纳米制冷剂的热导率、稳定性及纳米流体电导率的实验与建模
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摘要
作为一种新型换热流体,纳米流体得到了越来越多的关注。纳米制冷剂是纳米流体的一种,其特征是主流体为制冷剂。为了较好地利用纳米制冷剂增强制冷系统的性能,所以需要研究纳米制冷剂热导率;为了保证纳米制冷剂在系统中长期运行,同时需要研究其稳定性;由于纳米制冷剂的应用必然将纳米粉体扩散到整个制冷循环回路,导致制冷回路中的纳米流体的电导率上升,所以需要研究纳米流体电导率以确保制冷系统的绝缘性。围绕这个目标,本文对纳米制冷剂的热导率与稳定性以及制冷系统中纳米流体的电导率进行了实验与模型研究。主要研究内容包括:
1)测量了含铜、铝、镍、氧化铜、氧化铝和碳纳米管的纳米制冷剂的热导率。实验表明纳米制冷剂的热导率随着纳米粉体体积分数的增加而显著增加。分析了纳米粉体种类与几何尺寸对纳米制冷剂热导率的影响。
2)提出了含球形纳米颗粒的纳米制冷剂热导率模型,含纳米管的纳米制冷剂热导率模型和纳米流体热导率通用模型。用实验数据验证了模型,结果表明这三个模型的精度超过已有的纳米流体热导率模型,推荐用来预测纳米流体,尤其是纳米制冷剂的热导率。
3)通过测量其透射比评估纳米制冷剂的稳定性。测量的纳米制冷剂为3种分散方式、9种纳米粉体和3种纳米粉体体积分数的组合。实验结果表明纳米粉体可以在纳米制冷剂内稳定分散。推荐Span 80可以作为纳米制冷剂的分散剂。
4)提出纳米流体稳定性模型。模型在计算纳米粉体的速度后求得纳米流体的透射比。通过实验数据验证了模型,结果表明该模型可以定量预测部分纳米制冷剂的透射比,并定性预测其余纳米制冷剂的透射比。
5)测量了含铜、铝、镍、氧化铝和碳纳米管的纳米制冷剂与纳米油的电导率。实验表明纳米制冷剂与纳米油的电导率随着纳米粉体体积分数的增加而增加,但是纳米制冷剂与纳米油的电导率依然在国标的规定范围之内,纳米粉体不会损害纳米制冷剂与纳米油的绝缘性能。分析了纳米粉体种类与几何尺寸对纳米制冷剂与纳米油电导率的影响。
6)提出了含球形纳米颗粒的纳米制冷剂电导率模型,含纳米管的纳米制冷剂电导率模型和纳米流体电导率通用模型。用实验数据验证了模型。结果表明上述模型可以用来预测纳米制冷剂的电导率。
As a new type of heat-transfer fluid, nanofluid has gained increased interest. Nanorefrigerant is one kind of nanofluid and the host fluid of nanorefrigerant is refrigerant. The thermal conductivity of nanorefrigerant should be researched in order to improve the performance of refrigeration systems. The stability of nanorefrigerant should be known in order to keep the nanorefrigerant’s long-term operation in the system. The nanopowders would diffuse and enter the fluid in the system because of the application of nanorefrigerant. So the electrical conductivity of nanofluid in the system will increase because of the nanopowder’s high electrical conductivity. The nanofluid’s electrical conductivity should be researched to ensure the insulating properties of system. For this purpose, the experimental and model research is given to nanorefrigerant’s thermal conductivity, stability and nanofluids’electrical conductivity. The main contents include:
1) Thermal conductivity of nanorefrigerants containing Cu, Al, Ni, CuO, Al_2O_3 and CNT are measured. Experimental results show that the nanorefrigerant’s thermal conductivity increases enormously with the increase of nanoparticle volume fraction. The influences of nanopowder’s material and physical dimension on nanorefrigerants’thermal conductivity are analyzed.
2) The thermal conductivity model for nanorefrigerants containing nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity model for nanorefrigerants containing nanotubes and the general thermal conductivity model for nanofluids are proposed. Such three models are verified by experimental results. It shows that the three models are better than the other existing models and can be recommended for nanofluids, especially for nanorefrigerant.
3) The stabilities of nanorefrigerants with three kinds of dispersion method, nine kinds of nanopowders and three kinds of nanopowders volume fraction are evaluated by measuring the nanorefrigerant’s transmissivity. It shows that nanopowders can be uniformly dispersed in the nanorefrigerants for long time. Span 80 is recommended as a dispersant for nanorefrigerants.
4) The stability model for nanofluids is proposed. In the model the nanofluids’transmissivity can be yielded through the calculation of nanopowders’speed. The model is verified by experimental results. It shows that the model can predict the transmissivities of some nanorefrigerants quantificationally and predict the transmissivit-ies of other nanorefrigerants qualitatively.
5) Electrical conductivity of nanofluid, i.e. nanorefrigerants and nano-oils containing Cu, Al, Ni, Al_2O_3 and CNT, are measured. Experimental results show that the nanofluids’electrical conductivity increases with the increase of nanopowder volume fraction. However, the nanorefrigerants’and nano-oils’electrical conductivity is still in line with the national standards and the nanorefrigerants and nano-oils have excellent insulating performance. The influences of nanopowder’s material and physical dimension on nanofluid’s electrical conductivity are analyzed.
6) The electrical conductivity model for nanofluids containing nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity model for nanofluids containing nanotubes and the general electrical conductivity model for nanofluids are proposed. Such three models are verified by experimental results.
At last, some deficiencies were pointed out in the paper and some further researches were planned.
1)测量了含铜、铝、镍、氧化铜、氧化铝和碳纳米管的纳米制冷剂的热导率。实验表明纳米制冷剂的热导率随着纳米粉体体积分数的增加而显著增加。分析了纳米粉体种类与几何尺寸对纳米制冷剂热导率的影响。
2)提出了含球形纳米颗粒的纳米制冷剂热导率模型,含纳米管的纳米制冷剂热导率模型和纳米流体热导率通用模型。用实验数据验证了模型,结果表明这三个模型的精度超过已有的纳米流体热导率模型,推荐用来预测纳米流体,尤其是纳米制冷剂的热导率。
3)通过测量其透射比评估纳米制冷剂的稳定性。测量的纳米制冷剂为3种分散方式、9种纳米粉体和3种纳米粉体体积分数的组合。实验结果表明纳米粉体可以在纳米制冷剂内稳定分散。推荐Span 80可以作为纳米制冷剂的分散剂。
4)提出纳米流体稳定性模型。模型在计算纳米粉体的速度后求得纳米流体的透射比。通过实验数据验证了模型,结果表明该模型可以定量预测部分纳米制冷剂的透射比,并定性预测其余纳米制冷剂的透射比。
5)测量了含铜、铝、镍、氧化铝和碳纳米管的纳米制冷剂与纳米油的电导率。实验表明纳米制冷剂与纳米油的电导率随着纳米粉体体积分数的增加而增加,但是纳米制冷剂与纳米油的电导率依然在国标的规定范围之内,纳米粉体不会损害纳米制冷剂与纳米油的绝缘性能。分析了纳米粉体种类与几何尺寸对纳米制冷剂与纳米油电导率的影响。
6)提出了含球形纳米颗粒的纳米制冷剂电导率模型,含纳米管的纳米制冷剂电导率模型和纳米流体电导率通用模型。用实验数据验证了模型。结果表明上述模型可以用来预测纳米制冷剂的电导率。
As a new type of heat-transfer fluid, nanofluid has gained increased interest. Nanorefrigerant is one kind of nanofluid and the host fluid of nanorefrigerant is refrigerant. The thermal conductivity of nanorefrigerant should be researched in order to improve the performance of refrigeration systems. The stability of nanorefrigerant should be known in order to keep the nanorefrigerant’s long-term operation in the system. The nanopowders would diffuse and enter the fluid in the system because of the application of nanorefrigerant. So the electrical conductivity of nanofluid in the system will increase because of the nanopowder’s high electrical conductivity. The nanofluid’s electrical conductivity should be researched to ensure the insulating properties of system. For this purpose, the experimental and model research is given to nanorefrigerant’s thermal conductivity, stability and nanofluids’electrical conductivity. The main contents include:
1) Thermal conductivity of nanorefrigerants containing Cu, Al, Ni, CuO, Al_2O_3 and CNT are measured. Experimental results show that the nanorefrigerant’s thermal conductivity increases enormously with the increase of nanoparticle volume fraction. The influences of nanopowder’s material and physical dimension on nanorefrigerants’thermal conductivity are analyzed.
2) The thermal conductivity model for nanorefrigerants containing nanoparticles, the thermal conductivity model for nanorefrigerants containing nanotubes and the general thermal conductivity model for nanofluids are proposed. Such three models are verified by experimental results. It shows that the three models are better than the other existing models and can be recommended for nanofluids, especially for nanorefrigerant.
3) The stabilities of nanorefrigerants with three kinds of dispersion method, nine kinds of nanopowders and three kinds of nanopowders volume fraction are evaluated by measuring the nanorefrigerant’s transmissivity. It shows that nanopowders can be uniformly dispersed in the nanorefrigerants for long time. Span 80 is recommended as a dispersant for nanorefrigerants.
4) The stability model for nanofluids is proposed. In the model the nanofluids’transmissivity can be yielded through the calculation of nanopowders’speed. The model is verified by experimental results. It shows that the model can predict the transmissivities of some nanorefrigerants quantificationally and predict the transmissivit-ies of other nanorefrigerants qualitatively.
5) Electrical conductivity of nanofluid, i.e. nanorefrigerants and nano-oils containing Cu, Al, Ni, Al_2O_3 and CNT, are measured. Experimental results show that the nanofluids’electrical conductivity increases with the increase of nanopowder volume fraction. However, the nanorefrigerants’and nano-oils’electrical conductivity is still in line with the national standards and the nanorefrigerants and nano-oils have excellent insulating performance. The influences of nanopowder’s material and physical dimension on nanofluid’s electrical conductivity are analyzed.
6) The electrical conductivity model for nanofluids containing nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity model for nanofluids containing nanotubes and the general electrical conductivity model for nanofluids are proposed. Such three models are verified by experimental results.
At last, some deficiencies were pointed out in the paper and some further researches were planned.
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