陇中盆地秦安—天水地区新近纪沉积物成因与环境变化
|
摘要
新近纪环境变化研究是全球古气候与古环境研究的重要领域之一,关系到正确认识和解释中新世以来全球气候变化过程、南北半球冰盖形成等许多关键科学问题。开展我国新近纪以来环境演变研究对于认识亚洲内陆干旱化、亚洲季风形成与演化以及青藏高原隆升的时间、形式、幅度及其环境影响具有重要价值。
陇中盆地东南隅的天水-秦安地区处于南部西秦岭、北部华家岭与东部六盘山所围陷的青藏高原东北缘构造单元的敏感部位,是研究构造与气候变化的理想之所。这一区域广泛发育的新近纪沉积地层,是研究这一地区的环境变化的天然载体。但与同属陇中盆地的临夏盆地、兰州盆地、西宁盆地等相比,对天水-秦安盆地研究相对薄弱。2002年,郭正堂研究员等报道了本区发现22Ma以来类似第四纪黄土的风尘沉积,提出亚洲内陆干旱化可能始于22Ma,使这一区域成为研究的热点地区。但是从整个陇中盆地来看,具有相似构造与沉积环境背景的临夏盆地、兰州盆地等新近纪都沉积了广泛的河湖相沉积,古生物资料也反映出当时气候较湿润。而且在天水盆地之内,也存在大面积的典型河湖相地层序列,与其报道的新近纪地层风成说存在矛盾。为查清这一矛盾问题,正确理解天水-秦安地区新近纪沉积物的成因及环境变化,本文基于大量野外考察所获取的地质、地貌、古生物等资料,开展了天水盆地从南到北的一系列新近纪典型沉积剖面的地层序列、岩性特征、磁性地层学、沉积相演化及沉积物的物理、化学和生物指标等的对比与分析,获得了以下主要结论:
1.通过横跨整个盆地南北的下山、尧店和喇嘛山三个新近纪典型剖面的地层对比,利用高分辨率磁性地层年代和古脊椎哺乳动物化石年代控制,建立了天水盆地从17.02～1.4Ma的新近纪地层年代序列。依据天水盆地代表性剖面的岩性组合、地层接触关系和地层空间分布特征,结合哺乳动物化石和前人研究获取的新近系下伏的火山岩年龄,宏观上将天水盆地新近系地层划分为四段,自下而上依次为:“下红层”甘泉组、“班马层”尧店组、“上红层”杨集寨组和“上绿层”喇嘛山组,其年代分别为22～11.70Ma、11.70～7.1Ma、7.1～4.07和3.6～1.4Ma。
2.通过对QA-I剖面、典型湖相和下山剖面沉积物以及黄土的各种粒度参数指标、地球化学的常量、微量和稀土元素分析,发现QA-I剖面沉积物与典型湖相和下山剖面沉积物特征更为接近,却是与黄土相差较远,明显不具有类似风尘沉积特性。从沉积物中提取的有机生物标志化合物、镜下微形态和硅藻指标的分析结果可以看出,QA-I剖面与尧店、喇嘛山剖面典型湖相沉积具有环境成因上的相似性,可能为洪泛平原或湖滩泥坪沉积的产物。
3.通过天水盆地大量古脊椎哺乳动物化石的空间分布、组成特征和沉积环境的分析,认为当时环境是比较适合大型哺乳动物生活的湖滩泥坪或近水环境,气候相对湿润。根据丰富的大型哺乳动物化石埋藏情况和沉积速率也显示＞6Ma以前该区没有风尘沉积埋藏完整大型哺乳动物化石的可能性。
4.根据野外考察,初步确定了天水盆地新近纪古湖沉积分布的大致范围。并依据天水盆地沉积岩性组合和岩相时空分布特征,通过前陆盆地性质和构造特征分析,建立了天水盆地新近纪沉积模式。天水盆地新生代以来划分为六个演化阶段:＞22Ma,盆地雏形阶段;22Ma～11.67Ma,构造活动与盆地形成阶段:11.67Ma～7.1Ma,构造活动与盆地发展阶段;7.1Ma～＜4.07Ma,构造抬升与盆地萎缩阶段;＜4.07Ma～3.6Ma,构造隆升与盆地消亡阶段;3.6Ma～1.4Ma,山间盆地阶段。
5.从风尘的物源、搬运动力、堆积地貌、保存和气候条件等方面讨论了天水盆地中新世不具有风尘堆积形成与保存的条件。同时将天水盆地与同属统一陇中盆地的临夏盆地、兰州盆地的沉积特征进行对比,结合陇中盆地哺乳动物以及临夏盆地和河西走廊酒泉盆地孢粉资料,进一步对天水盆地中新世风尘堆积提出质疑,并认为亚洲内陆的干旱化很可能始于8Ma左右,并非所谓的风尘堆积所指示的是从22Ma就开始的。
As an important field of global paleoclimatic and paleoenvionmental studies, Neogene environmental change study is crucial in understanding and explaining correctly many key scientific problems, such as global climatic change processes, formation of Northern and Southern hemispheres icecaps since Miocene. Studies in Neogene environmental change have important value to know aridification in Asia inland, formation of Asia monsoon, and the time, form, scale and environmental effect of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.
Located in the sensitive northeastern tectonic margin of the Tibetan Plateau and constrained by southern west Qinling Mountain, northern Huajia Hill and eastern Liupan Mountains, Tianshui-Qin' an area in southeast Longzhong Basin is an ideal place to study the tectonics and climatic change since Neogene. Continuous, widely distributed Neogene depositional strata was developed in this area, which provide favorable natural carriers to study the Neogene depositional envionmetal change. However, Neogene environmental study in Tianshui Basin is relatively weak compared with those in sub-basins in the same Longzhong Basin, such as Linxia Basin, Lanzhou Basin and Xining Basin. Since Guo et al. (2002) reported the analog of eolian deposits to Quaternary loess indicating that aridication in the inland of Asia was likely to begin since 22Ma, this area become a hot spot of the study. However, from the view of whole Longzhong Basin in Neogene period, extensive fluvial-lacustrine sediments deposited in sub-basins in Linxia and Lanzhou, could provide analogical tectonic and sedimentary environment background. Paleontological data also showed relative humid climate at that time. In addition, there is large area of typical fluvial-lacustrine stratigraphic sequences in Tianshui Basin during this period, which is inconsistent with eolian viewpoint as reported in Neogene stratum. In order to make clear the incompatibility of sedimentary sequences in this area and understand more precisely the cause of formation of Neogene sediments and environmental change, we have impletmented a series of comparison and analysis of Neogene typical sedimentary sections about stratigraphic sequences, lithological charaters, magnetostratigraphy, evolution of sedimentary facies, physical, chemical and biological indices of the sediments from the south to the north in whole Tianshui Basin on the basis of several years field work and geological, geomorphological and paleontological data collected. Major conclusions have been obtained as follows:
1. Based on the stratigraphic comparison of Xiashan, Yaodian and Lamshan sections within the basin from the south to the north, using high-resolution magnetostratigrapic and paleontological mammal fossil chronology, we have established Neogene stratigraphic chronological sequences from 17.02Ma to 1.4Ma in Tianshui Basin. According to the lithological assemblages, stratigraphic conformable contact connection and stratum characteristics in spatial distribution, combined with mammal fossils and lava age below Neogene stratum obtained by previous researches, Neogene strata in Tianshui Basin are macroscopically divided into five sects from top to bottom: "lower red bedding" Ganquan Group, "zebra bedding" Yaodian Group, "upper red bedding" Yangjizhai Group and "upper green bedding" Lamashan Group, and their ages are 22～11.7Ma, 11.70～7.1 Ma, 7.1～4.07Ma and 3.6～1.4Ma respectively.
2. The sediments of QA-I section are more similar to those of typical lacustrine origin like Xiashan section, and are different with those of loess, as they obviously not having the characteristics of eolian deposits on composition, which is supported by various analyses on size parameters, constant elements, trace elements and REE geochemistry of sediments from QA-I section, typical lacustrine deposits and Xiashan section. The environmental cause of QA-I section are similar to that of typical lacustrine sediments of Yaodian and Lamashan sections, being possibly resulted from floodplain and lakefront as indicated by organic biomarkers, micromorphological characteristics and diatom indicators.
3. Spatial distribution of abundant paleovertebrate mammal fossils, characteristics of the composition and sedimentary environment suggest that there was a more conformable environment of lakebank mudflat for big mammals to exist, and the climate was relatively humid. The taphouomy of abundant mammals and sedimentation rates indicate that whole big mammal fossils were not possible to be buried by eolian deposits at this area before 6Ma.
4. The rough distribution range of Neogne paleolacustrine sediments in Tianshui Basin could be mapped on the basis of detailed field investigations. Based on the analyses of lithological assemblages, spatial-temporal distribution of lithological facies in Tianshui Basin, and foreland basin property and tectonic characteristics, we established the Neogene sedimentary mode of Tianshui Basin. Six evolvement stages is divided in Tianshui Basin since Cenozoic: >22Ma, basin rudiment stage; 22～11.67Ma, Neogene tectonic movement and basin formation stage; 11.67～7.1Ma, tectonic movement and basin developing stage; 7.1～<4.07Ma, tectonic uplifting and basin shinking stage; <4.07～3.6Ma, tectonic uplifting and basin perishing stage; 3.6～1.4Ma, intermontane basin stage.
5. Analyses on eolian souce, transportation dynamics, accumulational relief, preservation and climatic conditions in Miocene suggest that it was not favorable to form and preserve eolian accumulation in Tianshui Basin during that period. Simultaneously, comparison of the sedimentary sequence of Tianshui Basin with those from Linxia and Lanzhou sub-basins within the whole Longzhong Basin, together with mammal fossils in Longzhong Basin, pollen data of Linxia and Jiuquan basins in Hexi corridor, Miocene eolian accumulation in Tianshui Basin is doubted to a greater extent. The aridification in Asia inland is thought to begin, not since 22 Ma as so-called eolian accumulation indication, but since about 8 Ma.
陇中盆地东南隅的天水-秦安地区处于南部西秦岭、北部华家岭与东部六盘山所围陷的青藏高原东北缘构造单元的敏感部位,是研究构造与气候变化的理想之所。这一区域广泛发育的新近纪沉积地层,是研究这一地区的环境变化的天然载体。但与同属陇中盆地的临夏盆地、兰州盆地、西宁盆地等相比,对天水-秦安盆地研究相对薄弱。2002年,郭正堂研究员等报道了本区发现22Ma以来类似第四纪黄土的风尘沉积,提出亚洲内陆干旱化可能始于22Ma,使这一区域成为研究的热点地区。但是从整个陇中盆地来看,具有相似构造与沉积环境背景的临夏盆地、兰州盆地等新近纪都沉积了广泛的河湖相沉积,古生物资料也反映出当时气候较湿润。而且在天水盆地之内,也存在大面积的典型河湖相地层序列,与其报道的新近纪地层风成说存在矛盾。为查清这一矛盾问题,正确理解天水-秦安地区新近纪沉积物的成因及环境变化,本文基于大量野外考察所获取的地质、地貌、古生物等资料,开展了天水盆地从南到北的一系列新近纪典型沉积剖面的地层序列、岩性特征、磁性地层学、沉积相演化及沉积物的物理、化学和生物指标等的对比与分析,获得了以下主要结论:
1.通过横跨整个盆地南北的下山、尧店和喇嘛山三个新近纪典型剖面的地层对比,利用高分辨率磁性地层年代和古脊椎哺乳动物化石年代控制,建立了天水盆地从17.02～1.4Ma的新近纪地层年代序列。依据天水盆地代表性剖面的岩性组合、地层接触关系和地层空间分布特征,结合哺乳动物化石和前人研究获取的新近系下伏的火山岩年龄,宏观上将天水盆地新近系地层划分为四段,自下而上依次为:“下红层”甘泉组、“班马层”尧店组、“上红层”杨集寨组和“上绿层”喇嘛山组,其年代分别为22～11.70Ma、11.70～7.1Ma、7.1～4.07和3.6～1.4Ma。
2.通过对QA-I剖面、典型湖相和下山剖面沉积物以及黄土的各种粒度参数指标、地球化学的常量、微量和稀土元素分析,发现QA-I剖面沉积物与典型湖相和下山剖面沉积物特征更为接近,却是与黄土相差较远,明显不具有类似风尘沉积特性。从沉积物中提取的有机生物标志化合物、镜下微形态和硅藻指标的分析结果可以看出,QA-I剖面与尧店、喇嘛山剖面典型湖相沉积具有环境成因上的相似性,可能为洪泛平原或湖滩泥坪沉积的产物。
3.通过天水盆地大量古脊椎哺乳动物化石的空间分布、组成特征和沉积环境的分析,认为当时环境是比较适合大型哺乳动物生活的湖滩泥坪或近水环境,气候相对湿润。根据丰富的大型哺乳动物化石埋藏情况和沉积速率也显示＞6Ma以前该区没有风尘沉积埋藏完整大型哺乳动物化石的可能性。
4.根据野外考察,初步确定了天水盆地新近纪古湖沉积分布的大致范围。并依据天水盆地沉积岩性组合和岩相时空分布特征,通过前陆盆地性质和构造特征分析,建立了天水盆地新近纪沉积模式。天水盆地新生代以来划分为六个演化阶段:＞22Ma,盆地雏形阶段;22Ma～11.67Ma,构造活动与盆地形成阶段:11.67Ma～7.1Ma,构造活动与盆地发展阶段;7.1Ma～＜4.07Ma,构造抬升与盆地萎缩阶段;＜4.07Ma～3.6Ma,构造隆升与盆地消亡阶段;3.6Ma～1.4Ma,山间盆地阶段。
5.从风尘的物源、搬运动力、堆积地貌、保存和气候条件等方面讨论了天水盆地中新世不具有风尘堆积形成与保存的条件。同时将天水盆地与同属统一陇中盆地的临夏盆地、兰州盆地的沉积特征进行对比,结合陇中盆地哺乳动物以及临夏盆地和河西走廊酒泉盆地孢粉资料,进一步对天水盆地中新世风尘堆积提出质疑,并认为亚洲内陆的干旱化很可能始于8Ma左右,并非所谓的风尘堆积所指示的是从22Ma就开始的。
As an important field of global paleoclimatic and paleoenvionmental studies, Neogene environmental change study is crucial in understanding and explaining correctly many key scientific problems, such as global climatic change processes, formation of Northern and Southern hemispheres icecaps since Miocene. Studies in Neogene environmental change have important value to know aridification in Asia inland, formation of Asia monsoon, and the time, form, scale and environmental effect of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.
Located in the sensitive northeastern tectonic margin of the Tibetan Plateau and constrained by southern west Qinling Mountain, northern Huajia Hill and eastern Liupan Mountains, Tianshui-Qin' an area in southeast Longzhong Basin is an ideal place to study the tectonics and climatic change since Neogene. Continuous, widely distributed Neogene depositional strata was developed in this area, which provide favorable natural carriers to study the Neogene depositional envionmetal change. However, Neogene environmental study in Tianshui Basin is relatively weak compared with those in sub-basins in the same Longzhong Basin, such as Linxia Basin, Lanzhou Basin and Xining Basin. Since Guo et al. (2002) reported the analog of eolian deposits to Quaternary loess indicating that aridication in the inland of Asia was likely to begin since 22Ma, this area become a hot spot of the study. However, from the view of whole Longzhong Basin in Neogene period, extensive fluvial-lacustrine sediments deposited in sub-basins in Linxia and Lanzhou, could provide analogical tectonic and sedimentary environment background. Paleontological data also showed relative humid climate at that time. In addition, there is large area of typical fluvial-lacustrine stratigraphic sequences in Tianshui Basin during this period, which is inconsistent with eolian viewpoint as reported in Neogene stratum. In order to make clear the incompatibility of sedimentary sequences in this area and understand more precisely the cause of formation of Neogene sediments and environmental change, we have impletmented a series of comparison and analysis of Neogene typical sedimentary sections about stratigraphic sequences, lithological charaters, magnetostratigraphy, evolution of sedimentary facies, physical, chemical and biological indices of the sediments from the south to the north in whole Tianshui Basin on the basis of several years field work and geological, geomorphological and paleontological data collected. Major conclusions have been obtained as follows:
1. Based on the stratigraphic comparison of Xiashan, Yaodian and Lamshan sections within the basin from the south to the north, using high-resolution magnetostratigrapic and paleontological mammal fossil chronology, we have established Neogene stratigraphic chronological sequences from 17.02Ma to 1.4Ma in Tianshui Basin. According to the lithological assemblages, stratigraphic conformable contact connection and stratum characteristics in spatial distribution, combined with mammal fossils and lava age below Neogene stratum obtained by previous researches, Neogene strata in Tianshui Basin are macroscopically divided into five sects from top to bottom: "lower red bedding" Ganquan Group, "zebra bedding" Yaodian Group, "upper red bedding" Yangjizhai Group and "upper green bedding" Lamashan Group, and their ages are 22～11.7Ma, 11.70～7.1 Ma, 7.1～4.07Ma and 3.6～1.4Ma respectively.
2. The sediments of QA-I section are more similar to those of typical lacustrine origin like Xiashan section, and are different with those of loess, as they obviously not having the characteristics of eolian deposits on composition, which is supported by various analyses on size parameters, constant elements, trace elements and REE geochemistry of sediments from QA-I section, typical lacustrine deposits and Xiashan section. The environmental cause of QA-I section are similar to that of typical lacustrine sediments of Yaodian and Lamashan sections, being possibly resulted from floodplain and lakefront as indicated by organic biomarkers, micromorphological characteristics and diatom indicators.
3. Spatial distribution of abundant paleovertebrate mammal fossils, characteristics of the composition and sedimentary environment suggest that there was a more conformable environment of lakebank mudflat for big mammals to exist, and the climate was relatively humid. The taphouomy of abundant mammals and sedimentation rates indicate that whole big mammal fossils were not possible to be buried by eolian deposits at this area before 6Ma.
4. The rough distribution range of Neogne paleolacustrine sediments in Tianshui Basin could be mapped on the basis of detailed field investigations. Based on the analyses of lithological assemblages, spatial-temporal distribution of lithological facies in Tianshui Basin, and foreland basin property and tectonic characteristics, we established the Neogene sedimentary mode of Tianshui Basin. Six evolvement stages is divided in Tianshui Basin since Cenozoic: >22Ma, basin rudiment stage; 22～11.67Ma, Neogene tectonic movement and basin formation stage; 11.67～7.1Ma, tectonic movement and basin developing stage; 7.1～<4.07Ma, tectonic uplifting and basin shinking stage; <4.07～3.6Ma, tectonic uplifting and basin perishing stage; 3.6～1.4Ma, intermontane basin stage.
5. Analyses on eolian souce, transportation dynamics, accumulational relief, preservation and climatic conditions in Miocene suggest that it was not favorable to form and preserve eolian accumulation in Tianshui Basin during that period. Simultaneously, comparison of the sedimentary sequence of Tianshui Basin with those from Linxia and Lanzhou sub-basins within the whole Longzhong Basin, together with mammal fossils in Longzhong Basin, pollen data of Linxia and Jiuquan basins in Hexi corridor, Miocene eolian accumulation in Tianshui Basin is doubted to a greater extent. The aridification in Asia inland is thought to begin, not since 22 Ma as so-called eolian accumulation indication, but since about 8 Ma.
引文
1. Alberdi M T. A review of Old Word hipparionine horses. In: Prothero D R, Schoch R M eds. The Evolution of Perissodactyls. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989,234-261
2. Allen. P. A, Collinson J. D. Lakes In Sedimentary Environments and Facies, Edited by Reading H. G, second edition, London: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1986,63-94
3. An Z S, Kutzbach J E, Prell S C. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phrased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 2001,411: 62-66
4. An Z S. The history and variability of the East Asian monsoon. Quaternary Sciences Reviews, 2000, 19:171-187.
5. Behresmeyer A K. Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiology, 1978,4(2): 152-162
6. Billups K, Channell J E T, Zachos J. Late Oligocene to early Miocene geochronology and paleoceanography from the subantarctic South Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 2002, 17(1): 4-1-4-10
7. Blondel C. The Eocene-Oligocene ungulates from western Europe and their environment. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001,168: 125-139.
8. Cane M A, Molnar P. Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridification around 3-4 million years ago. Nature, 2001,411: 157-162.
9. Cerling T E, Harris J M, MacFadden B J, Leaker M G, Quade J, Eisenmann V and Ehleringer J R. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature, 1997, 389: 153-158
10. Charles D F. Relationship between surface sediment diatom assemblages and lake water characteristics in Adirondack lakes. Ecology, 1985, 66(3): 994-1011
11. Coleman M, Hodys K. Evidence for Tibetan Platean uplift before 14 Mys age from a east-west extension. Nature, 1995,174:49-52
12. Cranwell PA, Eglinton G, Robinson N. Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments II .Organic Geochemistry, 1987,11(6): 513-527
13. Cranwell, P. A. Chain-length distribution ofn-alkanes from lake sediments in relation to post-glacial environmental change. Freshwater Biology, 1973, 3:259-265
14. De Bonis L, Bouvrain G, Geraads D, et al. Diversity and paleoecology of Greek Late Miocene mammalian faunas.Palaeogeograph-y, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1992, 91: 99-121
15. Decelles Peter G, Giles Katherine A. Foreland basin systems. Basin Research, 1996, 8: 105-123
16. DemarcqG. Paleothermic evolution duiring the Neogene in Mediterranea through the marine megafanuas Ⅷth RCMNS Congress,(Cabstract): 1985,176-178
17. Deng T, Down W. Evolution of Chinese Neogene Rhinocerotidae and its response to climate. Acta Geol Sin. 2002, 76(2): 139-145
18. Deng T. Chinese Neogene mammal biochronology. Vert PalAsiat, 2006,44(2): 143-163
19. Dickinson William, Plate tectonics and sedimentation, Society of economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 1974, No22, 1-27
20. Didyk B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassell, S.C. and Egliton, G. Organic geochemical indicators of palaeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature,1978,272:216-222
21. Ding Z L, Sun J M, Liu T S, et al. Wind-blown origin of the Pliocene red clay formation in the Chinese Loess Pateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 1998,161:135-143
22. Ding Z L, Xiong S F, Sun J M, et al. Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a ～7.0Ma eolian loess-red clay sequence at Lingtai, Loess Plateau, north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1999,152:49-60
23. Dowsett,H., et al., Joint investigations of the middle Pliocene climate I :PRISM paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Global and Planetary Change, 1994,9:169-195
24. Estes R. Social organization of African Bovidae. In: Geist V, Walter F, eds. The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management. Berne: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1971,166-205
25. Ficken K J, Barber K E, EnglintonG. An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31:745-749.
26. Flower B P, Kennett J P. Middle Miocene deepwater paleoceanography in the southwest Pacific: Relating with East Antarctic ice sheet development. Paleaceanogr, 1995, 10(6): 1095-1112
27. Flower B P, Kennett J P. The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol, 1994,108: 537-555
28. Flower B P, Kennett J P. The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol, 1994, 108: 537-555
29. Flower B P, Zachos J C, Martin H. Latest Oligocene through early Miocene isotopic stratigraphy and deep-water paleoceanography of the western equatorial Atlantic: Site 926 and 929. In: Shackleton N J, et al. Proc ODP Sci Res,1997,154:451-461
30. Folk R L, Ward W C. Brazos River bar: A study in significance of grain size parameters. J Sediment Petrol, 1957, 27(1): 3-26
31. Friedman G M, Sanders J E. Principles of Sedimentology. New York: John Wily & Sons, 1978, 792
32. Ghibaudo G. Subaqueous sediment gravity flow deposits: practical criteria for the their description and classification . Sedimentology, 1992, 39: 423-454
33. Gordon A L, Fine R A. Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas. Nature, 1996, 379:146-149.
34. Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 2002, 416: 159-163
35. Harrison T M, Copeland P, Kidd W S F et al. Raising Tibet.Science, 1992, 255:1663-1670
36. Haug G H, Tiedemann R. Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Nature, 1998, 393: 673-676
37. Hilton J, Lishman J P. The effect of redox change on the magnetic susceptibiligy of sediments from a seasonally anoxic lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 1985, 30:907-909
38. Hodell D A, Woodruff F. Variations in the strontium isotopic ratio of seawater during the Miocene: Stratigraphic and geochemical implications. Paleoceanogr, 1994, 9(3): 405-426
39. Horton B K, Schmitt J G. Sedimentology of the lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA. Sedimentology, 1996,43:133-155
40. Huang,Y., Street-Perrott, F. A., Perrott, F. A., et al., 1999. Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from the molecular and compound-specific 813C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake, Mt Kenya. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63:1383-1404.
41. Huerta P, Armenteros I. Calcrete and palustrine assemblages on a distal alluvial-floodplain: A response to local subsidence (Miocene of the Duero basin, Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 2005,177:253-270
42. Janis C M. Evolution of horns in ungulates: ecology and paleoecology. Biological Review, 1982,57:261-318
43. Janis C M. A climatic explanation for patterns of evolutionary diversity in ungulate mammals. Palaeontology, 1989,32:463-481
44. Jansen E. Miocene to recent paleclimat evolution at high northern latitude: Interhemispheric linkages(abstract). ICPV Program and Abstract, New York, 1995,20
45. Jiang H C, Ding Z L, Xiong S F. Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Sikouzi section at Guyuan, Ningxia, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 243: 223-234
46. Kaakinen A. A long terrestrial sequence in Lantian: a window into the late Neogene palaeoenvironments of northern China. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino, 2005,1-49
47. Kaakinena A, Lunkka J P. Sedimentation of the Late Miocene Bahe Formation and its implications for stable environments adjacent to Qinling mountains in Shaanxi, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2003,22:67-78
48. Keigwin Jr L D, Shackleton N J. Uppermost Miocene caebon isotope stratigraphy of a piston core in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 1980, 284:613-614
49. Kennett J P, Stott L D. Abrupt deep sea warming, paleoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature, 1991,353:319-322.
50. Kennett, J. P., & Hodell, D. A. Stability or instability of Antarctice ice sheets during warm climates of the Pliocene? GSA Today, 1995, 5(1):1,10-13,22
51. Kirschvink J L. The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data. Geophys G R Astron Soc, 1980, 62:699-718
52. Kroon D., Steens T. N. F., Troelstra S. R. Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea. Proc. ODP Sci. Res, 1991, 117:257-263
53. Kurten B. The Age of Mammals. London: Weindelfeld and Nicolson Press, 1971,1-250
54. Kurten B. The Chinese Hipparion fauna. Commentationes Biologicae Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 1952, 13: 1-82
55. Li jijun et al. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Pateau and Global Change. Lanzhou University Press, 1995
56. Li JiJun. The environmental effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Science Rview,1991, 10:478-483
57. Liu Xiuming, Xu Tongchun, Liu Tungsheng. The Chinese loess in Xifeng, II. A study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of loess from Xifeng. Geophysical Journal, 1988, 92:349-353
58. Liu, D. S., Zheng, M. P. & Guo, Z. T. Initiation and evolution of the Asian monsoon system timely coupled with the ice-sheet growth and the tectonic movements in Asia. Quaternary Sciences, 1998, 194-204.
59. Ma Y Z, Fang X M, Li J J et al.The vegetation and climate change during Neocene and Early Quaternary in Jiuxi Basin. Science in China (Series D), 2005, 48(5): 676-688
60. Ma Y Z, Li J J, Fang X M. Pollen assemblage in 30.6-5.0 Ma redbeds of Linxia region and climate evolution. Chinese Sci Bull, 1998, 43(3):301-304
61. Meyers, A. Lacustrine organic geochemistry—An overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1993, 20(7):867-900.
62. Meyers, P. A. Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions: A summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes.Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 30(34):261-289.
63. Miall A D. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. In: Miall A D. Fluvial Sedimentology. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 5,1978,597-604
64. Miall A D. Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis. New York: Speinger, 1984
65. Miall A D. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Berlin: Springer, 1996, 582.
66. Miller K G, Fairbank R G, Mountain G S. Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion. Paleoceanogr, 1987, 2(1): 1-19
67. Miller K G, Fairbanks R G. Oligocene to Miocene carbon isotope cycles and abyssal circulation changes. In: Sundquist E T, Broecker W S, eds. The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present. Geophys Monogr, 1985, 32: 469-486
68. Miller K G, Mountain G S, et al. Drilling and dating New Jersey Oligocene-Miocene sequence: Ice volume, global sea level, and Exxon records. Science, 1996,271: 1092-1095
69. Miller K G, Wright J D, Fairbanks R G. Unlocking the ice house: Oligocene-Miocene isotope, eustasy, and margin erosion. J Geophys Res, 1991,96(B4): 6829-6848
70. Mo D W, Derbyshire E. The depositional environment of the late Pliocene "red clay", jine-Le Basin, Shangxi province, China. Sedimentary Geology, 1991,70: 33-40
71. Mutti M. Bulk δ~(18)O and δ~(13)C records from Site 999, Colombian Basin, and Site 1000, Nicaraguan Rise (latest Oligocene tomiddle Miocene): Diagenesis, link to sediment parameters, and paleoceanography. In: Leckie R M, et al. Proc ODP Sci Res, 2000, 165: 275-283
72. Norris R D, Rehl U. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate wanning duiring the Paleocene Eocene transition. Nature, 1999,401:775-778
73. Pagani M, Arthus MA, Freeman K H. Miocene evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleoceanogr, 1999, 14(3): 273-292
74. Passega R. Grain size representation by CM pattern as a geologic tool. J Petrol, 1964, 34: 830-847
75. Platt N H & Wright V P. Lacustrine carbonate: facies models, facies distribution and hydrocarbon aspects. Spec. Publs Int. Ass. Sedimentology, 1991, 13: 57-74
76. Qiang X K, Li Z. K., Powell, C. M., et al. Magnetostratigraphic record of the Late Miocene onset of the East Asian monsoon and Pliocene uplift of northern Tibet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001,187: 83-93
77. Quade J, Cerling T E, Bowman J R. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in Northern Pakistan. Nature, 1989, 342:163-166
78. Retallack G J. Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2001,404
79. Ruddiman W F.Kutzbach J E. Forcing of Late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1989,94(D 15): 18409-18427
80. Rutter N, Ding Z L, Evans M E, et al. Baoji-type pedostratigraphic section on loess plateau, norh central China. Quaternary Science Review, 1991, 10:1-22
81. Sancettac. Distribution of diatom species in surface sediments of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas[J]. Micropaleontology, 1982,28: 221-257.
82. Snowball I F, Thompson R. The occurrence of greigite in sediments from Loch lomond.J Quaternary Sci, 1988,3:121-125
83. Stoermer E F, Smol J P. The Diatom, Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, 1999
84. Sun Donghuai, Shaw J, An Zhisheng., et al. Magnetistragraphy and paleoclimate interpretation of a continuous 7.2Ma Late Cenozoic eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998,25(1) :85-88
85. Sun xiangjun, Wang pinxian. How old is the Asian monsoon system?—Palaeobotanical records from China, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 222(3-4): 181-222
86. Tsuchi R. Neogene Events in Japan and Southeast Asia. Annual Technical Meeting 1989 and IGCP-246, Thailand Proceedings, Chiang Mai Univ, 1991,169-177
87. Vincent E, Killingley J S. Oxygen and carbon isotope record for the Early and Middle Miocene in the central equatorial Pacific (Leg 85) and paleoceanographic implications. In: Mayer L, et al. Ink Rep DSDP, V85,1985, 749-769
88. Wakeham, S. G. Algal and bacterial hydrocarbons in particulate matter and interfacial sediment of the Cariaco trench. Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta, 1990,54:1325-1336.
89. Wang yang, Deng tao. A 25m.y. istopic record of paleodiet and environmental change from fossil mammals and paleosols from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 322-338
90. Webb S D. The rise and fall of the late Miocene ungulate fauna in North America. In: Nitechi M H, ed. Coevolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, 267-306
91. Wolfe J A, Tanei T. The Miocene seldom Point flora from the Kenai Group, Alaska, US Geol., Survey Prof. Paper, 1980,1,105,102
92. Wright J D, Miller N G. Miocene stable isotope stratigraphy, Site 747, Kerguelen Plateau. In: Wise S W, et al. Proc ODP Sci Res, V120,1992, 855-866
93. Xue X X, Zhang Y X, Yue L P. Paleoenvironments indicated by the fossil mammalian assemblages from red clay-loess sequence in the Chinese Loess Plateau since 8.0 Ma B.P. Science in China (Series D), 2006, 49(5): 518-530
94. Zachos J C, Flower B P, Paul H. Orbitally paced climate oscillations across the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Nature, 1997,388:567-570
95. Zachos J S, Pagani M, Sloan L, et al. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 2001, 292: 686-693
96. Zubakov V. A., Borzenkova 1.1. Global palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoie. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1990,1,105, 102
97． 安芷生,刘晓东。东亚季风气候的历史与变率。科学通报,2000,45(3)：238-249
98.安芷生,孙东怀,陈明扬等.黄土高原红粘士序列与晚第三纪的气候事件.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):435-446
99.安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩等.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动.中国科学(D),1998,28(6):481-490
100.安芷生,张培震,王二七等.中新世以来我国季风-干旱环境演化与青藏高原的生长.第四纪研究,2006.26(5):678-693
101.安芷生.亚洲季风演化、北半球大冰期的发展与喜马拉雅-青藏高原隆升.中国基础科学,2001,(8):9-11
102.毕思文.地球系统科学综述.地球物理学进展,2004,19(3):504-514
103.车自成,刘良,罗金海.中国及其邻区区域大地构造学.北京:科学出版社,2000,335-336
104.陈宝群,孙东怀,安芷生.蓝田白鹿原晚第三纪风成红粘土序列的古季风气候记录.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(4):112-117
105.陈丹玲.三趾马红粘土的粒度组成特征及其地质意义.西安:西北地质科学,1996,17(2):1-5
106.陈克造.柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖的沉积特征及其古气候演化的初步研究.中国科学(B),1985,5
107.陈克造等.柴达木盆地晚第三纪以来成盐演化及沉积拗陷转化特征-浅谈昆仑山隆升问题,青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题,北京:科学出版社,1981,148-153
108.陈旸,陈骏,刘连文.甘肃西峰晚第三纪红粘土的化学组成及化学风化特征.地质力学学报,2001,7(2):167-175
109.陈云,李铮华,赵景波等.全新世高温期气候不稳定性记录.海洋地质与第四纪地质.1999,19(3):97-103
110.程燕,张小曳,鹿化煜等.最近140Ka以来黄土元素地球化学演化及其古气候意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):103-108
111.成玉祥.天水地区地质环境质量系统评价及可持续发展对策研究.长安大学,博士研究生毕业论文,2003
112.德日进,杨钟键.山西西部陕西北部蓬莱纪后黄土期前之地层观察.中国地质专报,中国地质调查所,甲种,第3号,1930
113.邓涛.临夏盆地晚新生代哺乳动物群演替与青藏高原隆升背景.第四纪研究.2004.24(4):413-420
114.邓涛.陕西府谷发现的晚中新世维氏大唇犀(奇蹄目,犀科)新材料,古脊椎动物学报,2001,39(2):129-138
115.邓涛.陕西府谷晚中新世Acerorhinus属(奇蹄目,犀科)一新种,古脊椎动物学报,2000,38(3):203-217
116.邓涛.中国新近纪哺乳动物生物年代学.古脊椎动物学报,2006,44(2):143-163
117.刁桂仪,文启忠.黄土风化成土过程中主要元素迁移序列.地质地球化学,1999,27(1):21-26
118.丁仲礼,孙继敏,杨石岭等.灵台黄土-红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录.1998,1:86-94
119.丁仲礼,孙继敏,朱日祥等.黄土高原红粘士成因及上新世北方干旱化问题.第四纪研究,1997,(2):147-157
120.丁仲礼,杨石岭,孙继敏等.2.6Ma前后大气环流重构的黄土-红粘土沉积证据.第四纪研究,1999,(3):277-281
121.范马洁,宋春晖.青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地王家山地区沉积环境分析与构造隆升.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,39(3):84-89
122.方小敏,徐先海,宋春晖等.临夏盆地新生代沉积物高分辨率岩石磁学记录与亚洲内陆干旱化过程及原因.第四纪研究,2007,27(6):989-1000
123.方小敏,李吉均,马玉贞等.高原北缘(以临夏盆地为主)天然剖面记录.见青藏高原晚新生代隆升与环境变化.广东科技出版社,1998:17-81
124.方小敏,李吉均,朱俊杰等.甘肃临夏盆地新生代地层绝对年代测定与划分.科学通报,1997,42(14):1457-1471
125.方小敏、李吉均、朱俊杰等.临夏盆地环境变迁与青藏高原隆起的世界影响,青藏高原与全球变化研讨会论文集.气象出版社,1995a,41-51
126.方小敏、李吉均、朱俊杰等.临夏盆地约30Ma以来CaCO3含量变化与气候演变,青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究--学术论文年刊(1994),科学出版社,1995b,55-65
127.傅家漠,盛国英.分子有机地球化学与古气候、古环境研究.第四纪研究,1992,4:306-320
128.甘肃地质局第二区域地质测量队.1:20万秦安(幅)地质图说明书.兰州:甘肃省地质局,1971
129.谷祖纲,王四海,黄钊文等.甘肃临夏盆地第三系的年代地层学研究与Giraffokeryx在中国的发现.科学通报,1995,40(5):440-442
130.顾延生,李长安,黄长生等.兰州-民和盆地第三纪沉积特征及环境.中国区域地质,2000,19(4):337-343
131.胡长康.甘肃第三纪后期及第四纪哺乳类化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1962,6(1):88-100
132.胡兰英.塔里木盆地晚第三纪有孔虫古生态及地质意义.科学通报,1982,(15):938-941
133.胡守云,邓成龙,E.Appel等.湖泊沉积物磁学性质的环境意义.科学通报,2001,46(17):1491-1494
134.胡修棉,王成善.100Ma以来若干重大地质事件与全球气候变化.大自然探索,1999,18(67):53-58
135.黄成敏,龚子同.土壤发育过程中稀土元素的地球化学指示意义.中国稀土学报,2000,18(2):150-155.
136.孔昭宸,杜乃秋.青藏高原晚新生代以来植被时空变化的初步探讨.微体古生物学报,1996,13(4):339-351
137.雷祥义.靖远曹岘黄土的形成时代及显微结构特征.地理学报,1995,50(6):521-535
138.李传夔,吴文裕,邱铸鼎.中国陆相新第三纪的初步划分与对比.古脊椎动物学报,1984,22(3):163-179
139.李吉均,方小敏,马海洲,等.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起.中国科学(D),1996,26(4):316-322
140.李吉均,方小敏,潘保田等.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响.第四纪研究,2001,21(5):381-390
141.李吉均,方小敏.青藏高原隆起与环境变化研究.科学通报,1998,43(15):1569-1574
142.李吉均,张军,宋春晖等.陇中盆地灞河期地层的发现及意义.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(1):52-60
143.李吉均,方小敏,朱俊杰等.临夏盆地新生代地层古地磁年代与模式序列.见:青藏项目专家委员会编青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究.北京:科学出版社,1995,41-53
144.李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式探讨.中国科学(B辑),1979,(6):608-616
145.李强,郑绍华.记陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组4种跳鼠(Dipodidae,Rodentia)化石.古脊椎动物学,2005,43(4):283-296
146.李索成,魏永顺.甘肃省会宁华家岭北麓基岩裂隙水及岩溶裂隙水的形成演化条件分析.甘肃科技,2006,22(6):76-79
147.李孝泽,董光荣.中国西北干旱环境的形成时代与成因探讨.第四纪研究,2006,26(6):895-904
148.梁斌,谢树成,顾延生等.安徽宣城更新世红土正构烷烃分布特征及其古植被意义.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,2005,30(2):129-132
149.梁美艳,郭正堂,顾照炎.中新世风尘堆积的地球化学特征及其与上新世和第四纪风尘堆积的比较.第四纪研究,2006,26(4):657-664
150.梁明媚,王宇飞,李承森.山旺中新世植被演替及古气候定量研究.古地理学报,2001,3(3):11-20
151.刘池阳,赵红格,杨兴科等.前陆盆地及其确定和研究.石油与天然气地质,2002,23(4):307-313
152.刘东生,李传夔,翟人杰.陕西蓝田上新世脊椎动物化石.见:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所编,地层古生物论文集(7),科学出版社,1978,149-200
153.刘东生,郑绵平,郭正堂.亚洲季风系统的起源和发展及其与两极冰盖和区域构造运动的时代耦合性.第四季研究,1998,3:194-204
154.刘东生.中国黄土堆积.科学出版社,1965
155.刘东生等.黄土与环境.北京:科学出版社,1985,1-347
156.刘和甫.前陆盆地类型及褶皱冲断层样式.地学前缘,1995,2(3):59-68
157.刘进峰,乔彦松,郭正堂.风尘堆积全岩和石英粒度变化对风化成壤的指示.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):270-276
158.刘平,张平,刑强等.天水地区新近纪沉积物地球化学特征及其意义,地球与环境,2007,35(3):239-246
159.刘晓东.青藏高原隆升对亚洲季风形成和全球气候与环境变化的影响.高原气象,1999,18(3):321-332
160.刘艳霖,岳乐平,帕拉提.黄河中游新近系红粘土粒度特征及其古环境-以陕西府谷老高川为例.沉积与特提斯地质,2004,24(1):78-83
161.刘艳霖,岳乐平,帕拉提.陕西老高川红粘土剖面粒度磁化率特征及古环境意义.中国地质,2005,32(3):496-501
162.刘志飞,王成善.可可西里盆地早渐新世雅西措群沉积环境分析及古气候意义.沉积学报,2000,18(3):355-361.
163.陆钧,陈木宏.新生代主要全球气候事件研究进展.热带海洋学报,2006,25(6):72-79
164.鹿化煜,安芷生.黄土高原红粘土与黄土古土壤粒度特征对比-红粘土风成成因的新证据.沉积学报,1999,17(2):150-152
165.罗运利,孙湘君.12-1.6MaBP南海南部深海沉积物孢粉记录及其对全球变化的相应.科学通报,2007,53(16):1938-1944
166.马玉贞,方小敏,李吉均等.酒西盆地晚第三纪-第四纪早期植被与气候变化.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(2):107-116
167.马玉贞,李吉均,方小敏.临夏盆地30.6-5.0Ma红层孢粉植物群与气候演化记录.科学通报,1998,43(3):301-304
168.马玉贞,吴福莉,方小敏等.黄土高原陇东盆地朝南红粘土8.1-2.6Ma的孢粉记录.2005,50(15):1627-1635
169.潘保田,李吉均,曹继秀.黄河中游的地貌与地文期问题.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1994,30(1):115-123
170.潘保田,李吉均,陈发虎.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器Ⅱ新生代气候变化的基本特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1996,31(2):120-128
171.潘保田,李吉均,陈发虎.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器Ⅲ新生代气候变化的基本特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(1):108-115
172.潘保田,苏怀,胡春生等.兰州地区1.0Ma黄河阶地的发现和0.8Ma阶地形成时代的重新厘定.自然科学进展,2006,16(11):1413-1418
173.潘保田,苏怀,刘小丰等.兰州东盆地最近1.2Ma的黄河阶地序列与形成原因.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):172-180
174.彭淑贞,郭正堂.风成三趾马红土与第四纪黄土的粘土矿物组成异同及其环境意义.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):277-285
175.彭淑珍,郭正堂.西峰地区晚第三纪红土稀土元素的初步研究.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(2):39-43
176.强小科,安芷生,常宏.佳县红粘土堆积序列频率磁化率的古气候意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):91-96
177.乔彦松,郭正堂,郝青振等.中新世黄土-古土壤序列的粒度特征及其对成因的指示意义.中国科学(D辑),2006,36(7):646-653
178.邱占祥,谷祖刚.甘肃兰州一带第三纪中期哺乳动物化石地点.古脊椎送物学报,1988,26(3):198-213
179.邱占祥,黄为龙,郭志慧.中国古生物志-中国的三趾马化石.北京:科学出版社,1987,1-250
180.邱占祥,邱铸鼎,中国晚第三纪地方哺乳动物群的排序及分期,地层学杂志,1990,14(4):241-260
181.邱占祥,王伴月,邱铸鼎等,甘肃兰州盆地咸水河组研究新进展.见:童永生编,纪念杨钟健教授百年诞辰论文集.北京:海洋出版社,1997-192
182.邱占祥,谢骏义.记甘肃东乡汪集的板齿犀和三趾马化石.古脊椎动物学报,1998,11:12-23
183.邱铸鼎,李传夔.中国哺乳动物区系的演变与青藏高原的抬升.中国科学(D缉),2004,34(9):845-854
184.邱铸鼎,王晓鸣,李强.内蒙古中部新近纪动物群的演替与生物年代.古脊椎动物学报,2006,44(2):164-181
185.邱铸鼎.华北几个地点的上新世哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1979,17(3):222-235
186.陕西省地质局区域地质测量队.1:20万(幅)地质图说明书,1968
187.施炜,张岳桥,马寅生.六盘山两侧晚新生代红黏土高程分布及其新构造意义,海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(5):123-130
188.施雅风,唐懋苍,马玉贞.青藏高原二期隆升玉亚洲季风孕育关系探讨.中国科学(D 辑),1998,28(3):263-271
189.施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,等.青藏高原晚新生代隆升与环境变化.广州:广东科技出版社,1998.
190.宋春晖,白晋锋,赵彦德等.临夏盆地13-4.4Ma湖相沉积吴颜色记录的气候变化探讨.2005,23(3):507-513
191.宋春晖,方小敏,潘保田等.高原北缘典型盆地新生代沉积序列及其沉积演化.见:郑 度,姚檀栋等编,青藏高原隆升与环境效应,北京:科学出版社,2004,200-207
192.宋春晖,鲁新川,刑强等.临夏盆地晚新生代沉积物元素特征与古气候变迁.沉积学报,2007,25(3):409-416
193.宋春晖.青藏高原北缘新生代沉积演化与高原构造隆升过程.兰州大学,博士研究生毕业论文,2006
194.宋宁,王铁冠,李美俊.江苏金湖凹陷古近系奇碳优势和偶碳优势共存的正构烷烃.沉积学报,2007,25(2):307-313
195.宋友桂,方小敏,李吉均等.六盘山东麓朝那剖面红粘土年代及其构造意义.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):457-463
196.宋友桂,方小敏,李吉均,等.晚新生代六盘山隆升过程初探.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(增刊):142-148
197.宋之琛,东濮地区早第三纪孢粉组合.北京:石油工业出版社,1989,1-192
198.宋之琛,郑亚惠,李曼英.中国孢粉化石(Ⅰ)晚白垩世-第三纪孢粉.北京:科学出版社,1999,749-757
199.孙东怀,刘东生,陈明扬等.中国黄土高原红粘土序列的磁性地层与气候变化.中国科学(D辑),1997,27(3):265-270
200.孙东怀,陈明扬,Shaw J等.晚新生代黄土高原风尘堆积序列的磁性地层年代与古气候记录.中国科学(D缉),1998,28(1):79-84
201.孙东怀,鹿化煜.晚新生代黄土高原风尘序列的粒度和沉积速率与中国北方大气环流演变.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):251-262
202.孙湘君.中国晚白垩世-古新世孢粉区系的研究.植物分类学报,1979,17(3):8-23
203.唐领余,沈才明.青藏高原晚新生代植被史及其气候特征.微体古生物学报,1996,13(4):321-337
204.童永生,郑绍华,邱铸鼎.中国新生代哺乳动物分期.古脊椎动物学报,1995,33(4):290-314
205.拓守廷,刘志飞.始新世-渐新世界限全球气候事件:从“温室”到“冰室”.地球科学研究进展,2003,18(5):691-696
206.汪品先,大地钻探与青藏高原.地球科学进展,1995,10(3):254-257
207.汪品先,煎知湣,赵泉鸿等.南海演变与季风历史的深海证据.科学通报,2003b,48(21):2228-2239
208.汪品先,赵泉鸿,煎知湣等.南海三千万年的深海记录.科学通报,2003a,48(21):2206-2215
209.汪品先.新生代亚洲形变与海陆相互作用.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2005,30(1):1-18
210.王成善,李祥辉.沉积盆地分析原理与方法.北京:高等教育出版社,1-345
211.王建力,李吉均,方小敏等.临夏盆地三千万年来沉积物粒度特征及其构造意义.地理研究,1998,17(1):39-47
212.王树基,高存海.塔里木内陆盆地晚新生代干旱环境的形成与演变.第四纪研究,1990,(4):372-380
213.王树基,阎顺.天山南北麓新生代地理环境演变,地理学报,1987,42(3):211-220
214.王树基.准葛尔盆地晚新生代地理环境演化.干旱区地理,1997,20(2):9-16
215.王永莉,方小敏,白艳等.中国气候(水热)连续变化区域现代土壤中类脂物分子分布特征及其气候意义.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(3):386-396
216.王永焱,吴在宝,岳乐平.兰州黄土的生成时代及结构特征.西北大学学报,1978, (2):1-27
217.王志才.青藏高原东北缘新生代以来的构造变形特征与时空演化:以陇西-武山地区为例.中国地震局地质研究所,博士研究生毕业论文,2004
218.王志远,刘占红,易轶等.不同气候和植被区现代土壤类酯物分子特征及其意义.2003,40(6):967-970
219.王志远,谢树成,陈发虎.临夏塬堡黄土地层S_1古土壤中的正构烷烃及其古植被意义.第四纪研究,2004,24(2):231-235
220.文启忠等.中国黄土地球化学.科学出版社,1989,1-285
221.汶岭娟,鹿化煜,强小科.新近纪黄土高原红粘土粒度和沉积速率的空间变化及其揭示的古大气风尘传输动力.中国科学(D缉),2004,34(8):739-747
222.吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功等.青藏高原腹地中新世早期古大湖的特征及其构造意义.地质通报,2006,25(7):782-791
223.吴珍汉,吴中海,叶培盛等.青藏高原晚新生代孢粉组合与古环境演化.中国地质,2006,33(5):966-979
224.奚晓霞,穆德芬,方小敏等.中国西部晚中新世以来气候演化初探-以甘肃临夏盆地中Cl~-含量变化为例.沉积学报,1998,16(2):155-160
225.肖爱芳,黎敦朋,张汉军等.新疆库木库里盆地渐新-上新统孢粉组合特征与古气候演变,陕西地质,2003,21(1):36-44
226.谢树成,梁斌,郭建秋等.生物标志化合物与相关的全球变化.第四纪研究,2003,23(5):521-528
227.谢树成,王志远,王红梅等.末次间冰期以来黄土高原的草原植被景观:来自分子化石的证据.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1):28-35
228.徐峰.山西保德炭峪沟剖面粒度分析及其古气候意义初步探讨.北京大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2004
229.薛祥煦,张云翔,岳乐平.从哺乳动物化石看中国黄土高原红黏土-黄土系列的气候环境及演化.中国科学(D辑),2006,36(4):359-369
230.薛祥煦,张云翔,岳乐平.黄土高原一个连续的晚新生代剖面及其划分与对比.地层学杂志,2003,25(2):81-101
231.薛祥煦,张云翔,岳乐平.陕西府谷老高川三趾马动物群的发现及时代分期.科学通报,1995,40(5):447-449
232.羊向东,王苏民,夏威岚等.典型对应分析在青藏高原现代湖泊硅藻与环境研究汇中的应用.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(增刊):273-279
233.杨健,王字飞,孙启高等.中国东部中新世山旺古海拔与古气候的定量研究.地学前缘,2002,9(3):183-188
234.杨群.分子古生物学原理与方法,北京:科学出版社,2003,1-250
235.杨润林.从微体古生物组合探讨塔里木盆地西部中新统的沉积环境,石油与天然气地质,1984,5(2):148-157
236.杨石岭,丁仲礼.7.0Ma以来中国北方风尘沉积的游离铁/全铁值变化及其古季风指示意义.2000,45(22):2453-2456
237.杨石岭,侯圣山,王旭等.泾川晚第三纪红粘土的磁性地层及其与灵台剖面的对比.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):423-434
238.杨守业,李从先.长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作.地球化学,1999,28(4):374-380.
239.姚书春,沈吉.巢湖沉积物柱样中正构烷烃初探.湖泊科学,2003,15(3):200-204
240.叶玮.中国西风区黄土常量元素地球化学行为与古环境.干旱区地理,2003,26(1):23-29
241.伊海生,林金辉,王成善等.藏北可可西里地区中新世湖相油页岩的生物分子标识及碳同位素异常.成都理工大学学报,2002,20(5):473-480
242.喻学惠,莫宣学,Martin FLOWER等.甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩火山作用及其构造含义.岩石学报,2001,17(3):366-377
243.喻学惠,赵志丹,莫宣学等.甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩的Ar~(40)/Ar~(39)同位素定年及地质意义.科学通报,2005,50(23):2638-2643
244.袁道阳,张培震,方小敏等.青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地晚新生代构造变形及过程.地学前缘,2007,14(1):243-250
245.岳乐平,F.Heller,邱占祥等.兰州盆地第三系磁性地层年代与谷环境记录.科学通报,2000,45(18):1998-2003
246.岳乐平,邓涛,张睿等.西藏吉隆-沃马盆地龙骨沟剖面古地磁年代学及喜马拉雅山抬升记录.地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1009-1016
247.岳乐平,邓涛,张云翔等.保德阶层型剖面磁性地层学研究,2004,28(1):48-63
248.岳乐平,邱占祥,颉光普等.兰州盆地永登剖面记录的第三纪沉积环境.沉积学报,2003,21(4):683-694
249.岳乐平,雷祥义,屈红军.黄河中游水系的阶地发育时代.地质论评,1997,43(2):186-192
250.曾从盛.闽东南沿海老红砂的地球化学特征.中国沙漠,2000,20(3):248-251
251.翟人杰.甘肃秦安晚第三纪哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1961,(3):262-268
252.翟人杰.甘肃秦安中新世哺乳类的发现.古脊椎动物与古人类,1959,(3):139-141
253.张宏斌,余晓红,刘斌.华家岭花岗岩侵入岩体的地质特征研究.甘肃地质学报,2004,13(2):45-50
254.张虎才,杨明生,张文翔等.洛川黄土剖面S4古土壤及相邻黄土层分子化石与植被变化.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(12):1634-1642
255.张林源.青藏高原形成过程与我国新生代气候变化阶段的划分.青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究.学术论文年刊(1994).北京:科学出版社,1995.267-280.
256.张西娟,程捷,王海芝等.吐鲁番盆地古近纪和新近纪的气候变化,地质力学学报,2004,10(4):319-326
257.张希明.塔里木盆地中新生代沉积演化特征,新疆地质,2001,19(4):246-250
258.张宪武.土壤微生物研究(理论应用新方法).沈阳:沈阳出版社,1993
259.张行.古生物与环境.兰州:敦煌文艺出版社,2004,190-200
260.张彦杰,马惠萍,张宏斌.甘肃华家岭-葫芦河一带韧性剪切带的发现及其地质意义.西北地质,2003,36(3):24-28
261.张勇,李吉均,赵志军等.中国北方晚新生代红粘土研究的进展与问题.中国沙漠,2005,25(5):722-730
262.张勇.陇西盆地东南隅新近纪沉积与环境演变,兰州大学,博士研究生毕业论文,2005
263.张玉萍,黄万波,汤英俊等.陕西蓝田地区新生界.科学出版社,1978,18-26
264.张玉萍,童永生.甘肃静宁上新世哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物学报,1 96 l,5(4):380~385
265.张云翔,陈丹玲,薛祥煦.陕西北部三趾马红粘土的形成环境.沉积学报,1998,16(4):50-54
266.张云翔,弓护军.甘肃灵台上新世哺乳动物化石埋藏学.古生物学报,2003,42(3):460-465
267.张云翔,孙东怀,安芷生.甘肃灵台上新世晚期红粘土中哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物学 报,1999,37(3):190-199
268.张云翔,薛祥煦,甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群埋藏学.地质出版社,北京:1995
269.张云翔,薛祥煦,岳乐平.陕西府谷老高川新第三纪“红层”的划分与时代.地层学杂志,1995,19(3):214-219
270.张云翔,薛样煦.甘肃武都龙家沟盆地地层时代及发育特征.西北地质科学,1994,15(2):27-31
271.张云翔,薛祥煦.甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群化石的聚集特点.沉积学报,1996,14(3):122-128
272.张云翔,薛祥煦.甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群化石的埋藏学特点及该地区“三趾马红层”的成因.科学通报,1995,40(19):1782-1784
273.张云翔,岳乐平,曹红霞.黄河中游新近纪三趾马动物群生态序列.科学通报,2001,46(14):1196-1199
274.张兆群,A.W.Gentry,A.Kaakinen等.中国晚中新世陆相哺乳动物群序列:陕西蓝田的新证据(英文).古脊椎动物学报,2002,40(3):165-17
275.张兆群.中国晚新近纪哺乳动物群落与东亚环境变化.古脊椎动物学报,2006,44(2):133-142
276.赵泉鸿,翦知湣,王吉良等.南海北部晚新生代氧同位素地层学.中国科学(D辑),2001a,31(10):800-807
277.赵泉鸿,汪品先,成鑫荣,等.中新世“碳位移”事件在南海的记录.中国科学(D辑),2001b,31(10):808-815
278.郑度,姚檀栋等著.青藏高原隆升与资源效应.北京:科学出版社,2005,245-282
279.郑家坚,何希贤,刘淑文等.中国地层典:第三系.北京:地质出版社,1996,23-24
280.郑绍华,张兆群,崔宁.记几种原鼢鼠(啮齿目,鼢鼠科)及鼢鼠科的起源讨论.古脊椎动物学报,2004,42(4):297-315
281.中国海洋石油总公司渤海石油公司,中国科学院地质古生物研究所著.渤海海域晚新生代孢粉学研究.南京:南京大学出版社,1989:2-26
282.中国科学院南京地质与古生物研究所.准葛尔盆地的晚古生代和中新生代地层,1985
283.钟巍,李吉均,方小敏等.青藏高原东北边缘临夏盆地近30MaB.P以来古气候环境演变特征.1998,17(3):258-264
284.钟巍,朱俊杰,曹继秀.陇西盆地段黄河发育时代问题的新认识.新疆大学学报:自然科学版,1999.16(2):76-79
285.朱俊杰,钟巍,李吉均等.陇西盆地最古老的风成黄土沉积-兰州烟洞沟剖面.地理科学.1996,16(4):365-369
2. Allen. P. A, Collinson J. D. Lakes In Sedimentary Environments and Facies, Edited by Reading H. G, second edition, London: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1986,63-94
3. An Z S, Kutzbach J E, Prell S C. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phrased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 2001,411: 62-66
4. An Z S. The history and variability of the East Asian monsoon. Quaternary Sciences Reviews, 2000, 19:171-187.
5. Behresmeyer A K. Taphonomic and ecologic information from bone weathering. Paleobiology, 1978,4(2): 152-162
6. Billups K, Channell J E T, Zachos J. Late Oligocene to early Miocene geochronology and paleoceanography from the subantarctic South Atlantic. Paleoceanography, 2002, 17(1): 4-1-4-10
7. Blondel C. The Eocene-Oligocene ungulates from western Europe and their environment. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2001,168: 125-139.
8. Cane M A, Molnar P. Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridification around 3-4 million years ago. Nature, 2001,411: 157-162.
9. Cerling T E, Harris J M, MacFadden B J, Leaker M G, Quade J, Eisenmann V and Ehleringer J R. Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature, 1997, 389: 153-158
10. Charles D F. Relationship between surface sediment diatom assemblages and lake water characteristics in Adirondack lakes. Ecology, 1985, 66(3): 994-1011
11. Coleman M, Hodys K. Evidence for Tibetan Platean uplift before 14 Mys age from a east-west extension. Nature, 1995,174:49-52
12. Cranwell PA, Eglinton G, Robinson N. Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments II .Organic Geochemistry, 1987,11(6): 513-527
13. Cranwell, P. A. Chain-length distribution ofn-alkanes from lake sediments in relation to post-glacial environmental change. Freshwater Biology, 1973, 3:259-265
14. De Bonis L, Bouvrain G, Geraads D, et al. Diversity and paleoecology of Greek Late Miocene mammalian faunas.Palaeogeograph-y, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1992, 91: 99-121
15. Decelles Peter G, Giles Katherine A. Foreland basin systems. Basin Research, 1996, 8: 105-123
16. DemarcqG. Paleothermic evolution duiring the Neogene in Mediterranea through the marine megafanuas Ⅷth RCMNS Congress,(Cabstract): 1985,176-178
17. Deng T, Down W. Evolution of Chinese Neogene Rhinocerotidae and its response to climate. Acta Geol Sin. 2002, 76(2): 139-145
18. Deng T. Chinese Neogene mammal biochronology. Vert PalAsiat, 2006,44(2): 143-163
19. Dickinson William, Plate tectonics and sedimentation, Society of economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication, 1974, No22, 1-27
20. Didyk B.M., Simoneit, B.R.T., Brassell, S.C. and Egliton, G. Organic geochemical indicators of palaeoenvironmental conditions of sedimentation. Nature,1978,272:216-222
21. Ding Z L, Sun J M, Liu T S, et al. Wind-blown origin of the Pliocene red clay formation in the Chinese Loess Pateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 1998,161:135-143
22. Ding Z L, Xiong S F, Sun J M, et al. Pedostratigraphy and paleomagnetism of a ～7.0Ma eolian loess-red clay sequence at Lingtai, Loess Plateau, north-central China and the implications for paleomonsoon evolution. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 1999,152:49-60
23. Dowsett,H., et al., Joint investigations of the middle Pliocene climate I :PRISM paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Global and Planetary Change, 1994,9:169-195
24. Estes R. Social organization of African Bovidae. In: Geist V, Walter F, eds. The Behaviour of Ungulates and its Relation to Management. Berne: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1971,166-205
25. Ficken K J, Barber K E, EnglintonG. An n-alkane proxy for the sedimentary input of submerged/floating freshwater aquatic macrophytes. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31:745-749.
26. Flower B P, Kennett J P. Middle Miocene deepwater paleoceanography in the southwest Pacific: Relating with East Antarctic ice sheet development. Paleaceanogr, 1995, 10(6): 1095-1112
27. Flower B P, Kennett J P. The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol, 1994,108: 537-555
28. Flower B P, Kennett J P. The middle Miocene climatic transition: East Antarctic ice sheet development, deep ocean circulation and global carbon cycling. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol, 1994, 108: 537-555
29. Flower B P, Zachos J C, Martin H. Latest Oligocene through early Miocene isotopic stratigraphy and deep-water paleoceanography of the western equatorial Atlantic: Site 926 and 929. In: Shackleton N J, et al. Proc ODP Sci Res,1997,154:451-461
30. Folk R L, Ward W C. Brazos River bar: A study in significance of grain size parameters. J Sediment Petrol, 1957, 27(1): 3-26
31. Friedman G M, Sanders J E. Principles of Sedimentology. New York: John Wily & Sons, 1978, 792
32. Ghibaudo G. Subaqueous sediment gravity flow deposits: practical criteria for the their description and classification . Sedimentology, 1992, 39: 423-454
33. Gordon A L, Fine R A. Pathways of water between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Indonesian seas. Nature, 1996, 379:146-149.
34. Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature, 2002, 416: 159-163
35. Harrison T M, Copeland P, Kidd W S F et al. Raising Tibet.Science, 1992, 255:1663-1670
36. Haug G H, Tiedemann R. Effect of the formation of the Isthmus of Panama on Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Nature, 1998, 393: 673-676
37. Hilton J, Lishman J P. The effect of redox change on the magnetic susceptibiligy of sediments from a seasonally anoxic lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 1985, 30:907-909
38. Hodell D A, Woodruff F. Variations in the strontium isotopic ratio of seawater during the Miocene: Stratigraphic and geochemical implications. Paleoceanogr, 1994, 9(3): 405-426
39. Horton B K, Schmitt J G. Sedimentology of the lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA. Sedimentology, 1996,43:133-155
40. Huang,Y., Street-Perrott, F. A., Perrott, F. A., et al., 1999. Glacial-interglacial environmental changes inferred from the molecular and compound-specific 813C analyses of sediments from Sacred Lake, Mt Kenya. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63:1383-1404.
41. Huerta P, Armenteros I. Calcrete and palustrine assemblages on a distal alluvial-floodplain: A response to local subsidence (Miocene of the Duero basin, Spain). Sedimentary Geology, 2005,177:253-270
42. Janis C M. Evolution of horns in ungulates: ecology and paleoecology. Biological Review, 1982,57:261-318
43. Janis C M. A climatic explanation for patterns of evolutionary diversity in ungulate mammals. Palaeontology, 1989,32:463-481
44. Jansen E. Miocene to recent paleclimat evolution at high northern latitude: Interhemispheric linkages(abstract). ICPV Program and Abstract, New York, 1995,20
45. Jiang H C, Ding Z L, Xiong S F. Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Sikouzi section at Guyuan, Ningxia, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2007, 243: 223-234
46. Kaakinen A. A long terrestrial sequence in Lantian: a window into the late Neogene palaeoenvironments of northern China. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino, 2005,1-49
47. Kaakinena A, Lunkka J P. Sedimentation of the Late Miocene Bahe Formation and its implications for stable environments adjacent to Qinling mountains in Shaanxi, China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2003,22:67-78
48. Keigwin Jr L D, Shackleton N J. Uppermost Miocene caebon isotope stratigraphy of a piston core in the equatorial Pacific. Nature, 1980, 284:613-614
49. Kennett J P, Stott L D. Abrupt deep sea warming, paleoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene. Nature, 1991,353:319-322.
50. Kennett, J. P., & Hodell, D. A. Stability or instability of Antarctice ice sheets during warm climates of the Pliocene? GSA Today, 1995, 5(1):1,10-13,22
51. Kirschvink J L. The least-squares line and plane and the analysis of paleomagnetic data. Geophys G R Astron Soc, 1980, 62:699-718
52. Kroon D., Steens T. N. F., Troelstra S. R. Onset of monsoonal related upwelling in the western Arabian Sea. Proc. ODP Sci. Res, 1991, 117:257-263
53. Kurten B. The Age of Mammals. London: Weindelfeld and Nicolson Press, 1971,1-250
54. Kurten B. The Chinese Hipparion fauna. Commentationes Biologicae Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, 1952, 13: 1-82
55. Li jijun et al. Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Pateau and Global Change. Lanzhou University Press, 1995
56. Li JiJun. The environmental effects of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quaternary Science Rview,1991, 10:478-483
57. Liu Xiuming, Xu Tongchun, Liu Tungsheng. The Chinese loess in Xifeng, II. A study of anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of loess from Xifeng. Geophysical Journal, 1988, 92:349-353
58. Liu, D. S., Zheng, M. P. & Guo, Z. T. Initiation and evolution of the Asian monsoon system timely coupled with the ice-sheet growth and the tectonic movements in Asia. Quaternary Sciences, 1998, 194-204.
59. Ma Y Z, Fang X M, Li J J et al.The vegetation and climate change during Neocene and Early Quaternary in Jiuxi Basin. Science in China (Series D), 2005, 48(5): 676-688
60. Ma Y Z, Li J J, Fang X M. Pollen assemblage in 30.6-5.0 Ma redbeds of Linxia region and climate evolution. Chinese Sci Bull, 1998, 43(3):301-304
61. Meyers, A. Lacustrine organic geochemistry—An overview of indicators of organic matter sources and diagenesis in lake sediments. Organic Geochemistry, 1993, 20(7):867-900.
62. Meyers, P. A. Applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions: A summary of examples from the Laurentian Great Lakes.Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 30(34):261-289.
63. Miall A D. Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits: a summary. In: Miall A D. Fluvial Sedimentology. Can. Soc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 5,1978,597-604
64. Miall A D. Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis. New York: Speinger, 1984
65. Miall A D. The Geology of Fluvial Deposits. Berlin: Springer, 1996, 582.
66. Miller K G, Fairbank R G, Mountain G S. Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion. Paleoceanogr, 1987, 2(1): 1-19
67. Miller K G, Fairbanks R G. Oligocene to Miocene carbon isotope cycles and abyssal circulation changes. In: Sundquist E T, Broecker W S, eds. The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present. Geophys Monogr, 1985, 32: 469-486
68. Miller K G, Mountain G S, et al. Drilling and dating New Jersey Oligocene-Miocene sequence: Ice volume, global sea level, and Exxon records. Science, 1996,271: 1092-1095
69. Miller K G, Wright J D, Fairbanks R G. Unlocking the ice house: Oligocene-Miocene isotope, eustasy, and margin erosion. J Geophys Res, 1991,96(B4): 6829-6848
70. Mo D W, Derbyshire E. The depositional environment of the late Pliocene "red clay", jine-Le Basin, Shangxi province, China. Sedimentary Geology, 1991,70: 33-40
71. Mutti M. Bulk δ~(18)O and δ~(13)C records from Site 999, Colombian Basin, and Site 1000, Nicaraguan Rise (latest Oligocene tomiddle Miocene): Diagenesis, link to sediment parameters, and paleoceanography. In: Leckie R M, et al. Proc ODP Sci Res, 2000, 165: 275-283
72. Norris R D, Rehl U. Carbon cycling and chronology of climate wanning duiring the Paleocene Eocene transition. Nature, 1999,401:775-778
73. Pagani M, Arthus MA, Freeman K H. Miocene evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Paleoceanogr, 1999, 14(3): 273-292
74. Passega R. Grain size representation by CM pattern as a geologic tool. J Petrol, 1964, 34: 830-847
75. Platt N H & Wright V P. Lacustrine carbonate: facies models, facies distribution and hydrocarbon aspects. Spec. Publs Int. Ass. Sedimentology, 1991, 13: 57-74
76. Qiang X K, Li Z. K., Powell, C. M., et al. Magnetostratigraphic record of the Late Miocene onset of the East Asian monsoon and Pliocene uplift of northern Tibet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2001,187: 83-93
77. Quade J, Cerling T E, Bowman J R. Development of Asian monsoon revealed by marked ecological shift during the latest Miocene in Northern Pakistan. Nature, 1989, 342:163-166
78. Retallack G J. Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 2001,404
79. Ruddiman W F.Kutzbach J E. Forcing of Late Cenozoic northern hemisphere climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1989,94(D 15): 18409-18427
80. Rutter N, Ding Z L, Evans M E, et al. Baoji-type pedostratigraphic section on loess plateau, norh central China. Quaternary Science Review, 1991, 10:1-22
81. Sancettac. Distribution of diatom species in surface sediments of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas[J]. Micropaleontology, 1982,28: 221-257.
82. Snowball I F, Thompson R. The occurrence of greigite in sediments from Loch lomond.J Quaternary Sci, 1988,3:121-125
83. Stoermer E F, Smol J P. The Diatom, Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, 1999
84. Sun Donghuai, Shaw J, An Zhisheng., et al. Magnetistragraphy and paleoclimate interpretation of a continuous 7.2Ma Late Cenozoic eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 1998,25(1) :85-88
85. Sun xiangjun, Wang pinxian. How old is the Asian monsoon system?—Palaeobotanical records from China, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2005, 222(3-4): 181-222
86. Tsuchi R. Neogene Events in Japan and Southeast Asia. Annual Technical Meeting 1989 and IGCP-246, Thailand Proceedings, Chiang Mai Univ, 1991,169-177
87. Vincent E, Killingley J S. Oxygen and carbon isotope record for the Early and Middle Miocene in the central equatorial Pacific (Leg 85) and paleoceanographic implications. In: Mayer L, et al. Ink Rep DSDP, V85,1985, 749-769
88. Wakeham, S. G. Algal and bacterial hydrocarbons in particulate matter and interfacial sediment of the Cariaco trench. Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta, 1990,54:1325-1336.
89. Wang yang, Deng tao. A 25m.y. istopic record of paleodiet and environmental change from fossil mammals and paleosols from the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 322-338
90. Webb S D. The rise and fall of the late Miocene ungulate fauna in North America. In: Nitechi M H, ed. Coevolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, 267-306
91. Wolfe J A, Tanei T. The Miocene seldom Point flora from the Kenai Group, Alaska, US Geol., Survey Prof. Paper, 1980,1,105,102
92. Wright J D, Miller N G. Miocene stable isotope stratigraphy, Site 747, Kerguelen Plateau. In: Wise S W, et al. Proc ODP Sci Res, V120,1992, 855-866
93. Xue X X, Zhang Y X, Yue L P. Paleoenvironments indicated by the fossil mammalian assemblages from red clay-loess sequence in the Chinese Loess Plateau since 8.0 Ma B.P. Science in China (Series D), 2006, 49(5): 518-530
94. Zachos J C, Flower B P, Paul H. Orbitally paced climate oscillations across the Oligocene/Miocene boundary. Nature, 1997,388:567-570
95. Zachos J S, Pagani M, Sloan L, et al. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 2001, 292: 686-693
96. Zubakov V. A., Borzenkova 1.1. Global palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoie. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1990,1,105, 102
97． 安芷生,刘晓东。东亚季风气候的历史与变率。科学通报,2000,45(3)：238-249
98.安芷生,孙东怀,陈明扬等.黄土高原红粘士序列与晚第三纪的气候事件.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):435-446
99.安芷生,王苏民,吴锡浩等.中国黄土高原的风积证据:晚新生代北半球大冰期开始及青藏高原的隆升驱动.中国科学(D),1998,28(6):481-490
100.安芷生,张培震,王二七等.中新世以来我国季风-干旱环境演化与青藏高原的生长.第四纪研究,2006.26(5):678-693
101.安芷生.亚洲季风演化、北半球大冰期的发展与喜马拉雅-青藏高原隆升.中国基础科学,2001,(8):9-11
102.毕思文.地球系统科学综述.地球物理学进展,2004,19(3):504-514
103.车自成,刘良,罗金海.中国及其邻区区域大地构造学.北京:科学出版社,2000,335-336
104.陈宝群,孙东怀,安芷生.蓝田白鹿原晚第三纪风成红粘土序列的古季风气候记录.陕西师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,29(4):112-117
105.陈丹玲.三趾马红粘土的粒度组成特征及其地质意义.西安:西北地质科学,1996,17(2):1-5
106.陈克造.柴达木盆地察尔汗盐湖的沉积特征及其古气候演化的初步研究.中国科学(B),1985,5
107.陈克造等.柴达木盆地晚第三纪以来成盐演化及沉积拗陷转化特征-浅谈昆仑山隆升问题,青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式问题,北京:科学出版社,1981,148-153
108.陈旸,陈骏,刘连文.甘肃西峰晚第三纪红粘土的化学组成及化学风化特征.地质力学学报,2001,7(2):167-175
109.陈云,李铮华,赵景波等.全新世高温期气候不稳定性记录.海洋地质与第四纪地质.1999,19(3):97-103
110.程燕,张小曳,鹿化煜等.最近140Ka以来黄土元素地球化学演化及其古气候意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):103-108
111.成玉祥.天水地区地质环境质量系统评价及可持续发展对策研究.长安大学,博士研究生毕业论文,2003
112.德日进,杨钟键.山西西部陕西北部蓬莱纪后黄土期前之地层观察.中国地质专报,中国地质调查所,甲种,第3号,1930
113.邓涛.临夏盆地晚新生代哺乳动物群演替与青藏高原隆升背景.第四纪研究.2004.24(4):413-420
114.邓涛.陕西府谷发现的晚中新世维氏大唇犀(奇蹄目,犀科)新材料,古脊椎动物学报,2001,39(2):129-138
115.邓涛.陕西府谷晚中新世Acerorhinus属(奇蹄目,犀科)一新种,古脊椎动物学报,2000,38(3):203-217
116.邓涛.中国新近纪哺乳动物生物年代学.古脊椎动物学报,2006,44(2):143-163
117.刁桂仪,文启忠.黄土风化成土过程中主要元素迁移序列.地质地球化学,1999,27(1):21-26
118.丁仲礼,孙继敏,杨石岭等.灵台黄土-红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录.1998,1:86-94
119.丁仲礼,孙继敏,朱日祥等.黄土高原红粘士成因及上新世北方干旱化问题.第四纪研究,1997,(2):147-157
120.丁仲礼,杨石岭,孙继敏等.2.6Ma前后大气环流重构的黄土-红粘土沉积证据.第四纪研究,1999,(3):277-281
121.范马洁,宋春晖.青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地王家山地区沉积环境分析与构造隆升.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2002,39(3):84-89
122.方小敏,徐先海,宋春晖等.临夏盆地新生代沉积物高分辨率岩石磁学记录与亚洲内陆干旱化过程及原因.第四纪研究,2007,27(6):989-1000
123.方小敏,李吉均,马玉贞等.高原北缘(以临夏盆地为主)天然剖面记录.见青藏高原晚新生代隆升与环境变化.广东科技出版社,1998:17-81
124.方小敏,李吉均,朱俊杰等.甘肃临夏盆地新生代地层绝对年代测定与划分.科学通报,1997,42(14):1457-1471
125.方小敏、李吉均、朱俊杰等.临夏盆地环境变迁与青藏高原隆起的世界影响,青藏高原与全球变化研讨会论文集.气象出版社,1995a,41-51
126.方小敏、李吉均、朱俊杰等.临夏盆地约30Ma以来CaCO3含量变化与气候演变,青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究--学术论文年刊(1994),科学出版社,1995b,55-65
127.傅家漠,盛国英.分子有机地球化学与古气候、古环境研究.第四纪研究,1992,4:306-320
128.甘肃地质局第二区域地质测量队.1:20万秦安(幅)地质图说明书.兰州:甘肃省地质局,1971
129.谷祖纲,王四海,黄钊文等.甘肃临夏盆地第三系的年代地层学研究与Giraffokeryx在中国的发现.科学通报,1995,40(5):440-442
130.顾延生,李长安,黄长生等.兰州-民和盆地第三纪沉积特征及环境.中国区域地质,2000,19(4):337-343
131.胡长康.甘肃第三纪后期及第四纪哺乳类化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1962,6(1):88-100
132.胡兰英.塔里木盆地晚第三纪有孔虫古生态及地质意义.科学通报,1982,(15):938-941
133.胡守云,邓成龙,E.Appel等.湖泊沉积物磁学性质的环境意义.科学通报,2001,46(17):1491-1494
134.胡修棉,王成善.100Ma以来若干重大地质事件与全球气候变化.大自然探索,1999,18(67):53-58
135.黄成敏,龚子同.土壤发育过程中稀土元素的地球化学指示意义.中国稀土学报,2000,18(2):150-155.
136.孔昭宸,杜乃秋.青藏高原晚新生代以来植被时空变化的初步探讨.微体古生物学报,1996,13(4):339-351
137.雷祥义.靖远曹岘黄土的形成时代及显微结构特征.地理学报,1995,50(6):521-535
138.李传夔,吴文裕,邱铸鼎.中国陆相新第三纪的初步划分与对比.古脊椎动物学报,1984,22(3):163-179
139.李吉均,方小敏,马海洲,等.晚新生代黄河上游地貌演化与青藏高原隆起.中国科学(D),1996,26(4):316-322
140.李吉均,方小敏,潘保田等.新生代晚期青藏高原强烈隆起及其对周边环境的影响.第四纪研究,2001,21(5):381-390
141.李吉均,方小敏.青藏高原隆起与环境变化研究.科学通报,1998,43(15):1569-1574
142.李吉均,张军,宋春晖等.陇中盆地灞河期地层的发现及意义.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(1):52-60
143.李吉均,方小敏,朱俊杰等.临夏盆地新生代地层古地磁年代与模式序列.见:青藏项目专家委员会编青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究.北京:科学出版社,1995,41-53
144.李吉均,文世宣,张青松等.青藏高原隆起的时代、幅度和形式探讨.中国科学(B辑),1979,(6):608-616
145.李强,郑绍华.记陕西蓝田晚中新世灞河组4种跳鼠(Dipodidae,Rodentia)化石.古脊椎动物学,2005,43(4):283-296
146.李索成,魏永顺.甘肃省会宁华家岭北麓基岩裂隙水及岩溶裂隙水的形成演化条件分析.甘肃科技,2006,22(6):76-79
147.李孝泽,董光荣.中国西北干旱环境的形成时代与成因探讨.第四纪研究,2006,26(6):895-904
148.梁斌,谢树成,顾延生等.安徽宣城更新世红土正构烷烃分布特征及其古植被意义.地球科学--中国地质大学学报,2005,30(2):129-132
149.梁美艳,郭正堂,顾照炎.中新世风尘堆积的地球化学特征及其与上新世和第四纪风尘堆积的比较.第四纪研究,2006,26(4):657-664
150.梁明媚,王宇飞,李承森.山旺中新世植被演替及古气候定量研究.古地理学报,2001,3(3):11-20
151.刘池阳,赵红格,杨兴科等.前陆盆地及其确定和研究.石油与天然气地质,2002,23(4):307-313
152.刘东生,李传夔,翟人杰.陕西蓝田上新世脊椎动物化石.见:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所编,地层古生物论文集(7),科学出版社,1978,149-200
153.刘东生,郑绵平,郭正堂.亚洲季风系统的起源和发展及其与两极冰盖和区域构造运动的时代耦合性.第四季研究,1998,3:194-204
154.刘东生.中国黄土堆积.科学出版社,1965
155.刘东生等.黄土与环境.北京:科学出版社,1985,1-347
156.刘和甫.前陆盆地类型及褶皱冲断层样式.地学前缘,1995,2(3):59-68
157.刘进峰,乔彦松,郭正堂.风尘堆积全岩和石英粒度变化对风化成壤的指示.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):270-276
158.刘平,张平,刑强等.天水地区新近纪沉积物地球化学特征及其意义,地球与环境,2007,35(3):239-246
159.刘晓东.青藏高原隆升对亚洲季风形成和全球气候与环境变化的影响.高原气象,1999,18(3):321-332
160.刘艳霖,岳乐平,帕拉提.黄河中游新近系红粘土粒度特征及其古环境-以陕西府谷老高川为例.沉积与特提斯地质,2004,24(1):78-83
161.刘艳霖,岳乐平,帕拉提.陕西老高川红粘土剖面粒度磁化率特征及古环境意义.中国地质,2005,32(3):496-501
162.刘志飞,王成善.可可西里盆地早渐新世雅西措群沉积环境分析及古气候意义.沉积学报,2000,18(3):355-361.
163.陆钧,陈木宏.新生代主要全球气候事件研究进展.热带海洋学报,2006,25(6):72-79
164.鹿化煜,安芷生.黄土高原红粘土与黄土古土壤粒度特征对比-红粘土风成成因的新证据.沉积学报,1999,17(2):150-152
165.罗运利,孙湘君.12-1.6MaBP南海南部深海沉积物孢粉记录及其对全球变化的相应.科学通报,2007,53(16):1938-1944
166.马玉贞,方小敏,李吉均等.酒西盆地晚第三纪-第四纪早期植被与气候变化.中国科学(D辑),2004,34(2):107-116
167.马玉贞,李吉均,方小敏.临夏盆地30.6-5.0Ma红层孢粉植物群与气候演化记录.科学通报,1998,43(3):301-304
168.马玉贞,吴福莉,方小敏等.黄土高原陇东盆地朝南红粘土8.1-2.6Ma的孢粉记录.2005,50(15):1627-1635
169.潘保田,李吉均,曹继秀.黄河中游的地貌与地文期问题.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1994,30(1):115-123
170.潘保田,李吉均,陈发虎.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器Ⅱ新生代气候变化的基本特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1996,31(2):120-128
171.潘保田,李吉均,陈发虎.青藏高原:全球气候变化的驱动机与放大器Ⅲ新生代气候变化的基本特征.兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(1):108-115
172.潘保田,苏怀,胡春生等.兰州地区1.0Ma黄河阶地的发现和0.8Ma阶地形成时代的重新厘定.自然科学进展,2006,16(11):1413-1418
173.潘保田,苏怀,刘小丰等.兰州东盆地最近1.2Ma的黄河阶地序列与形成原因.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):172-180
174.彭淑贞,郭正堂.风成三趾马红土与第四纪黄土的粘土矿物组成异同及其环境意义.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):277-285
175.彭淑珍,郭正堂.西峰地区晚第三纪红土稀土元素的初步研究.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2000,20(2):39-43
176.强小科,安芷生,常宏.佳县红粘土堆积序列频率磁化率的古气候意义.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2003,23(3):91-96
177.乔彦松,郭正堂,郝青振等.中新世黄土-古土壤序列的粒度特征及其对成因的指示意义.中国科学(D辑),2006,36(7):646-653
178.邱占祥,谷祖刚.甘肃兰州一带第三纪中期哺乳动物化石地点.古脊椎送物学报,1988,26(3):198-213
179.邱占祥,黄为龙,郭志慧.中国古生物志-中国的三趾马化石.北京:科学出版社,1987,1-250
180.邱占祥,邱铸鼎,中国晚第三纪地方哺乳动物群的排序及分期,地层学杂志,1990,14(4):241-260
181.邱占祥,王伴月,邱铸鼎等,甘肃兰州盆地咸水河组研究新进展.见:童永生编,纪念杨钟健教授百年诞辰论文集.北京:海洋出版社,1997-192
182.邱占祥,谢骏义.记甘肃东乡汪集的板齿犀和三趾马化石.古脊椎动物学报,1998,11:12-23
183.邱铸鼎,李传夔.中国哺乳动物区系的演变与青藏高原的抬升.中国科学(D缉),2004,34(9):845-854
184.邱铸鼎,王晓鸣,李强.内蒙古中部新近纪动物群的演替与生物年代.古脊椎动物学报,2006,44(2):164-181
185.邱铸鼎.华北几个地点的上新世哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1979,17(3):222-235
186.陕西省地质局区域地质测量队.1:20万(幅)地质图说明书,1968
187.施炜,张岳桥,马寅生.六盘山两侧晚新生代红黏土高程分布及其新构造意义,海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(5):123-130
188.施雅风,唐懋苍,马玉贞.青藏高原二期隆升玉亚洲季风孕育关系探讨.中国科学(D 辑),1998,28(3):263-271
189.施雅风,李吉均,李炳元,等.青藏高原晚新生代隆升与环境变化.广州:广东科技出版社,1998.
190.宋春晖,白晋锋,赵彦德等.临夏盆地13-4.4Ma湖相沉积吴颜色记录的气候变化探讨.2005,23(3):507-513
191.宋春晖,方小敏,潘保田等.高原北缘典型盆地新生代沉积序列及其沉积演化.见:郑 度,姚檀栋等编,青藏高原隆升与环境效应,北京:科学出版社,2004,200-207
192.宋春晖,鲁新川,刑强等.临夏盆地晚新生代沉积物元素特征与古气候变迁.沉积学报,2007,25(3):409-416
193.宋春晖.青藏高原北缘新生代沉积演化与高原构造隆升过程.兰州大学,博士研究生毕业论文,2006
194.宋宁,王铁冠,李美俊.江苏金湖凹陷古近系奇碳优势和偶碳优势共存的正构烷烃.沉积学报,2007,25(2):307-313
195.宋友桂,方小敏,李吉均等.六盘山东麓朝那剖面红粘土年代及其构造意义.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):457-463
196.宋友桂,方小敏,李吉均,等.晚新生代六盘山隆升过程初探.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(增刊):142-148
197.宋之琛,东濮地区早第三纪孢粉组合.北京:石油工业出版社,1989,1-192
198.宋之琛,郑亚惠,李曼英.中国孢粉化石(Ⅰ)晚白垩世-第三纪孢粉.北京:科学出版社,1999,749-757
199.孙东怀,刘东生,陈明扬等.中国黄土高原红粘土序列的磁性地层与气候变化.中国科学(D辑),1997,27(3):265-270
200.孙东怀,陈明扬,Shaw J等.晚新生代黄土高原风尘堆积序列的磁性地层年代与古气候记录.中国科学(D缉),1998,28(1):79-84
201.孙东怀,鹿化煜.晚新生代黄土高原风尘序列的粒度和沉积速率与中国北方大气环流演变.第四纪研究,2007,27(2):251-262
202.孙湘君.中国晚白垩世-古新世孢粉区系的研究.植物分类学报,1979,17(3):8-23
203.唐领余,沈才明.青藏高原晚新生代植被史及其气候特征.微体古生物学报,1996,13(4):321-337
204.童永生,郑绍华,邱铸鼎.中国新生代哺乳动物分期.古脊椎动物学报,1995,33(4):290-314
205.拓守廷,刘志飞.始新世-渐新世界限全球气候事件:从“温室”到“冰室”.地球科学研究进展,2003,18(5):691-696
206.汪品先,大地钻探与青藏高原.地球科学进展,1995,10(3):254-257
207.汪品先,煎知湣,赵泉鸿等.南海演变与季风历史的深海证据.科学通报,2003b,48(21):2228-2239
208.汪品先,赵泉鸿,煎知湣等.南海三千万年的深海记录.科学通报,2003a,48(21):2206-2215
209.汪品先.新生代亚洲形变与海陆相互作用.地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2005,30(1):1-18
210.王成善,李祥辉.沉积盆地分析原理与方法.北京:高等教育出版社,1-345
211.王建力,李吉均,方小敏等.临夏盆地三千万年来沉积物粒度特征及其构造意义.地理研究,1998,17(1):39-47
212.王树基,高存海.塔里木内陆盆地晚新生代干旱环境的形成与演变.第四纪研究,1990,(4):372-380
213.王树基,阎顺.天山南北麓新生代地理环境演变,地理学报,1987,42(3):211-220
214.王树基.准葛尔盆地晚新生代地理环境演化.干旱区地理,1997,20(2):9-16
215.王永莉,方小敏,白艳等.中国气候(水热)连续变化区域现代土壤中类脂物分子分布特征及其气候意义.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(3):386-396
216.王永焱,吴在宝,岳乐平.兰州黄土的生成时代及结构特征.西北大学学报,1978, (2):1-27
217.王志才.青藏高原东北缘新生代以来的构造变形特征与时空演化:以陇西-武山地区为例.中国地震局地质研究所,博士研究生毕业论文,2004
218.王志远,刘占红,易轶等.不同气候和植被区现代土壤类酯物分子特征及其意义.2003,40(6):967-970
219.王志远,谢树成,陈发虎.临夏塬堡黄土地层S_1古土壤中的正构烷烃及其古植被意义.第四纪研究,2004,24(2):231-235
220.文启忠等.中国黄土地球化学.科学出版社,1989,1-285
221.汶岭娟,鹿化煜,强小科.新近纪黄土高原红粘土粒度和沉积速率的空间变化及其揭示的古大气风尘传输动力.中国科学(D缉),2004,34(8):739-747
222.吴珍汉,吴中海,胡道功等.青藏高原腹地中新世早期古大湖的特征及其构造意义.地质通报,2006,25(7):782-791
223.吴珍汉,吴中海,叶培盛等.青藏高原晚新生代孢粉组合与古环境演化.中国地质,2006,33(5):966-979
224.奚晓霞,穆德芬,方小敏等.中国西部晚中新世以来气候演化初探-以甘肃临夏盆地中Cl~-含量变化为例.沉积学报,1998,16(2):155-160
225.肖爱芳,黎敦朋,张汉军等.新疆库木库里盆地渐新-上新统孢粉组合特征与古气候演变,陕西地质,2003,21(1):36-44
226.谢树成,梁斌,郭建秋等.生物标志化合物与相关的全球变化.第四纪研究,2003,23(5):521-528
227.谢树成,王志远,王红梅等.末次间冰期以来黄土高原的草原植被景观:来自分子化石的证据.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1):28-35
228.徐峰.山西保德炭峪沟剖面粒度分析及其古气候意义初步探讨.北京大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2004
229.薛祥煦,张云翔,岳乐平.从哺乳动物化石看中国黄土高原红黏土-黄土系列的气候环境及演化.中国科学(D辑),2006,36(4):359-369
230.薛祥煦,张云翔,岳乐平.黄土高原一个连续的晚新生代剖面及其划分与对比.地层学杂志,2003,25(2):81-101
231.薛祥煦,张云翔,岳乐平.陕西府谷老高川三趾马动物群的发现及时代分期.科学通报,1995,40(5):447-449
232.羊向东,王苏民,夏威岚等.典型对应分析在青藏高原现代湖泊硅藻与环境研究汇中的应用.中国科学(D辑),2001,31(增刊):273-279
233.杨健,王字飞,孙启高等.中国东部中新世山旺古海拔与古气候的定量研究.地学前缘,2002,9(3):183-188
234.杨群.分子古生物学原理与方法,北京:科学出版社,2003,1-250
235.杨润林.从微体古生物组合探讨塔里木盆地西部中新统的沉积环境,石油与天然气地质,1984,5(2):148-157
236.杨石岭,丁仲礼.7.0Ma以来中国北方风尘沉积的游离铁/全铁值变化及其古季风指示意义.2000,45(22):2453-2456
237.杨石岭,侯圣山,王旭等.泾川晚第三纪红粘土的磁性地层及其与灵台剖面的对比.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):423-434
238.杨守业,李从先.长江与黄河沉积物REE地球化学及示踪作.地球化学,1999,28(4):374-380.
239.姚书春,沈吉.巢湖沉积物柱样中正构烷烃初探.湖泊科学,2003,15(3):200-204
240.叶玮.中国西风区黄土常量元素地球化学行为与古环境.干旱区地理,2003,26(1):23-29
241.伊海生,林金辉,王成善等.藏北可可西里地区中新世湖相油页岩的生物分子标识及碳同位素异常.成都理工大学学报,2002,20(5):473-480
242.喻学惠,莫宣学,Martin FLOWER等.甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩火山作用及其构造含义.岩石学报,2001,17(3):366-377
243.喻学惠,赵志丹,莫宣学等.甘肃西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩的Ar~(40)/Ar~(39)同位素定年及地质意义.科学通报,2005,50(23):2638-2643
244.袁道阳,张培震,方小敏等.青藏高原东北缘临夏盆地晚新生代构造变形及过程.地学前缘,2007,14(1):243-250
245.岳乐平,F.Heller,邱占祥等.兰州盆地第三系磁性地层年代与谷环境记录.科学通报,2000,45(18):1998-2003
246.岳乐平,邓涛,张睿等.西藏吉隆-沃马盆地龙骨沟剖面古地磁年代学及喜马拉雅山抬升记录.地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1009-1016
247.岳乐平,邓涛,张云翔等.保德阶层型剖面磁性地层学研究,2004,28(1):48-63
248.岳乐平,邱占祥,颉光普等.兰州盆地永登剖面记录的第三纪沉积环境.沉积学报,2003,21(4):683-694
249.岳乐平,雷祥义,屈红军.黄河中游水系的阶地发育时代.地质论评,1997,43(2):186-192
250.曾从盛.闽东南沿海老红砂的地球化学特征.中国沙漠,2000,20(3):248-251
251.翟人杰.甘肃秦安晚第三纪哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物与古人类,1961,(3):262-268
252.翟人杰.甘肃秦安中新世哺乳类的发现.古脊椎动物与古人类,1959,(3):139-141
253.张宏斌,余晓红,刘斌.华家岭花岗岩侵入岩体的地质特征研究.甘肃地质学报,2004,13(2):45-50
254.张虎才,杨明生,张文翔等.洛川黄土剖面S4古土壤及相邻黄土层分子化石与植被变化.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(12):1634-1642
255.张林源.青藏高原形成过程与我国新生代气候变化阶段的划分.青藏高原形成演化、环境变迁与生态系统研究.学术论文年刊(1994).北京:科学出版社,1995.267-280.
256.张西娟,程捷,王海芝等.吐鲁番盆地古近纪和新近纪的气候变化,地质力学学报,2004,10(4):319-326
257.张希明.塔里木盆地中新生代沉积演化特征,新疆地质,2001,19(4):246-250
258.张宪武.土壤微生物研究(理论应用新方法).沈阳:沈阳出版社,1993
259.张行.古生物与环境.兰州:敦煌文艺出版社,2004,190-200
260.张彦杰,马惠萍,张宏斌.甘肃华家岭-葫芦河一带韧性剪切带的发现及其地质意义.西北地质,2003,36(3):24-28
261.张勇,李吉均,赵志军等.中国北方晚新生代红粘土研究的进展与问题.中国沙漠,2005,25(5):722-730
262.张勇.陇西盆地东南隅新近纪沉积与环境演变,兰州大学,博士研究生毕业论文,2005
263.张玉萍,黄万波,汤英俊等.陕西蓝田地区新生界.科学出版社,1978,18-26
264.张玉萍,童永生.甘肃静宁上新世哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物学报,1 96 l,5(4):380~385
265.张云翔,陈丹玲,薛祥煦.陕西北部三趾马红粘土的形成环境.沉积学报,1998,16(4):50-54
266.张云翔,弓护军.甘肃灵台上新世哺乳动物化石埋藏学.古生物学报,2003,42(3):460-465
267.张云翔,孙东怀,安芷生.甘肃灵台上新世晚期红粘土中哺乳动物化石.古脊椎动物学 报,1999,37(3):190-199
268.张云翔,薛祥煦,甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群埋藏学.地质出版社,北京:1995
269.张云翔,薛祥煦,岳乐平.陕西府谷老高川新第三纪“红层”的划分与时代.地层学杂志,1995,19(3):214-219
270.张云翔,薛样煦.甘肃武都龙家沟盆地地层时代及发育特征.西北地质科学,1994,15(2):27-31
271.张云翔,薛祥煦.甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群化石的聚集特点.沉积学报,1996,14(3):122-128
272.张云翔,薛祥煦.甘肃武都龙家沟三趾马动物群化石的埋藏学特点及该地区“三趾马红层”的成因.科学通报,1995,40(19):1782-1784
273.张云翔,岳乐平,曹红霞.黄河中游新近纪三趾马动物群生态序列.科学通报,2001,46(14):1196-1199
274.张兆群,A.W.Gentry,A.Kaakinen等.中国晚中新世陆相哺乳动物群序列:陕西蓝田的新证据(英文).古脊椎动物学报,2002,40(3):165-17
275.张兆群.中国晚新近纪哺乳动物群落与东亚环境变化.古脊椎动物学报,2006,44(2):133-142
276.赵泉鸿,翦知湣,王吉良等.南海北部晚新生代氧同位素地层学.中国科学(D辑),2001a,31(10):800-807
277.赵泉鸿,汪品先,成鑫荣,等.中新世“碳位移”事件在南海的记录.中国科学(D辑),2001b,31(10):808-815
278.郑度,姚檀栋等著.青藏高原隆升与资源效应.北京:科学出版社,2005,245-282
279.郑家坚,何希贤,刘淑文等.中国地层典:第三系.北京:地质出版社,1996,23-24
280.郑绍华,张兆群,崔宁.记几种原鼢鼠(啮齿目,鼢鼠科)及鼢鼠科的起源讨论.古脊椎动物学报,2004,42(4):297-315
281.中国海洋石油总公司渤海石油公司,中国科学院地质古生物研究所著.渤海海域晚新生代孢粉学研究.南京:南京大学出版社,1989:2-26
282.中国科学院南京地质与古生物研究所.准葛尔盆地的晚古生代和中新生代地层,1985
283.钟巍,李吉均,方小敏等.青藏高原东北边缘临夏盆地近30MaB.P以来古气候环境演变特征.1998,17(3):258-264
284.钟巍,朱俊杰,曹继秀.陇西盆地段黄河发育时代问题的新认识.新疆大学学报:自然科学版,1999.16(2):76-79
285.朱俊杰,钟巍,李吉均等.陇西盆地最古老的风成黄土沉积-兰州烟洞沟剖面.地理科学.1996,16(4):365-369