复杂工程系统设计过程规范化研究
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摘要
复杂工程指完全根据用户需求建立一个大型专用系统的工程项目,它具有一次性、多学科、系统集成复杂等特征。其工程设计过程集中了知识应用、创新和管理,既是难点又是关键之一。复杂工程设计过程规范化的程度,在某种程度上,决定了工程项目的成功率。对企业工程设计过程规范化程度,即其过程成熟度的科学客观的评估,一方面可以为乙方提供证明其工程能力的资格认证,另一方面也可以为甲方提供决策支持。另外,通过评估过程中的调查分析,可以对具体工程过程进行诊断,找出其存在的不足,从而为下一步过程改进提供建议和支持,从而大大改善行业中的工程设计过程的成功率。同时,多个工程项目的实际调研结果,也能有助于了解中国目前的工程行业市场情况,分析存在的问题,得到可能的发展方向。
基于以上研究目的,采用自顶向下的分析方法和自底向上的归纳法,一方面通过理论研究,建立复杂工程系统设计过程参考评估模型。它包括系统的完整的定义设计过程中需要完成的工程活动的活动定义模型,及用以评估工程设计活动的成熟度的评估模型。在此基础上,结合实际调研的需要,设计调研问卷及评估流程,进行实际的工程项目调研、统计及分析。这是将系统用于项目评价与诊断的实践过程。最后,根据实际调研得到的反馈,分析本研究的可用性及中国复杂工程领域的现状与问题,以及发展趋势。这是一个自底向上的归纳过程。
实际调研后的分析表明,该复杂工程系统设计过程评估参考模型,虽然还需要进一步完善,但总体可用。此外,中国复杂工程领域,传统的内容上,例如系统结构及文档,做得较好,而对系统模型和系统实现相关的内容重视程度较低,另外,在工程活动的评价指标上,也存在重视不够的问题。这些弱项,是今后进行复杂工程项目时应着重注意与改善的方向。
Complicated engineering projects address the specific customer requirements to build a large-sized specialized system which is generally non-recurring, multi-discipline involved and system integrated. Its engineering design process is issential for the success of the projects while meanwhile it is difficult to handle due to the concentration of knowledge application, innovation and related management. In some extent, the standardization of the complicated engineering design process determines the success rate of the projects. The systematic and objective evaluation for the standardization of engineering design process can on one hand certificate for the company to prove their engineering capacity to their potential customers, on the other hand support the decision for the customers. Furthermore, by means of the investigation and anlysis in the evaluation process, the specific engineering process could be diagnosised and improved according to their existent flaws, and then the success rate could be increased. At the same time, the current situation of Chinese market for such engineering projects can be learned and analyzed after the evaluation for a certain amount of projects, possible problems might be found out and further development will be clarified.
Based on the research purposed mentioned above, the top-down anlysis and bottom-up induction are used during research. On one hand, the complicated engineering system reference evaluation model is built according to theoretical research. It consists of activiti definition model which can be used to identify all the necessary engineering activities, and evaluation model which can be used to evaluate the maturity of engineering activity. Based on the model and the practical investigation needs as well, the investigation questionnaire and evaluation process have been designed. They are then used to investigate and analyze the prcactical engineering projects to learn the usability of the research and situation, problems and trends of Chinese complicated engineering market. This is the application of the model and the bottom-up induction, too. According to the investigation and anlysis, in general, the complicated engineering system design process reference evaluation model is usable, although some further improvements are still needed. Besides, regarding Chinese complicated engineering market, the traditional contents, such as system structure and documentation, have been considered sufficiently while some contents, like system model, system building process and measurement criteria, should be considered more. These aspects are also the possible improving directions.
基于以上研究目的,采用自顶向下的分析方法和自底向上的归纳法,一方面通过理论研究,建立复杂工程系统设计过程参考评估模型。它包括系统的完整的定义设计过程中需要完成的工程活动的活动定义模型,及用以评估工程设计活动的成熟度的评估模型。在此基础上,结合实际调研的需要,设计调研问卷及评估流程,进行实际的工程项目调研、统计及分析。这是将系统用于项目评价与诊断的实践过程。最后,根据实际调研得到的反馈,分析本研究的可用性及中国复杂工程领域的现状与问题,以及发展趋势。这是一个自底向上的归纳过程。
实际调研后的分析表明,该复杂工程系统设计过程评估参考模型,虽然还需要进一步完善,但总体可用。此外,中国复杂工程领域,传统的内容上,例如系统结构及文档,做得较好,而对系统模型和系统实现相关的内容重视程度较低,另外,在工程活动的评价指标上,也存在重视不够的问题。这些弱项,是今后进行复杂工程项目时应着重注意与改善的方向。
Complicated engineering projects address the specific customer requirements to build a large-sized specialized system which is generally non-recurring, multi-discipline involved and system integrated. Its engineering design process is issential for the success of the projects while meanwhile it is difficult to handle due to the concentration of knowledge application, innovation and related management. In some extent, the standardization of the complicated engineering design process determines the success rate of the projects. The systematic and objective evaluation for the standardization of engineering design process can on one hand certificate for the company to prove their engineering capacity to their potential customers, on the other hand support the decision for the customers. Furthermore, by means of the investigation and anlysis in the evaluation process, the specific engineering process could be diagnosised and improved according to their existent flaws, and then the success rate could be increased. At the same time, the current situation of Chinese market for such engineering projects can be learned and analyzed after the evaluation for a certain amount of projects, possible problems might be found out and further development will be clarified.
Based on the research purposed mentioned above, the top-down anlysis and bottom-up induction are used during research. On one hand, the complicated engineering system reference evaluation model is built according to theoretical research. It consists of activiti definition model which can be used to identify all the necessary engineering activities, and evaluation model which can be used to evaluate the maturity of engineering activity. Based on the model and the practical investigation needs as well, the investigation questionnaire and evaluation process have been designed. They are then used to investigate and analyze the prcactical engineering projects to learn the usability of the research and situation, problems and trends of Chinese complicated engineering market. This is the application of the model and the bottom-up induction, too. According to the investigation and anlysis, in general, the complicated engineering system design process reference evaluation model is usable, although some further improvements are still needed. Besides, regarding Chinese complicated engineering market, the traditional contents, such as system structure and documentation, have been considered sufficiently while some contents, like system model, system building process and measurement criteria, should be considered more. These aspects are also the possible improving directions.
引文
[1] J. Feldhusen. Introduction for general process of Engineering Design. System Engineering Design I, 2005, 2: 16~17
[2] Ulrich Loewen. Workshop of technical challenges in industrial automation business. 2007. 8~10
[3] P.切克兰德.系统论的思想与实践(左晓斯,使然译).北京:华夏出版社,1991.第1版
[4]钱学森.创建系统学.太原:山西科学技术出版社,2001. 134~135
[5]于景元,周晓纪.系统科学与系统科学的发展.复杂系统与复杂性科学,2004,1(3):4~9
[6]于景元,周晓纪.综合集成方法与总体设计部.复杂系统与复杂性科学,2004,1 (1):22~24
[7]钱学敏.刍议钱学森的科学观与方法论.中国煤炭经济学院学报,1996年第3期:3～10
[8]刘磊,朱泽飞,李仁旺.基于ARIS建模和XML过程定义的工作流模型.计算机工程,2005,31(1):53～55
[9]任军号,薛惠锋.系统工程方法技术和趋势初探.西安电子科技大学学报,2004,14(1):18～21
[10] D. R. Probert, R. Phaal, C. J. P. Farrukh. Structuring a systematic approach to technology management, concepts and practice. IAMOT 2001– TM Framework Paper, 2000
[11]朱全敏.产品开发过程管理若干关键技术的探讨. 2002.中国制造业信息化门户网站:http://articles.e-works.net.cn/ce/Article11835.htm
[12]刘文安,张建军.产品开发过程的建模方法及其支持工具.现代制造工程,2006,3:55~59
[13] Benjamin S. Blanchard, Walter J. Fabrycky. System engineering and analysis. Prentice-Hall Publisher, 1998, xiii-xiv: 19
[14] Kerzner Harold. A systems approach to planning, scheduling and controlling. Project management, 1984. 20~23
[15] Boulding Kenneth. General systems theory-The skeleton of science. Management Science, 1956. 197~208
[16] Forsberg Kevi, Mooz Harold. The relationship of system engineering to the project cycle. Joint Conference, 1991. 20~24
[17] James Gralla. Design for Excellence. McGraw-Hall Pulisher, 1996. 6~7
[18] G. Pahl,W. Beitz. Engineering Design. Springer-Verlag London Limited, 1996: 359.
[19]杨一平.几种软件过程改进方法的比较.计算机工程与应用,2002,25:219～221
[20]曹立,吴明辉,应晶.软件过程评估和改进.计算机科学与技术,2005,27(2):95～110
[21] International Standards Organization. ISO 9000 and 14000 in brief. Geneva, 2007
[22]崔敬东,张明玉. ISO标准和过程改进技术对我国软件业的启示.技术广角,2001,5:68～70
[23] International Standards Organization. ISO IEC 90003 2004 Standards. Geneva, 2004
[24] International Standards Organization. ISO 9000-3 Guidelines for the application of 9001– Model for Quality Assurance in Design / Development, Production, Installation and Service. Geneva, 1987: 3~7
[25]罗运模,等.软件能力成熟度模型集成培训教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2003,第1版
[26] CMMI Product Team. CMMI for Systems Engineering / Software Engineering / Integrated Product and Process Development / Supplier Sourcing. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 2002, Version 1.1: 35~67
[27] CMMI Product Team. CMMI development. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 2006, Version 1.2: 21~24
[28] CMMI Product Team. The Capability Maturity Model for Software. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 2002, Version 1.1: 16～58
[29] Russ Kay. CMMI. Computer World, 2004, 5: 17~19
[30]菲利浦·克劳士比.质量免费(杨钢,林海).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.17~20
[31] Claudia Raak, Malte Foegen.CMMI,SPICE und ISO 15504.IT Maturity Service GmbH, 2004: 16~18
[32]杨一平.几种软件过程改进方法的比较.计算机工程与应用,2002,25:219～221
[33]王宛龙.软件质量保障体系发展新趋势——从CMM / ISO9000到CMMI / ISO15504(SPICE).计算机周刊, 2001,26:1~3
[34] Benjamin S. Blanchard. Systems Engineering Management. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 1998:10~11
[35]李蕾.复杂工程系统设计过程能力评价体系的研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学工业工程系,2007
[36]顾钱江.“老”西门子的新愿景.环球杂志,2006, 15: 51
[37] W.I. Winner etc. The Role of Concurrent Engineering in Weapons System Acquisition. IDA Report, 1988, 11
[38]朱世和,高东.并行工程与并行机械设计.机械与电子,1995(5):25～28
[39]何浩,徐燕申.并行设计研究现状及其发展趋势.机械设计,1998,1:1～4
[40] W.F.Rosinski. Development of a System Development Process Model for Systems Engineering in Industrial Solution Business: [Mini thesis]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2007
[41]潘雪增.并行工程原理与应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1997,第1版
[42] Sarah A. Sheard. The Frameworks Quagmire. Software Productivity Consortium, 1997
[43] Ulrich Loewen. Industrial System and Solution Business. Germany: Siemens CT SE 5, 2005
[44] Wikipedia. ISO 15504.维基百科:http://www.answers.com/topic/iso-15504
[45]敏捷制造(Agile Manufacturing).曲靖科技信息网:http://www.qjst.cn/lanmu2.php?lmid=5&wzid=2250
[46]吴志欢,姚立刚.产品全生命周期设计及其应用.福建工程学院学报,2003,1(3):33~36
[47] CMMI Product Team. A Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 1995, Version 1.1
[2] Ulrich Loewen. Workshop of technical challenges in industrial automation business. 2007. 8~10
[3] P.切克兰德.系统论的思想与实践(左晓斯,使然译).北京:华夏出版社,1991.第1版
[4]钱学森.创建系统学.太原:山西科学技术出版社,2001. 134~135
[5]于景元,周晓纪.系统科学与系统科学的发展.复杂系统与复杂性科学,2004,1(3):4~9
[6]于景元,周晓纪.综合集成方法与总体设计部.复杂系统与复杂性科学,2004,1 (1):22~24
[7]钱学敏.刍议钱学森的科学观与方法论.中国煤炭经济学院学报,1996年第3期:3～10
[8]刘磊,朱泽飞,李仁旺.基于ARIS建模和XML过程定义的工作流模型.计算机工程,2005,31(1):53～55
[9]任军号,薛惠锋.系统工程方法技术和趋势初探.西安电子科技大学学报,2004,14(1):18～21
[10] D. R. Probert, R. Phaal, C. J. P. Farrukh. Structuring a systematic approach to technology management, concepts and practice. IAMOT 2001– TM Framework Paper, 2000
[11]朱全敏.产品开发过程管理若干关键技术的探讨. 2002.中国制造业信息化门户网站:http://articles.e-works.net.cn/ce/Article11835.htm
[12]刘文安,张建军.产品开发过程的建模方法及其支持工具.现代制造工程,2006,3:55~59
[13] Benjamin S. Blanchard, Walter J. Fabrycky. System engineering and analysis. Prentice-Hall Publisher, 1998, xiii-xiv: 19
[14] Kerzner Harold. A systems approach to planning, scheduling and controlling. Project management, 1984. 20~23
[15] Boulding Kenneth. General systems theory-The skeleton of science. Management Science, 1956. 197~208
[16] Forsberg Kevi, Mooz Harold. The relationship of system engineering to the project cycle. Joint Conference, 1991. 20~24
[17] James Gralla. Design for Excellence. McGraw-Hall Pulisher, 1996. 6~7
[18] G. Pahl,W. Beitz. Engineering Design. Springer-Verlag London Limited, 1996: 359.
[19]杨一平.几种软件过程改进方法的比较.计算机工程与应用,2002,25:219～221
[20]曹立,吴明辉,应晶.软件过程评估和改进.计算机科学与技术,2005,27(2):95～110
[21] International Standards Organization. ISO 9000 and 14000 in brief. Geneva, 2007
[22]崔敬东,张明玉. ISO标准和过程改进技术对我国软件业的启示.技术广角,2001,5:68～70
[23] International Standards Organization. ISO IEC 90003 2004 Standards. Geneva, 2004
[24] International Standards Organization. ISO 9000-3 Guidelines for the application of 9001– Model for Quality Assurance in Design / Development, Production, Installation and Service. Geneva, 1987: 3~7
[25]罗运模,等.软件能力成熟度模型集成培训教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2003,第1版
[26] CMMI Product Team. CMMI for Systems Engineering / Software Engineering / Integrated Product and Process Development / Supplier Sourcing. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 2002, Version 1.1: 35~67
[27] CMMI Product Team. CMMI development. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 2006, Version 1.2: 21~24
[28] CMMI Product Team. The Capability Maturity Model for Software. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 2002, Version 1.1: 16～58
[29] Russ Kay. CMMI. Computer World, 2004, 5: 17~19
[30]菲利浦·克劳士比.质量免费(杨钢,林海).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2006.17~20
[31] Claudia Raak, Malte Foegen.CMMI,SPICE und ISO 15504.IT Maturity Service GmbH, 2004: 16~18
[32]杨一平.几种软件过程改进方法的比较.计算机工程与应用,2002,25:219～221
[33]王宛龙.软件质量保障体系发展新趋势——从CMM / ISO9000到CMMI / ISO15504(SPICE).计算机周刊, 2001,26:1~3
[34] Benjamin S. Blanchard. Systems Engineering Management. John Wiley & Sons. Inc. 1998:10~11
[35]李蕾.复杂工程系统设计过程能力评价体系的研究:[硕士学位论文].北京:清华大学工业工程系,2007
[36]顾钱江.“老”西门子的新愿景.环球杂志,2006, 15: 51
[37] W.I. Winner etc. The Role of Concurrent Engineering in Weapons System Acquisition. IDA Report, 1988, 11
[38]朱世和,高东.并行工程与并行机械设计.机械与电子,1995(5):25～28
[39]何浩,徐燕申.并行设计研究现状及其发展趋势.机械设计,1998,1:1～4
[40] W.F.Rosinski. Development of a System Development Process Model for Systems Engineering in Industrial Solution Business: [Mini thesis]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2007
[41]潘雪增.并行工程原理与应用.北京:清华大学出版社,1997,第1版
[42] Sarah A. Sheard. The Frameworks Quagmire. Software Productivity Consortium, 1997
[43] Ulrich Loewen. Industrial System and Solution Business. Germany: Siemens CT SE 5, 2005
[44] Wikipedia. ISO 15504.维基百科:http://www.answers.com/topic/iso-15504
[45]敏捷制造(Agile Manufacturing).曲靖科技信息网:http://www.qjst.cn/lanmu2.php?lmid=5&wzid=2250
[46]吴志欢,姚立刚.产品全生命周期设计及其应用.福建工程学院学报,2003,1(3):33~36
[47] CMMI Product Team. A Systems Engineering Capability Maturity Model. Pittsburgh: CMU/SEI, 1995, Version 1.1