之间键合作用的结果,而不是富勒烯分子掺杂于聚合物。同时,Gd@C82比C60更能有效的增强聚合物的热稳定性。第三,Gd@C82-PS表现出了电化学和热力学独特性,这与其特殊的结构是密不可分的。因此,我们观测了聚合物的AFM/SEM图,结果发现,Gd@C82-PS中的纳米粒子形成了以Gd@C82为壳以PS为核的自组装的球状核壳结构,而C60-PS形成了尺寸不均一,比较随机的聚集状态。并且分析原因得知,这主要是由于聚合物中分子间特殊作用力不同造成的,相比于C60,Gd@C82分子之间有较强的偶极-偶极相互作用力。同时,根据以上分析,提出了Gd@C82-PS聚合物形成的机理。
第四章是关于金属富勒烯的新颖高分子衍生物结构与性能的总结。
Fullerene-containing polymers, which have been an increasing interest for many years, are expected to have potential applications such as effective solar cells, photovoltaic devices, conductive materials, optical devices, chemical sensors, electroluminescent cells, polymer grid triodes, photolithography and so on. Scientists choose the C60-polymer system not only due to the good electron-accepting ability of C6o, sometimes, but also due to the small reorganization energy, significant acceleration of charge separation step and effective deceleration of energy wasting charge recombination step. C6o has emerged as a novel three-dimensional acceptor and has been extensively studied for the construction of efficient electron transfer model systems.
So far, the donor-acceptor (D-A) systems based on fullerene and PS, PPV or other molecules have been observed. However, little attention was paid to the polymers containing metallofullerenes. To our knowledge, the metallofullerene-containing polymer has indeed not been reported by now. Compared to C6o, endohedral metallofullerenes have attracted considerable interest as promising spherical molecules for material and biomedical applications, because of their unique properties that are unexpected from empty fullerenes. Metallofullerenes are generally more reactive, either thermally or photochemically than empty fullerenes. They will also become an important nanostructure material for future nanoscaled-electronic devices, because the band gaps of metallofullerenes can be varied between 1.0V and 0.2V depending on the fullerene size, the kind of metal atoms and the number of metal atoms encapsulated. Scientists have demonstrated that Gd@C82(OH)22 has efficiently scavenged superoxide radical anion, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. This ability may be attributed to the larger electron affinity. For instance, the electron affinity for C6o and Gd@C82 was proved to be 2.7eV and 3.3±0.1eV, respectively. Therefore, endohedral metallofullerenes have shown greater promise for using as "radical sponges". However, the radical-scavenging ability of metallofullerene during the polymerization has never been reported.
Importantly, a number of conjugated fullerene-polymers are known to exhibit ultrafast photoinduced charge transfer, with a back transfer that is orders of magnitude slower. C60 has shown very high electron mobility of up to 1cm 2V-1 s-1 in field-effect transistors. As to metallofullerene, the similar spherical structure enables these materials to possess similar properties with C60.However, compared to empty fullerenes, the higher electron affinity and superior ability to transport charges make metallofullerenes the best acceptor component currently available for fullerene-containing polymers. Therefore, these properties might make metallofullerene-containing polymers more important candidates for novel solar cells, photovoltaic devices and data memory devices.
In this paper, we carried out metallofullerene Gd@Cg2 as acceptor together with the donor styrene to investigate the polymerization behavior of this material and synthesized a series of metallofullerene-containing polymers. The mechanism, properties and structure of Gd@C82-containing copolymers were discussed by GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR, CV/DPV, XPS/NEXAFS, AFM/SEM, TGA/DSC analysis. This approach offers a new possibility of optimizing the polymer performance with metallofullerene.
In chapter 1, the progress in the research of fullerene modified polymer derivatives was reviewed. The characteristic structure and properties of Gd@Cg2 and the recent achievements in the polymerization and functional materialization of C6o were summarized.
In chapter 2, experimental section including instrument, reagent and experimental details was described.
In chapter 3, the optimum experimental conditions were found. The Gd@Cg2-PS series were synthesized and the structure of these copolymers was confirmed by a variety of characterization such as GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR, UV-Vis, TGA, DSC, CV, DPV, XPS, SEM, AFM.
In chapter 4, the structures and properties of metallofullerene derivatives Gd@C82-PS were concluded.
因此合成金属富勒烯化学修饰的高分子衍生物将为其在基础研究领域甚至应用方面打开新的一页。发展富勒烯的高分子衍生物的关键是能在温和的条件下,高产率的合成可溶、易加工的具有特定结构和性质的富勒烯高分子化合物。本论文是在课题组原有的工作基础上,并根据国内外相关领域的发展趋势,首次将金属富勒烯与聚合物结合起来,研究了用自由基聚合反应合成高分子修饰的金属富勒烯(Gd@C82)衍生物,并对合成的聚合物进行了结构表征,同时利用SEM/AFM联合分析了其表面形貌及相态,提出了新颖的机理对其进行了解释,并与相应的C60的衍生物作比较。本论文共分四章。
第一章对富勒烯修饰的高分子衍生物的研究进展做了综述,特别是对金属富勒烯Gd@C82的结构特性及C60高分子化合物作了较系统的总结。
第二章主要总结了实验部分所需要的实验原料、测试设备即合成方法。
第三章首先合成了一系列C60的聚苯乙烯衍生物,通过改变不同的反应条件,如温度,引发剂的量及反应时间,研究了随着这些因素的变化导致的分子量的改变,从而摸索到了分子量分布相对较窄较均一的最佳条件。在相似的条件下合成了一系列金属富勒烯Gd@C82的衍生物。并用GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR, UV-Vis, TGA, DSC, XPS, CV, DPV, SEM, AFM等测试技术对产物的结构和性能作了表征。得出了三方面结论,第一,鉴于Gd@C82有较好的电子亲和力,GPC结果表明,Gd@C82-PS的分子量分布比C60-PS窄,这表明,在聚合中,Gd@C82具有比C60较强较快的捕捉自由基的能力,可迅速与引发剂发生反应。第二,UV, FTIR以及13C-NMR给出的信息可以确认Gd@C82分子已经键合于高分子链上。同时,随着Gd@C82含量增加,共聚物的还原电位出现了规律的负移,这主要由于含氧基团的引入使富勒烯捕捉自由基的能力增强造成的。因此,可以说,Gd@C82的键入影响了聚合物接受电子的能力,并且使得PS成为一种更好的绝缘材料。另外,热失重分析表明,共聚物分解温度的升高主要是聚合物与富勒烯分子之间键合作用的结果,而不是富勒烯分子掺杂于聚合物。同时,Gd@C82比C60更能有效的增强聚合物的热稳定性。第三,Gd@C82-PS表现出了电化学和热力学独特性,这与其特殊的结构是密不可分的。因此,我们观测了聚合物的AFM/SEM图,结果发现,Gd@C82-PS中的纳米粒子形成了以Gd@C82为壳以PS为核的自组装的球状核壳结构,而C60-PS形成了尺寸不均一,比较随机的聚集状态。并且分析原因得知,这主要是由于聚合物中分子间特殊作用力不同造成的,相比于C60,Gd@C82分子之间有较强的偶极-偶极相互作用力。同时,根据以上分析,提出了Gd@C82-PS聚合物形成的机理。
第四章是关于金属富勒烯的新颖高分子衍生物结构与性能的总结。
Fullerene-containing polymers, which have been an increasing interest for many years, are expected to have potential applications such as effective solar cells, photovoltaic devices, conductive materials, optical devices, chemical sensors, electroluminescent cells, polymer grid triodes, photolithography and so on. Scientists choose the C60-polymer system not only due to the good electron-accepting ability of C6o, sometimes, but also due to the small reorganization energy, significant acceleration of charge separation step and effective deceleration of energy wasting charge recombination step. C6o has emerged as a novel three-dimensional acceptor and has been extensively studied for the construction of efficient electron transfer model systems.
So far, the donor-acceptor (D-A) systems based on fullerene and PS, PPV or other molecules have been observed. However, little attention was paid to the polymers containing metallofullerenes. To our knowledge, the metallofullerene-containing polymer has indeed not been reported by now. Compared to C6o, endohedral metallofullerenes have attracted considerable interest as promising spherical molecules for material and biomedical applications, because of their unique properties that are unexpected from empty fullerenes. Metallofullerenes are generally more reactive, either thermally or photochemically than empty fullerenes. They will also become an important nanostructure material for future nanoscaled-electronic devices, because the band gaps of metallofullerenes can be varied between 1.0V and 0.2V depending on the fullerene size, the kind of metal atoms and the number of metal atoms encapsulated. Scientists have demonstrated that Gd@C82(OH)22 has efficiently scavenged superoxide radical anion, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. This ability may be attributed to the larger electron affinity. For instance, the electron affinity for C6o and Gd@C82 was proved to be 2.7eV and 3.3±0.1eV, respectively. Therefore, endohedral metallofullerenes have shown greater promise for using as "radical sponges". However, the radical-scavenging ability of metallofullerene during the polymerization has never been reported.
Importantly, a number of conjugated fullerene-polymers are known to exhibit ultrafast photoinduced charge transfer, with a back transfer that is orders of magnitude slower. C60 has shown very high electron mobility of up to 1cm 2V-1 s-1 in field-effect transistors. As to metallofullerene, the similar spherical structure enables these materials to possess similar properties with C60.However, compared to empty fullerenes, the higher electron affinity and superior ability to transport charges make metallofullerenes the best acceptor component currently available for fullerene-containing polymers. Therefore, these properties might make metallofullerene-containing polymers more important candidates for novel solar cells, photovoltaic devices and data memory devices.
In this paper, we carried out metallofullerene Gd@Cg2 as acceptor together with the donor styrene to investigate the polymerization behavior of this material and synthesized a series of metallofullerene-containing polymers. The mechanism, properties and structure of Gd@C82-containing copolymers were discussed by GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR, CV/DPV, XPS/NEXAFS, AFM/SEM, TGA/DSC analysis. This approach offers a new possibility of optimizing the polymer performance with metallofullerene.
In chapter 1, the progress in the research of fullerene modified polymer derivatives was reviewed. The characteristic structure and properties of Gd@Cg2 and the recent achievements in the polymerization and functional materialization of C6o were summarized.
In chapter 2, experimental section including instrument, reagent and experimental details was described.
In chapter 3, the optimum experimental conditions were found. The Gd@Cg2-PS series were synthesized and the structure of these copolymers was confirmed by a variety of characterization such as GPC, FTIR,13C-NMR, UV-Vis, TGA, DSC, CV, DPV, XPS, SEM, AFM.
In chapter 4, the structures and properties of metallofullerene derivatives Gd@C82-PS were concluded.
引文
[1]Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; Brien, S. C. O.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. C60: Bulkminsterfullerene[J]. Nature,1985,318 (14):162-163
[2]Kra tschmer, W.; Lamb, L. D.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Huffmann, D. R.; Solid C60-A New Form of Carbon[J]. Nature,1990,347:354-358
[3]Suzuki, T.; Maruyama, Y.; Kato, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, K. Electrochemical properties of La@C82[J]. J.Am. Chem. Soc.,1993,115:11006-11007
[4]Anderson, M. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Srtevenson, S.; Burbank, P. M.; Gibson, J. R. The voltammetry of Sc3@C82 [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1997,119:437-438
[5]Wang, W. L.; Ding, J. Q.; Yang, S. H.; Li, X. Y. Recent advances in the chemistry and physics of fullerenes and related materials [J]. Proc. Electrochem. Soc.,1997,417:97-140
[6]杨君炜,汪长春,明伟华.用多官能团引发剂合成超支化聚苯乙烯及其C60衍生物[J].高等学校化学学报,2004,25(1)：174-178
[7]Li, L.; Wang, C. C.; Long, Z. H.; Fu, S. K. Synthesis of C60 end-capped polymers from azide functional polystyrene via atom transfer radical polymerization [J]. Journal of Polymer Science:Part A:Polymer Chemistry.2000,38:4519-4523
[8]Yang, J. W.; Li, L.; Wang, C. C. Synthesis of a water soluble, monosubstituted C60 polymeric derivative and its photoconductive properties [J]. Macromolecules.2003,36:6060-6065
[9]Yang, D.; Li, L.; Wang, C. C. Characterization and photoconductivity study of well-defined C60 terminated poly(tert-butyl acrylate-b-styrene) [J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics.2004, 87:114-119
[10]Yang, J. W.; Wang, C. C.; Ming, W. H. Synthesis of hyperbranched polystyrene and its fullerene end-capped derivatives with multifunctional atom transfer radical polymerization initiator [J]. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities-Chinese.2004,25:174-178
[11]Audouin, F.; Nunige, S.; Nuffer, R.; Mathis, C. Grafting polymers onto C60 via an atom transfer reaction [J].Synthetic Metals.2001,121:1149-1150
[12]Audouin F.; Nuffer, R.; Mathis, C. Synthesis of Di-and Tetra-Adducts by addition of polystyrene macroradicals onto fullerene C60 [J].Journal of Polymer Science.:Part A: Polymer Chemistry,2004,42:3456-3363
[13]Audouin, F.; Renouard, T.; Schmaltz, B.; Nuffer, R.; Mathis, C. Asymmetric and mikto-arm stars with a C60 core by grafting of macro-radicals or anionic polymer chains [J]. Polymer. 2005,46:8519-8527
[14]Dai, S.; Ravi, P.; Tan, C. H.; Tam, K. C. Self-assembly behavior of a stimuli-responsive water-soluble fullerene [C60]-containing polymer [J]. Langmuir.2004,20:8569-8575
[15]Tan, C. H.; Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C.; Gan, L. H. Solvent-induced large compound vesicle of fullerene [C60] containing poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) [J]. Langmuir.2004,20:9882-9884
[16]Tan, C. H.; Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C. Polymer-induced fractal patterns of fullerene [C60] containing poly(methacrylic acid) in salt solutions [J]. Langmuir.2004,20:9901-9904
[17]Teoh, S. K.; Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C. Self-assembly of stimuli-responsive water-soluble fullerene [C60] end-capped ampholytic block copolymer [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.,2005,109: 4431-4438
[18]Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tan, C. H.; Tam, K. C. S. Self-assembly of alkali-soluble fullerene [C60] containing poly(methacrylic acid) in aqueous solution [J]. Macromolecules,2005,38:933-939
[19]Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Hong, K. M.; Tam, K. C.; Gan, L. H. Self-assembly of C60 containing poly(methyl methacrylate) in ethyl acetate/decalin mixtures solvent [J]. Polymer,2005,46: 4714-4721
[20]Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of [60]Fullerene Containing Sulfobetaine Polymer in Aqueous Solution [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B,2005,109:22791-22798
[21]Guo, C. D.; Teng, W. R.; Wu, H. X.; Shen, J. Z.; Deng, X. M.; Cai, R. F. Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemistry,2005, 23:1113-1119
[22]Loy, D. A.; Assink, R. A. Synthesis of a C60-p-Xylylene Copolymer [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1992,114:3977-3978
[23]Sun, Y. P.; Lawson, G. E.; Bunker, C. E.; Johnson, R. A.; Ma, B.; Farmer, C.; Riggs, J. E.; Kitodskiy, A. Preparation and Characterization of Fullerene-Styrene Copolymers [J]. Macromolecules.1996,29:8441-8448
[24]Kojima, Y.; Matsnoka, T. Optical Limiting Property of Polystyrene-Bound C60 [J]. Macromolecules.1995,28,8868-8869
[25]Shi, S.; Khemani, K. A Polyester and Polyurethane of Diphenyl C61:Retention of Fulleroid Properties in a Polymer [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1992,114,10656-10657
[26]Chiang, L. Y.; Upasani, R. B.; Swirczewski, J. W. Pants required for generating conducting patterns of the insoluble polyaniline salts [J]. US Pant.1993,232:177-248.
[27]Samulski, E. T. et al. Flagellenes:Nanophase-Separated, Polymer-Substituted Fullerenes [J]. Chem. Mater,1992,4,1153-1157
[28]Wang, L. S.; Conceicao, J.; Jin, C.; Smalley, R. E. Threshold photodetachment of cold C60 [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1991,182,5-11
[29]Ohsawa, Y.; Saji, T. Electrochemical detection of C606-at low temperature [J]. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.1992,781-783
[30]Xie, Q. S.; Cordero, E. P.; Echegoyen, L. Electrochemical Detection of C606- and C706-: Enhanced Stability of Fullerides in Solution [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1992,114,3978-3980
[31]Krusic, P. J.; Wasserman, E.; Parkinson, B. A.; Malone, B.; Holler, E. R.; Keizer, P. N.; Morton, J. R.; Preston, K. F.; Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Radical Reactivity of C60 [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1991,113:6274-6275
[32]McEwen, C. N.; McKay, R. G.; Larsen, B. S. C60 as a Radical Sponge [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992,114:4412-4414
[33]Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Free-Radical Copolymerization of Fullerenes with Styrene [J]. Macromolecules,1995,28:3741-3743
[34]Patil, A. O.; Brois, S.; Fullerene grafted hydrocarbon polymers [J]. Polymer.1997,38 (13): 3423-3424
[35]Tang, B. Z. et al. Direct Fullerenation of Polycarbonate via Simple Polymer Reactions [J]. Macromolecules.1997,30:2848-2852
[36]Patil, A. O. et al. Membrane, useful e.g. for aromatics separation, and in workable housing configuration including e.g. flat plate elements, wafer elements, and spiral-wound elements, comprises polyetheramine reacted with epoxide and formed into membrane [P]. Boston Patent, Material Research Society Fall, US2010059441-A1,1992
[37]Sun, Y. P.; Bunker, C. E.; Liu, B. Highly water-soluble fullerene materials and singlet molecular oxygen generation [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1997,2S-3S.
[38]Francesco, G.; Nazario, M. Fullerene Polymers:Synthesis and Properties Chem. Rev.2006, 106:5136-5190
[39]Wang, C.; Guo, Z. X.; Fu, S.; Wu, W.; Zhu, D. Polymers containing fullerene or carbon nanotube structures [J]. Prog. Polym. Sci.2004,29:1079-1141
[40]Chiang, L. Y.; Wang, L. Y.; In Fullerenes:Chemistry, Physics and Technology. Kadish, K. M.; Ruoff, R. S. Eds.; Wiley:New York,2000, Chapter 7.
[41]黎淳昭,张炜程,周鹏,杜福胜,李子臣,李福绵.末端含C60单链窄分子量分布高分子在溶液中的自组装行为[J].高分子学报,2001,4(4)：557-560.
[42]Thompson, B. C.; Frechet, J. M. J. Polymer-Fullerene Composite Solar Cells [J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47:58-77
[43]Deng, X. Y.; Zheng, L. P.; Yang, C. H.; Li, Y. F.; Yu, G.; Cao, Y. Polymer Photovoltaic Devices Fabricated with Blend MEHPPV and Organic Small Molecules [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.,2004,108:3451-3456
[44]Mwaura, J. K.; Pinto, M. R.; Witker, D.; Ananthakrishnan, N.; Schanze, K. S.; Reynolds, J. R. Photovoltaic cells based on sequentially adsorbed multilayers of conjugated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s and a water-soluble fullerene derivative [J]. Langmuir.2005,21:10119-26
[45]Ohsawa, S.; Maeda, K.; Yashima, E. Syntheses and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Helical Poly(phenylacetylene)s Bearing [60]Fullerene Pendants [J]. Macromolecules.2007, 40:9244-9251
[46]Zheng, Q. B.; Sun, R. G.; Zhang, X. M.; Masuda, T.; Kobayashi, T. Submicrometer-Sized Organic Light Emitting Diodes with a Triphenylamine-Containing Polycarbonate as a Guest Molecule in a Polymer Blend [J]. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.1997,36:L827-L830
[47]McElvain, J.; Keshavarz, M.; Wang, H.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A. J. Fullerene-based polymer grid triodes [J]. J. Appl.Phys.1997,81:6468-6472
[48]Tajima, Y.; Tezuka, Y.; Ishii, T.; Takeuchi, K. Application of a Furan-containing polymer/fullerene system to photolithography [J]. Polym. J.1997,29,1016-1019
[49]Huang, C. S.; Wang, N.; Li, Y. L.; Li, C. H.; Li, J. B.; Liu, H. B.; Zhu. D. B. A New Class of Conjugated Polymers Having Porphyrin, Poly(p-phenylenevinylene), and Fullerene Units for Efficient Electron Transfer [J]. Macromolecules 2006,39:5319-5325
[50]Tang, B. Z.; Xu, H. Y.; Lam,J. W. Y.; Lee, P. P. S.; Xu, K. T.; Sun, Q. H.; Cheuk, K. K. L. C60-Containing Poly(1-phenyl-1-alkynes):Synthesis, Light Emission, and Optical Limiting [J]. Chem. Mater.2000,12:1446-1455
[51]Cha, M.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Heeger, A. J.; Hummelen, J. C.; Wudl, F. Enhanced nonlinear absorption and optical limiting in semiconducting polymer/methanofullerene charge transfer films [J]. App. Phys. Lett.1995,67:3850-3852
[52]Borseuberger, P. M. et al. An aggregate organic photoconductor:photoconduction properties [J]. J. Appl. Phys.1978,49(11):5555-5564
[53]陈或,黄祖恩,蔡瑞芳等,C60-PNVC光电导功能材料的形态与结构研究[J].分析测试学报,1995,14,21.
[54]Tutt, L. W.; Boggess, T. F. A review of optical limiting mechanisms and devices using organics, fullerenes, semiconductors and other materials [J]. Prog. Quant. Electron,1993,17: 299-338
[55]Sun, Y. P.; Riggs, J. E.; Organic and inorganic optical limiting materials. From fullerenes to nanoparticles [J]. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem.1999,18:43-90
[56]Tutt, L. W.; Kost, A. Optical limiting performance of C60 and C70 solutions [J]. Nature,1992, 356:225-226
[57]Ros, D. T.; Prato, M.; Medicinal chemistry with fullerenes and fullerene derivatives [J]. Chem. Commun.1999,663-669
[58]Bosi, S.; Ros, T. D.; Spalluto, G.; Balzarini, J.; Prato, M.; Synthesis and Anti-HIV Properties of New Water-Soluble Bis-functionalized[60]fullerene Derivatives [J]. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2003,13:4437-4440
[59]Samal, S.; Geckeler, K. E.; Cyclodextrin-fullerenes:a new class of water-soluble fullerenes [J]. Chem.Commun.2000,1101-1102
[60]Gunes, S.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Conjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells [J]. Chem. Rev.2007,107:1324-1338
[61]Singh, T. B.; Marjanovic, N.; Matt, G. J.; Gunes, S.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Ramil, A. M.; Andreev, A.; Sitter, H.; Schwodiauer, R.; Bauer, S. Meyer-Neldel rule in fullerene field-effect transistors Org. Electron.2005,6:105-107
[62]In Fullerenes:Synthesis, Properties, and Chemistry of Large Carbon Clusters; Hammond, G. S., Kuck, V. J., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 481; American Chemical Society:Washington, D. C.,1992.
[63]Hebard, A. F.; Charge transfer and surface scattering at Cu-C60 planar interfaces [J]. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.1993,23:159-164
[64]Allemand, P. M.; Khemani, K. C.; Koch, A.; Wudl, F.; Holczer, K.; Donovan, S.; Gruner, G.; Thompson, J. D. Organic molecular soft ferromagnetismin in a fullerene-C60 [J]. Science. 1991,253:301-303
[65]Lappas, A.; Prassides, K.; Vavekis, K.; Arcon, D.; Blinc, R.; Cevc, P.; Amato, A.; Feyerherm, R.; Gygax, F. N.; Schenck, A.; Spontaneous magnetic-ordering in the fullerene charge-transfer salt(tdae) [J].Science,1995,267:1799-1802
[66]Narymbetov, B.; Omerzu, A.; Kabanov, V. V.; Tokumoto, M.; Kobayashi, H.; Mihailovic, D. Origin of ferromagnetic exchange interactions in a fullerene-organic compound [J]. Nature(London) 2000,407:883-885
[67]Makarova, T. L.; Sundqvist, B.; Hohne, R.; Esquinazi, P.; Kopelevich, Y.; Scharff, P.; Davydov, V. A.; Kashevarova, L. S.; Rakhmanina, A. V. Magnetic carbon [J]. Nature (London) 2001,413:716-718
[68]Hebard, A. F.; Rosseinsky, M. J.; Haddon, R. C.; Murphy, D. W.; Glarum, S. H.; Palstra, T. T. M.; Ramirez, A. P.; Kortan, A. R. Superconductivity at 18-K in potassium-doped C6o [J]. Nature (London).1991,350:600-601
[69]Schon, J.; Kloc, C.; Batlogg, B. High-Temperature Superconductivity in Lattice-Expanded C60 [J]. Science.2001,293:2432-2434
[70]Dagotto,E.;The Race to Beat the Cuprates[J].Science.2001,293;2410-2411
[71]Grant, P. Rehearsals for prime time [J]. Nature(London) 2001,411:532-533
[72]Xie, Q.; Perez-Cordero, E.; Echegoyen, L. J. Electrochemical Detection of C606- and C706-: Enhanced Stability of Fullerides in SolutionJ. Am. Chem. Soc.1992,114:3978-3980
[73]Echegoyen, L.; Echegoyen, L. E. Electrochemistry of Fullerenes and Their Derivatives [J]. Acc. Chem. Res.1998,31:593-601
[74]Guldi, D. M. Fullerenes:three dimensional electron acceptor materials [J]. Chem. Commun. 2000,321-327
[75]Guldi, D. M.; Prato, M. Excited-State Properties of C60 Fullerene Derivatives [J]. Acc. Chem. Res.2000,33:695-703
[76]In Fullerenes:From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties; Guldi, D. M.; Martin, N.; Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers:Dordrech, The Netherlands,2002.
[77]Jensen, A. W.; Wilson, S. R.; Schuster, D. I. Biological applications of fullerenes [J]. Bioorg, Med. Chem.1996,4:767-779
[78]Cassell, A. M.; Scrivens, W. A.; Tour, J. M. Assembly of DNA/Fullerene Hybrid Materials [J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.1998,37:1528-1531
[79]Nakamura, E.; Isobe, H.; Tomita, N.; Sawamura, M.; Jinno, S.; Okayama, H. Functionalized fullerene as an artificial vector for transfection [J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2000,39: 4254-4527
[80]Da Ros, T.; Prato, M. Medicinal chemistry with fullerenes and fullerene derivatives [J]. Chem. Commun.1999,663-669
[81]Bosi, S.; Da Ros, T.; Spalluto, G.; Prato, M. Eur. Fullerene derivatives:an attractive tool for biological applications [J]. J. Med. Chem.2003,38:913-923
[82]Prato, M. Top. Oxa- and thia-fullerenes (C59O, C59S):Closed or opened cages? [J]. Curr.Chem.1999,199:734-736
[83]Prato, M.; Martin, N. Functionalised Fullerene Materials [J].J. Mater. Chem.,2002,12(7): 1X-1X
[84]Wakabayashi, T.; Shiromaru, H.; Suzuki, S.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, Y.; C-2-loss fragmentation of higher fullerenes and metallofullerenes [J]. Surf. Rev. Lett.,1996,3:793-798
[85]Suzuki, S.; Kojima, Y.; Shiromaru, H.; Achiba, Y.; Walabayashi, T.; Tellgmann, R.; Campbell, E. E. B.; Hertel, I. V. Z. Phys. D.1997,40:410.
[86]Lorents, D. C.; Brink, C.; Jensen, N.; Hvelplund. Collisional fragmentation of endohedral fullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1995,236:141-149
[87]Beyers, R. et al. Preparation and structure of crystals of the metallofullerene SC2C84 [J]. Nature.1994,370:196-199
[88]Sakurai, T.; Wang, X. D.; Xue, Q. K.; Hasegawa, Y.; Hashizume, T.; Shinohara, H.; Scanning tunneling microscopy study of fullerenes [J].Prog. Surf. Sci.1996,51:263-408
[89]Gimzewski, J. K.; The Chemical Physics of Fullerenes,1996,316:117-36
[90]Tanaka, N.; Honda, Y.; Kawahara, M.; Kishida, M.; Shinohara, H.; High-resolution electron microscopy of Gd@C82 metal fullerenes grown on MgO(001) surfaces [J].Thin Solid Films, 1996,282:613-617
[91]Alvarez, M. M.; Gillan, E. G.; Holczer, K.; Kaner, R. B.; Min, K. S.; Whetten, R. L.; La2C80: A Soluble Dimetallofullerene [J]. J. Phys. Chem.,1991,95:10561-10563
[92]Kimura, T.; Sugai, T.; Shinohara, H.; Surface-induced dissociation of lanthanum metallofullerenes on a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer film [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1999, 304:211-216
[93]Kimura, T.; Sugai, T.; Shinohara, H. J. Surface-induced fragmentation of higher fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys.,1999,110:9681-9687
[94]Takata, M.; Umeda, B.; Nishibori, E.; Sakata, M.; Saito, Y.; Ohno, M.; Shinohara, H. Confirmation by X-ray diffraction of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene Y@C82 [J]. Nature.1995,377:46-49
[95]Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Metallofullerenes MC82 (M=Sc, Y, and La)-a theoretical-study of the electronic and structural aspects [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1993,214:57-63
[96]Senapati, L.; Schrier, J.; Whaley, K. B. Electronic Transport, Structure, an Energetics of Endohedral Gd@C82 Metallofullerenes [J].Nano. Letters.2004,4:2073-2078
[97]Anderson, M. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Srtevenson, S.; Burbank, P. M.; Gibson, J. R.; The Voltammetry of Sc3@C82 [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1997,119:437-438
[98]Akasaka, T.; Okubo, S.; Kondo, M.; Maeda, Y.; Wakahara, T.; Kato, T.; Suzuki, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagase, S.; Aggregated states of luminescent conjugated polymers in solutions [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,2000,317:153-158
[99]Suzuki, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Oguri, F.; Nakao, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka, H.; Takahashi, T.; Electrochemical properties of fullerenolanthanides [J]. Tetrahedron,1996,52,4973-4982
[100]Burbank, P. B.; Gibson, J. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Anderson, M. R. Electrochemistry of C82:relationship to metallofullerene electrochemistry [J].J. Electroanal. Chem.1996,417:1-4
[101]Funasaka, H.; Sakurai, K.; Oda, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Takahashi, T. Magnetic properties of Gd@C82 metallofullerene [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1995,232:273-277
[102]Funasaka, H.; Sugiyama, K.; Takahashi, T. Magnetic Properties of Rare-Earth Metallofullerenes [J]. J. Phys. Chem.1995,99:1826-1830
[103]Dunsch, L.; Eckert, D.; Froehner, J.; Bartl, A.; Kuran, P.; Wolf, M.; Mueller, K. H. Fullerenes: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials 1998,6: 955-958
[104]Hoffman, K. R.; Delapp, K.; Andrews, H. Spectroscopic studies of fullerenes doped with rare earth and transition metal ions [J]. J. Luminescence.1995,66:244-248
[105]Hoffman, K. R.; Norris, B. J.; Merle, P. B.; Alford, M.; Near infrared Er3+ photoluminescence from erbium metallofullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1998,284:171-176
[106]Ding X. Y.; Alford, J. M.; Wright, J. C.; Lanthanide fluorescence from Er3+in Er2@C82 [J].Chem. Phys. Lett.1997,269:72-78
[107]Macfarlane, R. M.; Wittmann, G.; Vanloosdrecht, P. H. M. Measurement of Pair Interactions Measurement of Pair Interactions and 1.5μm Emission from Er3+ Ions in a C82 Fullerene Cage [J]. Phys. Rev. Let.1997,79:1397-1400
[108]Macfarlane, R. M.; Bethune, D. S.; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C. Fluorescence spectroscopy and emission lifetimes of Er3+ in ErxSc3-xN@C80 (x=1-3) [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.2001,343: 229-234
[109]Hoffman, K. R.; Conley, W. G..; Does Er@C60 emit light? [J]. J. Luminescence.2001,94: 187-189
[110]Gu, G..; Huang, H. J.; Yang, S. H.; Yu, P.; Fu, J. S.; Wong, G. K.; Wan, X. G.; Dong, J. M.; Du, Y. W.; The third-order non-linear optical response of the endohedral metallofullerene Dy@C82 [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1998,289:167-173
[111]Boltalina, O. V.; Ioffe, I. N.; Sorokin, I. D.; Sidorov, L. N. Electron Affinity of Some Endohedral Lanthanide Fullerenes [J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry A.1997,101: 9561-9563
[112]Boltalina, O. V.; Dashkova, E. V.; Sidorov, L. N. Gibbs energies of gas-phase electron transfer reactions involving the larger fullerene anions [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1996,256: 253-260
[113]Sai Baba, M.; Lakshmi Narasimhan, T. S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Mathews, C. K. Int. Appearance energy and electron impact ionisation cross-section of C70[J]. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes.1992,116:R1-6
[114]Sun, D.; Liu, Z.; Guo, X.; Xu, W.; Liu, S. "Click to view this record" Halogen and Interhalogen Reactions with [60]Fullerene:Preparation and Characterization of C60C24 and C60C18F14 [J]. Fullerene Sci. Technol.1997,5(4):629-642
[115]Wang, W. The Electrochemical Society Meeting Abstracts.1997,97,968.
[116]Lon. J. Wilson. Medical applications of fullerenes and metallofullerenes [J]. Electrochemical Society Interface.1999,8(4):24-8
[117]Aime, S.; Botta, M.; Fasano, M.; Lanthanide(Ⅲ) chelates for NMR biomedical applications [J]. Chemical Society Reviews.1998,27:19-29
[118]Lauffor, R. B. Paramagnetic Metal Complexes as Water Proton Relaxation Agents for NMR Imaging:Theory and Design [J]. Chem. Rev.1987,87:901-927
[119]Mikawa, M.; Kato, H.; Okumura, M.; Narazaki, M.; Kanazawa, Y.; N. Miwa, N.; Shinohara, H. Oxidation of Fullerenes by Ozone [J]. Bioconjugate Chem.2001,12:510-514
[120]Cagle, D. W.; Thrash, T. P.; Wilson, L. J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Neutron Activation of Holmium Metallofullerenes [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1996,118:8043-8047
[121]Cagle, D. W.; Wilson, L. J. In vivo studies of fullerene-based materials using endohedral metallofullerene radiotracers [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.1999,96:5182-5187
[122]Thrash, T. P.; Cagle, D. W.; Wilson, L. J.; Toward fullerene-based radiopharmaceuticals: high-yield neutron activation of endohedral 165Ho metallofullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999,308:329-336
[123]Kikuchi, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Sueki, K.; Encapsulation of Radioactive 159Gd and 161Tb Atoms in Fullerene Cages [J].J. Am. Chem. Soc.1994,116:9775-9776
[124]Kobayashi, K.; Kuwano; Sueki, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, Y.; Nakahara, H.; Kananish, Ni; Watanabe, M.; Tomura, K. Activation and tracer techniques for study of metallofullerenes [J]. J. Radio Anal. Nucl. Chem.1995,192:81-89
[125]Deng, X. Y.; Zheng, L. P.; Yang, C. H.; Li, Y. F.; Yu, G.; Cao, Y. Polymer Photovoltaic Devices Fabricated with Blend MEHPPV and Organic Small Molecules [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004,108:3451-3456
[126]Mwaura, J. K.; Pinto, M. R.; Witker, D.; Ananthakrishnan, N.; Schanze, K. S.; Reynolds, J. R.Photovoltaic Cells Based on Sequentially Adsorbed Multilayers of Conjugated Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s and a Water-Soluble Fullerene Derivative [J]. Langmuir.2005, 21:10119-10126
[127]Ohsawa, S.; Maeda, K.; Yashima, E. Syntheses and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Helical Poly(phenylacetylene)s Bearing [60]Fullerene Pendants [J]. Macromolecules.2007, 40:9244-9251
[128]Zheng, Q. B.; Sun, R. G.; Zhang, X. M.; Masuda, T.; Kobayashi, T. New Digital Versatile Disc Recordable (DVD-R) with Metal Thin Film and Organic Film on Polycarbonate Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.1997,36:1675-1678
[129]Tajima, Y.; Tezuka, Y.; Ishii, T.; Takeuchi, K. Application of a Furan-containing polymer/fullerene system to photolithography [J]. Polym. J.1997,29:1016-1019
[130]Bunker, C. E.; Lawson, G. E.; Sun, Y. P. Fullerene-Styrene Random Copolymers.Novel Optical Properties [J]. Macromolecules.1995,28:3744-3746
[131]Chen, Y., Cai, R. F., Xiao, L. X., Huang, Z. E. and Pan, D. Synthesis and characterization of photoconductive C60-N-vinylcarbazole copolymers [J]. J. Mater. Sci.1998,33:4633-4641
[132]L. Huang, J. Y. Chen, T. B. Cao, H. L. Cong and W. X. Cao, Investigation of microtribological properties of C60-containing polymer thin films using AFM/FFM [J]. Wear. 2003,255:826-831
[133]B. W. Boudouris, F. Molins, D. A. Blank, C. D. Frisbie and M. A. Hillmyer, Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Microstructure of a Fullerene-Terminated Poly(3-hexylthiophene) [J]. Macromol.2009,42(12):4118-4126
[134]S. Barrau, T. Heiser, F. Richard, C. Brochon, C. Ngov, K. V. D. Wetering, G. Hadziioannou, D. V. Anokhin and D. A. Ivanov, Self-Assembling of Novel Fullerene-Grafted Donor-Acceptor Rod-Coil Block Copolymers [J]. Macromol.2008,41:2701-2710
[135]Akasaka, T.; Kono, T.; Takematsu, Y. J.; Nikawa, H.; Nakahodo, T.; Wakahara, T.; Ishitsuka, M. O.; Tsuchiya, T.; Maeda, Y.; Liu, M. T. H.; Yoza, K.; Kato, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Mizorogi, N.; Slanina, Z.; Nagase, S. Does Gd@C82 Have an Anomalous Endohedral Structure? Synthesis and Single Crystal X-ray Structure of the Carbene Adduct [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008,130:12840-12841
[136]Akasaka, T.; Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Suzuki, T.; Kato, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka, H.; Takahashi, T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.1995,34,2139.
[137]Akasaka, T.; Kato, T.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagase, S.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka. H.; Takahashi, T. Exohedral adducts of La@C82 [J]. Nature.1995,374:600-601
[138]Akasaka, T.; Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Suzuki, T.; Kato, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka, H.; Takahashi, T. Exohedral derivatization of an endohedral metallofullerene Gd@C82 [J]. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.1995,1343-1344
[139]In Fullerenes:Chemistry, Physics, and Technology; Kadish, K. M., Ruoff, R. S., Eds.; Wiley: New York,2000; Chapter 8, p357-384.
[140]Yin, J. J.; Lao, F.; Peter, P. Fu.; Wayne, G. Wamer.; Zhao, Y. L.; Paul, C. Wang.; Qiu, Y.; Sun, B. Y.; Xing, G. M.; Dong, J. Q.; Liang, X. J.; Chen, C. Y. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species and the potential for cell protection by functionalized fullerene materials Biomaterials.2009,30:611-621
[141]Sun, B. Y.; Feng, L.; Shi, Z. J.; Gu, Z. N. I mproved extraction of metallofullerenes with DMF at high temperature [J]. Carbon.2002,40:1591-1595
[142]Sun, B. Y.; Inoue, T.; Shimada, T. Okazaki, T.; Sugai, T.; Suenaga, K.; Shinohara, H. Synthesis and Characterization of Eu-Metallofullerenes from Eu@C74 to Eu@C90 and Their Nanopeapods [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.2004,108:9011-9015
[143]Sun, B. Y.; Sugai, T.; Nishibori, E.; Iwata, K.; Sakata, M.; Takata, M.; Shinohara, H. An anomalous endohedral structure of Eu@C82 metallofullerenes [J].Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005,44:4568-4571
[144]Wu, H. X.; Li, F.; Lin, Y. H.; Yang, M.; Chen, W.; Cai, R. F. Effects of composition of hardener on the curing and aging for an epoxy resin system [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.2006,99:828-830
[145]Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and C60 [J]. Macromolecules.1996,29:3826-3830
[146]Peng, Q.; Park, K.; Lin, T.; Durstock, M.; Dai, L. M. Donor-(?)-Acceptor Conjugated Copolymers for Photovoltaic Applications:Tuning the Open-Circuit Voltage by Adjusting the Donor/Acceptor Ratio [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.,2008,112:2801-2808
[147]Patton, D. L.; Taranekar, P.; Fulghum, T.; Advincula, R. Electrochemically Active Dendritic-Linear Block Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization:Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrodeposition Properties [J]. Macromolecules.2008,41:6703-6713
[148]Gladchenko, S. V.; Polotskaya, G. A.; Gribanov, A. V.; Zgonnik, V. N. The study of polystyrene-fullerene solid-phase composites [J].Technical Physics.2002,47:102-106
[149]Akasaka, T.; Wakahara, T.; Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Waelchli, M.; Yamamoto, K.; Kondo, M.; Shirakura, S.; Okubo, S.; Maeda, Y.; Kato, T.; Kako, M.; Nakadaira, Y.; Nagahata, R.; Gao, X.; Caemelbecke, E. V.; Kadish, K. M. La@C82 Anion. An Unusually Stable Metallofullerene [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2000,122:9316-9317
[150]Kobayashi, K.; Nagase, S.; Structures and electronic states of M@C82 (M=Sc, Y, La and lanthanides) [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1998,282:325-329
[151]Sun, B. Y.; Li, M. X.; Luo, H. X. Shi, Z. J. Gu, Z. N. Electrochemical properties of metallofullerenes and their anions [J]. Electrochim. Acta.2002,47:3545-3549
[152]Sun, B. Y.; Luo, H. X.; Shi, Z. J. Gu, Z. N. Electrochemical properties of Gd@C82 and its anions [J]. Electrochem. Commun.2002,4:47-49
[153]Sun, B. Y.; Ren, T. X.; Miao, X. P.; Dai, F. C.; Jin, L.; Yuan, H.; Xing, G.M.; Li, M. X.; Dong, J. Q.; Chang, F.; Hu, J. B.; Chen, H.; Zhao, F.; Gao, X. Y.; Zhao, Y. L. Isomeric and Structural Impacts on Electron Acceptability of Carbon Cages in Atom-Bridged Fullerene Dimers [J]. J. Phys. Chem. C.2008,112:741-746
[154]Unger, W. E. S.; Swaraj, S.; Oran U. and Lippitz, A. Radio frequency (r.f.) plasma-deposited polymer films:influence of external plasma parameters as viewed by comprehensive in-situ surface chemical analysis by XAS, XPS and ToF-SIMS [J]. Surf. Interface Anal.,2006,38: 522-525
[155]Banerjee, S.; Hemraj-Benny, T.; Balasubramanian, M.; Fischer, D. A.; Misewichb, J. A. and Wong, S. S. Ozonized single-walled carbon nanotubes investigated using NEXAFS spectroscopy [J]. Chem. Commun.2004,772-773
[156]Kadish, K. M. and Ruoff, R. S. Eds.; In Fullerenes:Chemistry, Physics, and Technology; Wiley:New York (2000), Chapter 7, p.331.
[157]Busch, P.; Posselt, D.; Smilgies, D. M.; Rheinlander, B.; Kremer, F. and Papdakis, C. Lamellar diblock copolymer thin films investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy:Molar-mass dependence of surface ordering Macromol.2003,36:8717-8727
[158]Brabec, C. J.; Sariciftci, N. S.and Hummelen, J. C. Plastic solar cells [J]. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2001,11:15-26
[159]Takata, M.; Umeda, B.; Nishibori, E.; Sakata, M.; Saito, Y.; Ohno, M.and Shinohara, H. Confirnation by X-ray-diffraction of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene YC82 [J]. Nature 1995,377:46-49
[160]Chen, D. Y. and Jiang, M. Strategies for Constructing Polymeric Micelles and Hollow Spheres in Solution via Specific Intermolecular Interactions [J]. Acc. Chem. Res.,2005,38:494-502
[161]Nayak, P. L.; Yang, K.; Dhal, P. K.; Alva, S.; Kumar J. and Tripathy, S. K. Polyelectrolyte-Containing Fullerene Ⅰ:Synthesis and Characterization of the Copolymers of 4-Vinylbenzoic Acid with C60 [J].Chem. Mater.1998,10:2058-2066
[162]Dai, L. M.; Mau, A. W. H.; Griesser, H. J.; Spurling, T. H. and White, J. W. Grafting of Buckminsterfullerene onto Polydiene:A New Route to Fullerene-Containing Polymers [J].J.Phys.Chem.1995,99:17302-17304
[163]Hawker, C. J. A simple and versatile method for the synthesis of C60 copolymers[J]. Macromecules.1994,27:4836-4837
[2]Kra tschmer, W.; Lamb, L. D.; Fostiropoulos, K.; Huffmann, D. R.; Solid C60-A New Form of Carbon[J]. Nature,1990,347:354-358
[3]Suzuki, T.; Maruyama, Y.; Kato, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, K. Electrochemical properties of La@C82[J]. J.Am. Chem. Soc.,1993,115:11006-11007
[4]Anderson, M. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Srtevenson, S.; Burbank, P. M.; Gibson, J. R. The voltammetry of Sc3@C82 [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1997,119:437-438
[5]Wang, W. L.; Ding, J. Q.; Yang, S. H.; Li, X. Y. Recent advances in the chemistry and physics of fullerenes and related materials [J]. Proc. Electrochem. Soc.,1997,417:97-140
[6]杨君炜,汪长春,明伟华.用多官能团引发剂合成超支化聚苯乙烯及其C60衍生物[J].高等学校化学学报,2004,25(1)：174-178
[7]Li, L.; Wang, C. C.; Long, Z. H.; Fu, S. K. Synthesis of C60 end-capped polymers from azide functional polystyrene via atom transfer radical polymerization [J]. Journal of Polymer Science:Part A:Polymer Chemistry.2000,38:4519-4523
[8]Yang, J. W.; Li, L.; Wang, C. C. Synthesis of a water soluble, monosubstituted C60 polymeric derivative and its photoconductive properties [J]. Macromolecules.2003,36:6060-6065
[9]Yang, D.; Li, L.; Wang, C. C. Characterization and photoconductivity study of well-defined C60 terminated poly(tert-butyl acrylate-b-styrene) [J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics.2004, 87:114-119
[10]Yang, J. W.; Wang, C. C.; Ming, W. H. Synthesis of hyperbranched polystyrene and its fullerene end-capped derivatives with multifunctional atom transfer radical polymerization initiator [J]. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities-Chinese.2004,25:174-178
[11]Audouin, F.; Nunige, S.; Nuffer, R.; Mathis, C. Grafting polymers onto C60 via an atom transfer reaction [J].Synthetic Metals.2001,121:1149-1150
[12]Audouin F.; Nuffer, R.; Mathis, C. Synthesis of Di-and Tetra-Adducts by addition of polystyrene macroradicals onto fullerene C60 [J].Journal of Polymer Science.:Part A: Polymer Chemistry,2004,42:3456-3363
[13]Audouin, F.; Renouard, T.; Schmaltz, B.; Nuffer, R.; Mathis, C. Asymmetric and mikto-arm stars with a C60 core by grafting of macro-radicals or anionic polymer chains [J]. Polymer. 2005,46:8519-8527
[14]Dai, S.; Ravi, P.; Tan, C. H.; Tam, K. C. Self-assembly behavior of a stimuli-responsive water-soluble fullerene [C60]-containing polymer [J]. Langmuir.2004,20:8569-8575
[15]Tan, C. H.; Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C.; Gan, L. H. Solvent-induced large compound vesicle of fullerene [C60] containing poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) [J]. Langmuir.2004,20:9882-9884
[16]Tan, C. H.; Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C. Polymer-induced fractal patterns of fullerene [C60] containing poly(methacrylic acid) in salt solutions [J]. Langmuir.2004,20:9901-9904
[17]Teoh, S. K.; Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C. Self-assembly of stimuli-responsive water-soluble fullerene [C60] end-capped ampholytic block copolymer [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.,2005,109: 4431-4438
[18]Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tan, C. H.; Tam, K. C. S. Self-assembly of alkali-soluble fullerene [C60] containing poly(methacrylic acid) in aqueous solution [J]. Macromolecules,2005,38:933-939
[19]Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Hong, K. M.; Tam, K. C.; Gan, L. H. Self-assembly of C60 containing poly(methyl methacrylate) in ethyl acetate/decalin mixtures solvent [J]. Polymer,2005,46: 4714-4721
[20]Ravi, P.; Dai, S.; Tam, K. C. Synthesis and Self-Assembly of [60]Fullerene Containing Sulfobetaine Polymer in Aqueous Solution [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B,2005,109:22791-22798
[21]Guo, C. D.; Teng, W. R.; Wu, H. X.; Shen, J. Z.; Deng, X. M.; Cai, R. F. Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate) capillary electrophoresis [J]. Chinese Journal of Chemistry,2005, 23:1113-1119
[22]Loy, D. A.; Assink, R. A. Synthesis of a C60-p-Xylylene Copolymer [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1992,114:3977-3978
[23]Sun, Y. P.; Lawson, G. E.; Bunker, C. E.; Johnson, R. A.; Ma, B.; Farmer, C.; Riggs, J. E.; Kitodskiy, A. Preparation and Characterization of Fullerene-Styrene Copolymers [J]. Macromolecules.1996,29:8441-8448
[24]Kojima, Y.; Matsnoka, T. Optical Limiting Property of Polystyrene-Bound C60 [J]. Macromolecules.1995,28,8868-8869
[25]Shi, S.; Khemani, K. A Polyester and Polyurethane of Diphenyl C61:Retention of Fulleroid Properties in a Polymer [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1992,114,10656-10657
[26]Chiang, L. Y.; Upasani, R. B.; Swirczewski, J. W. Pants required for generating conducting patterns of the insoluble polyaniline salts [J]. US Pant.1993,232:177-248.
[27]Samulski, E. T. et al. Flagellenes:Nanophase-Separated, Polymer-Substituted Fullerenes [J]. Chem. Mater,1992,4,1153-1157
[28]Wang, L. S.; Conceicao, J.; Jin, C.; Smalley, R. E. Threshold photodetachment of cold C60 [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1991,182,5-11
[29]Ohsawa, Y.; Saji, T. Electrochemical detection of C606-at low temperature [J]. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.1992,781-783
[30]Xie, Q. S.; Cordero, E. P.; Echegoyen, L. Electrochemical Detection of C606- and C706-: Enhanced Stability of Fullerides in Solution [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1992,114,3978-3980
[31]Krusic, P. J.; Wasserman, E.; Parkinson, B. A.; Malone, B.; Holler, E. R.; Keizer, P. N.; Morton, J. R.; Preston, K. F.; Electron Spin Resonance Study of the Radical Reactivity of C60 [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1991,113:6274-6275
[32]McEwen, C. N.; McKay, R. G.; Larsen, B. S. C60 as a Radical Sponge [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992,114:4412-4414
[33]Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Free-Radical Copolymerization of Fullerenes with Styrene [J]. Macromolecules,1995,28:3741-3743
[34]Patil, A. O.; Brois, S.; Fullerene grafted hydrocarbon polymers [J]. Polymer.1997,38 (13): 3423-3424
[35]Tang, B. Z. et al. Direct Fullerenation of Polycarbonate via Simple Polymer Reactions [J]. Macromolecules.1997,30:2848-2852
[36]Patil, A. O. et al. Membrane, useful e.g. for aromatics separation, and in workable housing configuration including e.g. flat plate elements, wafer elements, and spiral-wound elements, comprises polyetheramine reacted with epoxide and formed into membrane [P]. Boston Patent, Material Research Society Fall, US2010059441-A1,1992
[37]Sun, Y. P.; Bunker, C. E.; Liu, B. Highly water-soluble fullerene materials and singlet molecular oxygen generation [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1997,2S-3S.
[38]Francesco, G.; Nazario, M. Fullerene Polymers:Synthesis and Properties Chem. Rev.2006, 106:5136-5190
[39]Wang, C.; Guo, Z. X.; Fu, S.; Wu, W.; Zhu, D. Polymers containing fullerene or carbon nanotube structures [J]. Prog. Polym. Sci.2004,29:1079-1141
[40]Chiang, L. Y.; Wang, L. Y.; In Fullerenes:Chemistry, Physics and Technology. Kadish, K. M.; Ruoff, R. S. Eds.; Wiley:New York,2000, Chapter 7.
[41]黎淳昭,张炜程,周鹏,杜福胜,李子臣,李福绵.末端含C60单链窄分子量分布高分子在溶液中的自组装行为[J].高分子学报,2001,4(4)：557-560.
[42]Thompson, B. C.; Frechet, J. M. J. Polymer-Fullerene Composite Solar Cells [J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2008,47:58-77
[43]Deng, X. Y.; Zheng, L. P.; Yang, C. H.; Li, Y. F.; Yu, G.; Cao, Y. Polymer Photovoltaic Devices Fabricated with Blend MEHPPV and Organic Small Molecules [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.,2004,108:3451-3456
[44]Mwaura, J. K.; Pinto, M. R.; Witker, D.; Ananthakrishnan, N.; Schanze, K. S.; Reynolds, J. R. Photovoltaic cells based on sequentially adsorbed multilayers of conjugated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s and a water-soluble fullerene derivative [J]. Langmuir.2005,21:10119-26
[45]Ohsawa, S.; Maeda, K.; Yashima, E. Syntheses and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Helical Poly(phenylacetylene)s Bearing [60]Fullerene Pendants [J]. Macromolecules.2007, 40:9244-9251
[46]Zheng, Q. B.; Sun, R. G.; Zhang, X. M.; Masuda, T.; Kobayashi, T. Submicrometer-Sized Organic Light Emitting Diodes with a Triphenylamine-Containing Polycarbonate as a Guest Molecule in a Polymer Blend [J]. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.1997,36:L827-L830
[47]McElvain, J.; Keshavarz, M.; Wang, H.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A. J. Fullerene-based polymer grid triodes [J]. J. Appl.Phys.1997,81:6468-6472
[48]Tajima, Y.; Tezuka, Y.; Ishii, T.; Takeuchi, K. Application of a Furan-containing polymer/fullerene system to photolithography [J]. Polym. J.1997,29,1016-1019
[49]Huang, C. S.; Wang, N.; Li, Y. L.; Li, C. H.; Li, J. B.; Liu, H. B.; Zhu. D. B. A New Class of Conjugated Polymers Having Porphyrin, Poly(p-phenylenevinylene), and Fullerene Units for Efficient Electron Transfer [J]. Macromolecules 2006,39:5319-5325
[50]Tang, B. Z.; Xu, H. Y.; Lam,J. W. Y.; Lee, P. P. S.; Xu, K. T.; Sun, Q. H.; Cheuk, K. K. L. C60-Containing Poly(1-phenyl-1-alkynes):Synthesis, Light Emission, and Optical Limiting [J]. Chem. Mater.2000,12:1446-1455
[51]Cha, M.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Heeger, A. J.; Hummelen, J. C.; Wudl, F. Enhanced nonlinear absorption and optical limiting in semiconducting polymer/methanofullerene charge transfer films [J]. App. Phys. Lett.1995,67:3850-3852
[52]Borseuberger, P. M. et al. An aggregate organic photoconductor:photoconduction properties [J]. J. Appl. Phys.1978,49(11):5555-5564
[53]陈或,黄祖恩,蔡瑞芳等,C60-PNVC光电导功能材料的形态与结构研究[J].分析测试学报,1995,14,21.
[54]Tutt, L. W.; Boggess, T. F. A review of optical limiting mechanisms and devices using organics, fullerenes, semiconductors and other materials [J]. Prog. Quant. Electron,1993,17: 299-338
[55]Sun, Y. P.; Riggs, J. E.; Organic and inorganic optical limiting materials. From fullerenes to nanoparticles [J]. Int. Rev. Phys. Chem.1999,18:43-90
[56]Tutt, L. W.; Kost, A. Optical limiting performance of C60 and C70 solutions [J]. Nature,1992, 356:225-226
[57]Ros, D. T.; Prato, M.; Medicinal chemistry with fullerenes and fullerene derivatives [J]. Chem. Commun.1999,663-669
[58]Bosi, S.; Ros, T. D.; Spalluto, G.; Balzarini, J.; Prato, M.; Synthesis and Anti-HIV Properties of New Water-Soluble Bis-functionalized[60]fullerene Derivatives [J]. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.2003,13:4437-4440
[59]Samal, S.; Geckeler, K. E.; Cyclodextrin-fullerenes:a new class of water-soluble fullerenes [J]. Chem.Commun.2000,1101-1102
[60]Gunes, S.; Neugebauer, H.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Conjugated Polymer-Based Organic Solar Cells [J]. Chem. Rev.2007,107:1324-1338
[61]Singh, T. B.; Marjanovic, N.; Matt, G. J.; Gunes, S.; Sariciftci, N. S.; Ramil, A. M.; Andreev, A.; Sitter, H.; Schwodiauer, R.; Bauer, S. Meyer-Neldel rule in fullerene field-effect transistors Org. Electron.2005,6:105-107
[62]In Fullerenes:Synthesis, Properties, and Chemistry of Large Carbon Clusters; Hammond, G. S., Kuck, V. J., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 481; American Chemical Society:Washington, D. C.,1992.
[63]Hebard, A. F.; Charge transfer and surface scattering at Cu-C60 planar interfaces [J]. Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci.1993,23:159-164
[64]Allemand, P. M.; Khemani, K. C.; Koch, A.; Wudl, F.; Holczer, K.; Donovan, S.; Gruner, G.; Thompson, J. D. Organic molecular soft ferromagnetismin in a fullerene-C60 [J]. Science. 1991,253:301-303
[65]Lappas, A.; Prassides, K.; Vavekis, K.; Arcon, D.; Blinc, R.; Cevc, P.; Amato, A.; Feyerherm, R.; Gygax, F. N.; Schenck, A.; Spontaneous magnetic-ordering in the fullerene charge-transfer salt(tdae) [J].Science,1995,267:1799-1802
[66]Narymbetov, B.; Omerzu, A.; Kabanov, V. V.; Tokumoto, M.; Kobayashi, H.; Mihailovic, D. Origin of ferromagnetic exchange interactions in a fullerene-organic compound [J]. Nature(London) 2000,407:883-885
[67]Makarova, T. L.; Sundqvist, B.; Hohne, R.; Esquinazi, P.; Kopelevich, Y.; Scharff, P.; Davydov, V. A.; Kashevarova, L. S.; Rakhmanina, A. V. Magnetic carbon [J]. Nature (London) 2001,413:716-718
[68]Hebard, A. F.; Rosseinsky, M. J.; Haddon, R. C.; Murphy, D. W.; Glarum, S. H.; Palstra, T. T. M.; Ramirez, A. P.; Kortan, A. R. Superconductivity at 18-K in potassium-doped C6o [J]. Nature (London).1991,350:600-601
[69]Schon, J.; Kloc, C.; Batlogg, B. High-Temperature Superconductivity in Lattice-Expanded C60 [J]. Science.2001,293:2432-2434
[70]Dagotto,E.;The Race to Beat the Cuprates[J].Science.2001,293;2410-2411
[71]Grant, P. Rehearsals for prime time [J]. Nature(London) 2001,411:532-533
[72]Xie, Q.; Perez-Cordero, E.; Echegoyen, L. J. Electrochemical Detection of C606- and C706-: Enhanced Stability of Fullerides in SolutionJ. Am. Chem. Soc.1992,114:3978-3980
[73]Echegoyen, L.; Echegoyen, L. E. Electrochemistry of Fullerenes and Their Derivatives [J]. Acc. Chem. Res.1998,31:593-601
[74]Guldi, D. M. Fullerenes:three dimensional electron acceptor materials [J]. Chem. Commun. 2000,321-327
[75]Guldi, D. M.; Prato, M. Excited-State Properties of C60 Fullerene Derivatives [J]. Acc. Chem. Res.2000,33:695-703
[76]In Fullerenes:From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Properties; Guldi, D. M.; Martin, N.; Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers:Dordrech, The Netherlands,2002.
[77]Jensen, A. W.; Wilson, S. R.; Schuster, D. I. Biological applications of fullerenes [J]. Bioorg, Med. Chem.1996,4:767-779
[78]Cassell, A. M.; Scrivens, W. A.; Tour, J. M. Assembly of DNA/Fullerene Hybrid Materials [J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.1998,37:1528-1531
[79]Nakamura, E.; Isobe, H.; Tomita, N.; Sawamura, M.; Jinno, S.; Okayama, H. Functionalized fullerene as an artificial vector for transfection [J]. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2000,39: 4254-4527
[80]Da Ros, T.; Prato, M. Medicinal chemistry with fullerenes and fullerene derivatives [J]. Chem. Commun.1999,663-669
[81]Bosi, S.; Da Ros, T.; Spalluto, G.; Prato, M. Eur. Fullerene derivatives:an attractive tool for biological applications [J]. J. Med. Chem.2003,38:913-923
[82]Prato, M. Top. Oxa- and thia-fullerenes (C59O, C59S):Closed or opened cages? [J]. Curr.Chem.1999,199:734-736
[83]Prato, M.; Martin, N. Functionalised Fullerene Materials [J].J. Mater. Chem.,2002,12(7): 1X-1X
[84]Wakabayashi, T.; Shiromaru, H.; Suzuki, S.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, Y.; C-2-loss fragmentation of higher fullerenes and metallofullerenes [J]. Surf. Rev. Lett.,1996,3:793-798
[85]Suzuki, S.; Kojima, Y.; Shiromaru, H.; Achiba, Y.; Walabayashi, T.; Tellgmann, R.; Campbell, E. E. B.; Hertel, I. V. Z. Phys. D.1997,40:410.
[86]Lorents, D. C.; Brink, C.; Jensen, N.; Hvelplund. Collisional fragmentation of endohedral fullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1995,236:141-149
[87]Beyers, R. et al. Preparation and structure of crystals of the metallofullerene SC2C84 [J]. Nature.1994,370:196-199
[88]Sakurai, T.; Wang, X. D.; Xue, Q. K.; Hasegawa, Y.; Hashizume, T.; Shinohara, H.; Scanning tunneling microscopy study of fullerenes [J].Prog. Surf. Sci.1996,51:263-408
[89]Gimzewski, J. K.; The Chemical Physics of Fullerenes,1996,316:117-36
[90]Tanaka, N.; Honda, Y.; Kawahara, M.; Kishida, M.; Shinohara, H.; High-resolution electron microscopy of Gd@C82 metal fullerenes grown on MgO(001) surfaces [J].Thin Solid Films, 1996,282:613-617
[91]Alvarez, M. M.; Gillan, E. G.; Holczer, K.; Kaner, R. B.; Min, K. S.; Whetten, R. L.; La2C80: A Soluble Dimetallofullerene [J]. J. Phys. Chem.,1991,95:10561-10563
[92]Kimura, T.; Sugai, T.; Shinohara, H.; Surface-induced dissociation of lanthanum metallofullerenes on a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer film [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1999, 304:211-216
[93]Kimura, T.; Sugai, T.; Shinohara, H. J. Surface-induced fragmentation of higher fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys.,1999,110:9681-9687
[94]Takata, M.; Umeda, B.; Nishibori, E.; Sakata, M.; Saito, Y.; Ohno, M.; Shinohara, H. Confirmation by X-ray diffraction of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene Y@C82 [J]. Nature.1995,377:46-49
[95]Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Metallofullerenes MC82 (M=Sc, Y, and La)-a theoretical-study of the electronic and structural aspects [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,1993,214:57-63
[96]Senapati, L.; Schrier, J.; Whaley, K. B. Electronic Transport, Structure, an Energetics of Endohedral Gd@C82 Metallofullerenes [J].Nano. Letters.2004,4:2073-2078
[97]Anderson, M. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Srtevenson, S.; Burbank, P. M.; Gibson, J. R.; The Voltammetry of Sc3@C82 [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,1997,119:437-438
[98]Akasaka, T.; Okubo, S.; Kondo, M.; Maeda, Y.; Wakahara, T.; Kato, T.; Suzuki, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagase, S.; Aggregated states of luminescent conjugated polymers in solutions [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.,2000,317:153-158
[99]Suzuki, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Oguri, F.; Nakao, Y.; Suzuki, S.; Achiba, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka, H.; Takahashi, T.; Electrochemical properties of fullerenolanthanides [J]. Tetrahedron,1996,52,4973-4982
[100]Burbank, P. B.; Gibson, J. R.; Dorn, H. C.; Anderson, M. R. Electrochemistry of C82:relationship to metallofullerene electrochemistry [J].J. Electroanal. Chem.1996,417:1-4
[101]Funasaka, H.; Sakurai, K.; Oda, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Takahashi, T. Magnetic properties of Gd@C82 metallofullerene [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1995,232:273-277
[102]Funasaka, H.; Sugiyama, K.; Takahashi, T. Magnetic Properties of Rare-Earth Metallofullerenes [J]. J. Phys. Chem.1995,99:1826-1830
[103]Dunsch, L.; Eckert, D.; Froehner, J.; Bartl, A.; Kuran, P.; Wolf, M.; Mueller, K. H. Fullerenes: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials 1998,6: 955-958
[104]Hoffman, K. R.; Delapp, K.; Andrews, H. Spectroscopic studies of fullerenes doped with rare earth and transition metal ions [J]. J. Luminescence.1995,66:244-248
[105]Hoffman, K. R.; Norris, B. J.; Merle, P. B.; Alford, M.; Near infrared Er3+ photoluminescence from erbium metallofullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1998,284:171-176
[106]Ding X. Y.; Alford, J. M.; Wright, J. C.; Lanthanide fluorescence from Er3+in Er2@C82 [J].Chem. Phys. Lett.1997,269:72-78
[107]Macfarlane, R. M.; Wittmann, G.; Vanloosdrecht, P. H. M. Measurement of Pair Interactions Measurement of Pair Interactions and 1.5μm Emission from Er3+ Ions in a C82 Fullerene Cage [J]. Phys. Rev. Let.1997,79:1397-1400
[108]Macfarlane, R. M.; Bethune, D. S.; Stevenson, S.; Dorn, H. C. Fluorescence spectroscopy and emission lifetimes of Er3+ in ErxSc3-xN@C80 (x=1-3) [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.2001,343: 229-234
[109]Hoffman, K. R.; Conley, W. G..; Does Er@C60 emit light? [J]. J. Luminescence.2001,94: 187-189
[110]Gu, G..; Huang, H. J.; Yang, S. H.; Yu, P.; Fu, J. S.; Wong, G. K.; Wan, X. G.; Dong, J. M.; Du, Y. W.; The third-order non-linear optical response of the endohedral metallofullerene Dy@C82 [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1998,289:167-173
[111]Boltalina, O. V.; Ioffe, I. N.; Sorokin, I. D.; Sidorov, L. N. Electron Affinity of Some Endohedral Lanthanide Fullerenes [J].The Journal of Physical Chemistry A.1997,101: 9561-9563
[112]Boltalina, O. V.; Dashkova, E. V.; Sidorov, L. N. Gibbs energies of gas-phase electron transfer reactions involving the larger fullerene anions [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1996,256: 253-260
[113]Sai Baba, M.; Lakshmi Narasimhan, T. S.; Balasubramanian, R.; Mathews, C. K. Int. Appearance energy and electron impact ionisation cross-section of C70[J]. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes.1992,116:R1-6
[114]Sun, D.; Liu, Z.; Guo, X.; Xu, W.; Liu, S. "Click to view this record" Halogen and Interhalogen Reactions with [60]Fullerene:Preparation and Characterization of C60C24 and C60C18F14 [J]. Fullerene Sci. Technol.1997,5(4):629-642
[115]Wang, W. The Electrochemical Society Meeting Abstracts.1997,97,968.
[116]Lon. J. Wilson. Medical applications of fullerenes and metallofullerenes [J]. Electrochemical Society Interface.1999,8(4):24-8
[117]Aime, S.; Botta, M.; Fasano, M.; Lanthanide(Ⅲ) chelates for NMR biomedical applications [J]. Chemical Society Reviews.1998,27:19-29
[118]Lauffor, R. B. Paramagnetic Metal Complexes as Water Proton Relaxation Agents for NMR Imaging:Theory and Design [J]. Chem. Rev.1987,87:901-927
[119]Mikawa, M.; Kato, H.; Okumura, M.; Narazaki, M.; Kanazawa, Y.; N. Miwa, N.; Shinohara, H. Oxidation of Fullerenes by Ozone [J]. Bioconjugate Chem.2001,12:510-514
[120]Cagle, D. W.; Thrash, T. P.; Wilson, L. J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Neutron Activation of Holmium Metallofullerenes [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1996,118:8043-8047
[121]Cagle, D. W.; Wilson, L. J. In vivo studies of fullerene-based materials using endohedral metallofullerene radiotracers [J]. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.1999,96:5182-5187
[122]Thrash, T. P.; Cagle, D. W.; Wilson, L. J.; Toward fullerene-based radiopharmaceuticals: high-yield neutron activation of endohedral 165Ho metallofullerenes [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999,308:329-336
[123]Kikuchi, K.; Kobayashi, K.; Sueki, K.; Encapsulation of Radioactive 159Gd and 161Tb Atoms in Fullerene Cages [J].J. Am. Chem. Soc.1994,116:9775-9776
[124]Kobayashi, K.; Kuwano; Sueki, K.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, Y.; Nakahara, H.; Kananish, Ni; Watanabe, M.; Tomura, K. Activation and tracer techniques for study of metallofullerenes [J]. J. Radio Anal. Nucl. Chem.1995,192:81-89
[125]Deng, X. Y.; Zheng, L. P.; Yang, C. H.; Li, Y. F.; Yu, G.; Cao, Y. Polymer Photovoltaic Devices Fabricated with Blend MEHPPV and Organic Small Molecules [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2004,108:3451-3456
[126]Mwaura, J. K.; Pinto, M. R.; Witker, D.; Ananthakrishnan, N.; Schanze, K. S.; Reynolds, J. R.Photovoltaic Cells Based on Sequentially Adsorbed Multilayers of Conjugated Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s and a Water-Soluble Fullerene Derivative [J]. Langmuir.2005, 21:10119-10126
[127]Ohsawa, S.; Maeda, K.; Yashima, E. Syntheses and Chiroptical Properties of Optically Active Helical Poly(phenylacetylene)s Bearing [60]Fullerene Pendants [J]. Macromolecules.2007, 40:9244-9251
[128]Zheng, Q. B.; Sun, R. G.; Zhang, X. M.; Masuda, T.; Kobayashi, T. New Digital Versatile Disc Recordable (DVD-R) with Metal Thin Film and Organic Film on Polycarbonate Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.1997,36:1675-1678
[129]Tajima, Y.; Tezuka, Y.; Ishii, T.; Takeuchi, K. Application of a Furan-containing polymer/fullerene system to photolithography [J]. Polym. J.1997,29:1016-1019
[130]Bunker, C. E.; Lawson, G. E.; Sun, Y. P. Fullerene-Styrene Random Copolymers.Novel Optical Properties [J]. Macromolecules.1995,28:3744-3746
[131]Chen, Y., Cai, R. F., Xiao, L. X., Huang, Z. E. and Pan, D. Synthesis and characterization of photoconductive C60-N-vinylcarbazole copolymers [J]. J. Mater. Sci.1998,33:4633-4641
[132]L. Huang, J. Y. Chen, T. B. Cao, H. L. Cong and W. X. Cao, Investigation of microtribological properties of C60-containing polymer thin films using AFM/FFM [J]. Wear. 2003,255:826-831
[133]B. W. Boudouris, F. Molins, D. A. Blank, C. D. Frisbie and M. A. Hillmyer, Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Microstructure of a Fullerene-Terminated Poly(3-hexylthiophene) [J]. Macromol.2009,42(12):4118-4126
[134]S. Barrau, T. Heiser, F. Richard, C. Brochon, C. Ngov, K. V. D. Wetering, G. Hadziioannou, D. V. Anokhin and D. A. Ivanov, Self-Assembling of Novel Fullerene-Grafted Donor-Acceptor Rod-Coil Block Copolymers [J]. Macromol.2008,41:2701-2710
[135]Akasaka, T.; Kono, T.; Takematsu, Y. J.; Nikawa, H.; Nakahodo, T.; Wakahara, T.; Ishitsuka, M. O.; Tsuchiya, T.; Maeda, Y.; Liu, M. T. H.; Yoza, K.; Kato, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Mizorogi, N.; Slanina, Z.; Nagase, S. Does Gd@C82 Have an Anomalous Endohedral Structure? Synthesis and Single Crystal X-ray Structure of the Carbene Adduct [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008,130:12840-12841
[136]Akasaka, T.; Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Suzuki, T.; Kato, T.; Kikuchi, K.; Achiba, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka, H.; Takahashi, T. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.1995,34,2139.
[137]Akasaka, T.; Kato, T.; Kobayashi, K.; Nagase, S.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka. H.; Takahashi, T. Exohedral adducts of La@C82 [J]. Nature.1995,374:600-601
[138]Akasaka, T.; Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Suzuki, T.; Kato, T.; Yamamoto, K.; Funasaka, H.; Takahashi, T. Exohedral derivatization of an endohedral metallofullerene Gd@C82 [J]. J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.1995,1343-1344
[139]In Fullerenes:Chemistry, Physics, and Technology; Kadish, K. M., Ruoff, R. S., Eds.; Wiley: New York,2000; Chapter 8, p357-384.
[140]Yin, J. J.; Lao, F.; Peter, P. Fu.; Wayne, G. Wamer.; Zhao, Y. L.; Paul, C. Wang.; Qiu, Y.; Sun, B. Y.; Xing, G. M.; Dong, J. Q.; Liang, X. J.; Chen, C. Y. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species and the potential for cell protection by functionalized fullerene materials Biomaterials.2009,30:611-621
[141]Sun, B. Y.; Feng, L.; Shi, Z. J.; Gu, Z. N. I mproved extraction of metallofullerenes with DMF at high temperature [J]. Carbon.2002,40:1591-1595
[142]Sun, B. Y.; Inoue, T.; Shimada, T. Okazaki, T.; Sugai, T.; Suenaga, K.; Shinohara, H. Synthesis and Characterization of Eu-Metallofullerenes from Eu@C74 to Eu@C90 and Their Nanopeapods [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.2004,108:9011-9015
[143]Sun, B. Y.; Sugai, T.; Nishibori, E.; Iwata, K.; Sakata, M.; Takata, M.; Shinohara, H. An anomalous endohedral structure of Eu@C82 metallofullerenes [J].Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005,44:4568-4571
[144]Wu, H. X.; Li, F.; Lin, Y. H.; Yang, M.; Chen, W.; Cai, R. F. Effects of composition of hardener on the curing and aging for an epoxy resin system [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science.2006,99:828-830
[145]Cao, T.; Webber, S. E. Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene and C60 [J]. Macromolecules.1996,29:3826-3830
[146]Peng, Q.; Park, K.; Lin, T.; Durstock, M.; Dai, L. M. Donor-(?)-Acceptor Conjugated Copolymers for Photovoltaic Applications:Tuning the Open-Circuit Voltage by Adjusting the Donor/Acceptor Ratio [J]. J. Phys. Chem. B.,2008,112:2801-2808
[147]Patton, D. L.; Taranekar, P.; Fulghum, T.; Advincula, R. Electrochemically Active Dendritic-Linear Block Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization:Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrodeposition Properties [J]. Macromolecules.2008,41:6703-6713
[148]Gladchenko, S. V.; Polotskaya, G. A.; Gribanov, A. V.; Zgonnik, V. N. The study of polystyrene-fullerene solid-phase composites [J].Technical Physics.2002,47:102-106
[149]Akasaka, T.; Wakahara, T.; Nagase, S.; Kobayashi, K.; Waelchli, M.; Yamamoto, K.; Kondo, M.; Shirakura, S.; Okubo, S.; Maeda, Y.; Kato, T.; Kako, M.; Nakadaira, Y.; Nagahata, R.; Gao, X.; Caemelbecke, E. V.; Kadish, K. M. La@C82 Anion. An Unusually Stable Metallofullerene [J]. J. Am. Chem. Soc.,2000,122:9316-9317
[150]Kobayashi, K.; Nagase, S.; Structures and electronic states of M@C82 (M=Sc, Y, La and lanthanides) [J]. Chem. Phys. Lett.1998,282:325-329
[151]Sun, B. Y.; Li, M. X.; Luo, H. X. Shi, Z. J. Gu, Z. N. Electrochemical properties of metallofullerenes and their anions [J]. Electrochim. Acta.2002,47:3545-3549
[152]Sun, B. Y.; Luo, H. X.; Shi, Z. J. Gu, Z. N. Electrochemical properties of Gd@C82 and its anions [J]. Electrochem. Commun.2002,4:47-49
[153]Sun, B. Y.; Ren, T. X.; Miao, X. P.; Dai, F. C.; Jin, L.; Yuan, H.; Xing, G.M.; Li, M. X.; Dong, J. Q.; Chang, F.; Hu, J. B.; Chen, H.; Zhao, F.; Gao, X. Y.; Zhao, Y. L. Isomeric and Structural Impacts on Electron Acceptability of Carbon Cages in Atom-Bridged Fullerene Dimers [J]. J. Phys. Chem. C.2008,112:741-746
[154]Unger, W. E. S.; Swaraj, S.; Oran U. and Lippitz, A. Radio frequency (r.f.) plasma-deposited polymer films:influence of external plasma parameters as viewed by comprehensive in-situ surface chemical analysis by XAS, XPS and ToF-SIMS [J]. Surf. Interface Anal.,2006,38: 522-525
[155]Banerjee, S.; Hemraj-Benny, T.; Balasubramanian, M.; Fischer, D. A.; Misewichb, J. A. and Wong, S. S. Ozonized single-walled carbon nanotubes investigated using NEXAFS spectroscopy [J]. Chem. Commun.2004,772-773
[156]Kadish, K. M. and Ruoff, R. S. Eds.; In Fullerenes:Chemistry, Physics, and Technology; Wiley:New York (2000), Chapter 7, p.331.
[157]Busch, P.; Posselt, D.; Smilgies, D. M.; Rheinlander, B.; Kremer, F. and Papdakis, C. Lamellar diblock copolymer thin films investigated by tapping mode atomic force microscopy:Molar-mass dependence of surface ordering Macromol.2003,36:8717-8727
[158]Brabec, C. J.; Sariciftci, N. S.and Hummelen, J. C. Plastic solar cells [J]. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2001,11:15-26
[159]Takata, M.; Umeda, B.; Nishibori, E.; Sakata, M.; Saito, Y.; Ohno, M.and Shinohara, H. Confirnation by X-ray-diffraction of the endohedral nature of the metallofullerene YC82 [J]. Nature 1995,377:46-49
[160]Chen, D. Y. and Jiang, M. Strategies for Constructing Polymeric Micelles and Hollow Spheres in Solution via Specific Intermolecular Interactions [J]. Acc. Chem. Res.,2005,38:494-502
[161]Nayak, P. L.; Yang, K.; Dhal, P. K.; Alva, S.; Kumar J. and Tripathy, S. K. Polyelectrolyte-Containing Fullerene Ⅰ:Synthesis and Characterization of the Copolymers of 4-Vinylbenzoic Acid with C60 [J].Chem. Mater.1998,10:2058-2066
[162]Dai, L. M.; Mau, A. W. H.; Griesser, H. J.; Spurling, T. H. and White, J. W. Grafting of Buckminsterfullerene onto Polydiene:A New Route to Fullerene-Containing Polymers [J].J.Phys.Chem.1995,99:17302-17304
[163]Hawker, C. J. A simple and versatile method for the synthesis of C60 copolymers[J]. Macromecules.1994,27:4836-4837