小秦岭金矿地球化学特征及矿床成因探讨
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摘要
小秦岭金矿田是我国著名的金成矿区带,大地构造位属华北地台南缘。矿田处于太古宙绿岩带内,南北分别以小河断裂和太要断裂为界。本文选择研究区几个典型金矿区、主要岩体及外围地层作为研究对象,在大量野外工作基础上,综合运用岩石学、矿物学、矿床学、地球化学、同位素地质学等多学科的理论和方法,对小秦岭金矿田的地球化学特征做了系统研究,探讨了小秦岭金矿床的成因。
本区杨砦峪组黑云斜长片麻岩属中偏酸性火山岩,观音堂组黑云变粒岩与中国中酸性火山岩平均成分相当,斜长角闪岩受到了区域变质和混合岩化作用—的影响。片麻岩类、变粒岩类稀土总量较高、变化范围大,轻稀土明显富集、铕亏损不明显。斜长角闪岩稀土总量较低,轻稀元素略富集,铕亏损不明显。三个岩体稀土配分图趋势一致,为向右缓倾平坦型,无明显铕的异常。从斜长角闪岩—黑云斜长片麻岩—黑云浅粒岩—变粒岩,岩石中微量元素Cr、Co、Ni、V、Cu、Zn、Ti等均显示由高到低的演化趋势;Pb、Mo则显示由低到高的趋势;Ni/Co值均大于1,且斜长角闪岩明显高于后者。
不同矿区的含金石英脉均具有基本相同的氢、氧同位素组成,成矿流体具有共同的来源和演化历史,即其成矿热液是岩浆水、大气降水的多源混合热液。本区δ~(34)S平均值多数集中在-2.1‰—5.7‰,总体变化不大,以富重硫为特征,均一化程度较高。矿石、花岗岩和地层的硫同位素来源一致,并以深源硫为主。铅同位素分布集中,相对稳定,金矿床与太华群和文峪花岗岩的铅同位素组成基本一致,铅同位素演化模式与地幔及下地壳来源铅的演化模式相近。部分矿床碳酸盐矿物的δ~(13)C值变化范围不大,具有深源碳同位素组成特征。
小秦岭金矿成矿物质金、硫、铅、碳等主要来自已成地壳的以幔源物质为主的太华群及其以下地壳,成矿流体是岩浆水、大气降水的多源混合热液。金矿床在成因上应属于中低温重熔岩浆期后热液型金矿,金矿的形成与太华群地层长期变质、变形关系密切。晚燕山期花岗岩的侵入,为金的进一步活化、迁移提供了热动力和负压容矿构造条件,最终导致金的富集成矿。
Xiao Qinling gold field is the famous gold mineralization belt in China, it locates in the south of north China platform. Ore field lies in the greenstone belt of Archean, and it has the Xiao He fracture of south and Tai Yao fracture of north as its boundary. In this essay, several typical gold field, some main rock masses and the surrounding strata are considered as its subject, on the basis of abundant work in the field, synthetically using multidisciplinary theory and method, such as petrology, mineralogy, ore deposit geology, geochemistry, isotope geology and so on to do systemically research on the geochemical characters on Xiao Qinling gold field, and explore the genesis of Xiao Qinling gold deposit.
In this area, the biotite plagioclase gneiss of Yang Zhaiyu formation belongs to intermediate-acid volcanic rocks, while the biotite granulites of Guan Yin tang formation equivalents with the average composition of intermediate-acid volcanic rocks of our country, and plagioclase amphibolite undergoes the affect of regional metamorphism and migmatization. Rare earth elements are rich in gneiss and granulites, with a large variable ranges and rich light rare earth elements, Eu negative anomaly is not obvious. The rare earth’distribution diagrams of the three rock bodies trend uniformly, according to the flat pattern with right deviation gradually, without obvious Eu anomaly. From plagioclase amphibolite,biotite plagioclase gneiss, biotite granulites to granulites, trace elements in them such as Cr、Co、Ni、V、Cu、Zn、Ti and so on, revealing an evolutionary trend from high to low; but for Pb and Mo, just an opposite trend; the ration of Ni and Co is more than one, which is obvious higher in plagioclase amphibolite than that of others.
Gold bearing quartz veins of different mine are have almost the same components of H and O isotope, ore-forming fluid shows the same source and evolutionary history, that is, has the multi-source mixed fluid of magmatic water and meteoric water. The average contents ofδ~(13)C are mostly concentrated between -2.1‰and 5.7‰, rich in heavy sulfur and a high homogeneity. The sulfur isotope sources of ores, granite and strata are identical, and rich in deep source sulfur. Pb isotopes distribute concentrated, and are very stable, whose components in gold deposit mines and Wen Yu granite of Tai Hua group are basically the same, and it has the similar evolutionary model with the mental and the lower crust. In some deposit mine,δ~(13)C of carbonate minerals vary not greatly, and it is charactered as the deep source C isotopes.
The metallogenic materials of Xiao Qinling gold mine such as Au , S, Pb, C and so on mainly come from Tai Hua group with mental substance and the crust below it. Ore-forming fluid is multi-source mixed fluid of magmatic water and meteoric water. This gold deposit mine belongs to middle-low temperature remelting post magmatic hydrothermal type gold mine, the formation of the gold mine has close relationship with the long period of metamorphism and deformation of Tai Hua group strata. The intrusion of granite in late Yan Shan period provides thermal dynamic and ore-hosting structure for the further activation and migration of gold, eventually contributes to concentration in gold ore-formation.
本区杨砦峪组黑云斜长片麻岩属中偏酸性火山岩,观音堂组黑云变粒岩与中国中酸性火山岩平均成分相当,斜长角闪岩受到了区域变质和混合岩化作用—的影响。片麻岩类、变粒岩类稀土总量较高、变化范围大,轻稀土明显富集、铕亏损不明显。斜长角闪岩稀土总量较低,轻稀元素略富集,铕亏损不明显。三个岩体稀土配分图趋势一致,为向右缓倾平坦型,无明显铕的异常。从斜长角闪岩—黑云斜长片麻岩—黑云浅粒岩—变粒岩,岩石中微量元素Cr、Co、Ni、V、Cu、Zn、Ti等均显示由高到低的演化趋势;Pb、Mo则显示由低到高的趋势;Ni/Co值均大于1,且斜长角闪岩明显高于后者。
不同矿区的含金石英脉均具有基本相同的氢、氧同位素组成,成矿流体具有共同的来源和演化历史,即其成矿热液是岩浆水、大气降水的多源混合热液。本区δ~(34)S平均值多数集中在-2.1‰—5.7‰,总体变化不大,以富重硫为特征,均一化程度较高。矿石、花岗岩和地层的硫同位素来源一致,并以深源硫为主。铅同位素分布集中,相对稳定,金矿床与太华群和文峪花岗岩的铅同位素组成基本一致,铅同位素演化模式与地幔及下地壳来源铅的演化模式相近。部分矿床碳酸盐矿物的δ~(13)C值变化范围不大,具有深源碳同位素组成特征。
小秦岭金矿成矿物质金、硫、铅、碳等主要来自已成地壳的以幔源物质为主的太华群及其以下地壳,成矿流体是岩浆水、大气降水的多源混合热液。金矿床在成因上应属于中低温重熔岩浆期后热液型金矿,金矿的形成与太华群地层长期变质、变形关系密切。晚燕山期花岗岩的侵入,为金的进一步活化、迁移提供了热动力和负压容矿构造条件,最终导致金的富集成矿。
Xiao Qinling gold field is the famous gold mineralization belt in China, it locates in the south of north China platform. Ore field lies in the greenstone belt of Archean, and it has the Xiao He fracture of south and Tai Yao fracture of north as its boundary. In this essay, several typical gold field, some main rock masses and the surrounding strata are considered as its subject, on the basis of abundant work in the field, synthetically using multidisciplinary theory and method, such as petrology, mineralogy, ore deposit geology, geochemistry, isotope geology and so on to do systemically research on the geochemical characters on Xiao Qinling gold field, and explore the genesis of Xiao Qinling gold deposit.
In this area, the biotite plagioclase gneiss of Yang Zhaiyu formation belongs to intermediate-acid volcanic rocks, while the biotite granulites of Guan Yin tang formation equivalents with the average composition of intermediate-acid volcanic rocks of our country, and plagioclase amphibolite undergoes the affect of regional metamorphism and migmatization. Rare earth elements are rich in gneiss and granulites, with a large variable ranges and rich light rare earth elements, Eu negative anomaly is not obvious. The rare earth’distribution diagrams of the three rock bodies trend uniformly, according to the flat pattern with right deviation gradually, without obvious Eu anomaly. From plagioclase amphibolite,biotite plagioclase gneiss, biotite granulites to granulites, trace elements in them such as Cr、Co、Ni、V、Cu、Zn、Ti and so on, revealing an evolutionary trend from high to low; but for Pb and Mo, just an opposite trend; the ration of Ni and Co is more than one, which is obvious higher in plagioclase amphibolite than that of others.
Gold bearing quartz veins of different mine are have almost the same components of H and O isotope, ore-forming fluid shows the same source and evolutionary history, that is, has the multi-source mixed fluid of magmatic water and meteoric water. The average contents ofδ~(13)C are mostly concentrated between -2.1‰and 5.7‰, rich in heavy sulfur and a high homogeneity. The sulfur isotope sources of ores, granite and strata are identical, and rich in deep source sulfur. Pb isotopes distribute concentrated, and are very stable, whose components in gold deposit mines and Wen Yu granite of Tai Hua group are basically the same, and it has the similar evolutionary model with the mental and the lower crust. In some deposit mine,δ~(13)C of carbonate minerals vary not greatly, and it is charactered as the deep source C isotopes.
The metallogenic materials of Xiao Qinling gold mine such as Au , S, Pb, C and so on mainly come from Tai Hua group with mental substance and the crust below it. Ore-forming fluid is multi-source mixed fluid of magmatic water and meteoric water. This gold deposit mine belongs to middle-low temperature remelting post magmatic hydrothermal type gold mine, the formation of the gold mine has close relationship with the long period of metamorphism and deformation of Tai Hua group strata. The intrusion of granite in late Yan Shan period provides thermal dynamic and ore-hosting structure for the further activation and migration of gold, eventually contributes to concentration in gold ore-formation.
引文
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