个体心理学的思想谱系与理论建构

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英文题名：Thought Pedigree and Theoretical Construction of Individual Psychology 作者：刘将 论文级别：博士 学科专业名称：科学技术哲学 中文关键词：个体心理学 ; 阿德勒 ; 思想谱系 ; 理论立场 ; 理论构成 ; 理论回应 英文关键词：Individual Psychology ; Alfred Adler ; Thought Pedigree ; Theoretical Standpoint ; Theory Structure ; Theoretical Response 学位年度：2012 导师：葛鲁嘉 学科代码：010108 学位授予单位：吉林大学 论文提交日期：2012-05-01 答辩委员会主席：张明

摘要

个体心理学是由奥地利著名心理学家阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒所创立的一个心理学体系，个体心理学既是一种人格理论，也是一种治疗方法。个体心理学思想主要散见于阿德勒的主要著作之中，阿德勒本人及其后继者都没有对个体心理学进行清晰而明确的系统化建构。既往的研究一般把阿德勒的个体心理学视为弗洛伊德及其后继者之间的一个过渡，本研究主张把个体心理学作为一个独立而统一的体系，从史论结合的视角考察个体心理学的思想谱系及其理论建构。
     首先，探索阿德勒的个体心理学的形成过程和思想脉络。个体心理学的形成和其创建者阿德勒的特殊的生命历程有着密切的关系。通过对阿德勒个人成长的历史的勘察，有助于更好的理解其开创的个体心理学体系。阿德勒的个体心理学有着强烈的个人印迹，他的理论与他的人生体验、从业实践有着非常密切的联系，乃至于在一定意义上可说，他的个体心理学就是他生命历程的真实写照，或者说，他的人生历程乃是对其个体心理学的体认和实践。阿德勒学术思想和理论的发展过程可以分为五个基本的阶段：第一个阶段是社会医学理论阶段（1898-1906），第二个阶段是个体心理学的准备（1907-1911），第三个阶段是个体心理学的初创（1912-1917），第四个阶段是个体心理学的完成（1918-1930），第五个阶段是晚期的发展与更新（1931-1937）。个体心理学的产生绝对不只是一个纯粹的学术事件，这种新的观点是当时经济、政治、文化等社会历史条件及其变化的产物，阿德勒所处时代的经济、政治和文化背景为个体心理学形成提供了特定的社会历史条件。阿德勒看似“简单”的个体心理学，其背后的思想来源颇为复杂，阿德勒自觉不自觉地把一些不同的思想融合到自己的个体心理学之中，从而形成个体心理学的“马赛克”。同时个体心理学的形成还得益于诸多其他思想和思潮的影响和启发，如弗洛伊德、尼采、柏格森、费英格、进化论、实用主义、马克思主义等。
     其次，考察了个体心理学的理论立场。个体心理学（Individual Psychology）中的Individual一词其拉丁文原意是“不可分”的意思。个体心理学把人视作不可分的有机整体，各部分为了共同的目标而合作。目的性和整体性就成为方法论原则，在其基础上整体论原则和目的论原则也就构成阿德勒的个体心理学基本的理论立场。
     再次，考察了个体心理学的理论构成。阿德勒的个体心理学是一个理论整体。为了理解和把握个体心理学的最基本理论构成，个体心理学的理论体系可分为“自卑-卓越”论、“生活风格”论、“社群情怀”论这三个部分论述。事实上，这三个部分并不是截然不同的理论层次，它们共同构成为阿德勒个体心理学的有机整体。对阿德勒个体心理学的理论构成的澄清和诠释，对全面把握和深入理解阿德勒的个体心理学具有十分重要的意义。阿德勒的个体心理学以“自卑-卓越”理论来说明人格或主体的动力问题。阿德勒以自卑为动力观的起点，通过自卑的补偿和追求优越来理解人格的发展动力。阿德勒的“自卑-卓越”论是一种自下而上、从卑劣到卓越的心智动力学。个体心理学用“生活风格”理论是来表达个体自我和行为整体性人格。生活风格是遗传、环境与个人创造力量相互作用的产物。阿德勒的个体心理学把早期记忆、出生顺序和梦的解释作为通向人的心理生活的三个“通道”，阿德勒正是通过这三个方面的长期研究，从而揭示了生活风格的起源和形成。人不仅是为了个人的目标而努力奋斗，而且同时也具有关照社会的或他人的利益的情怀和行动。在此基础上，阿德勒提出了“社群情怀”理论来理解人的生活风格和理想人格，他认为健康的人所追求的是对社会有用的或符合社会利益的卓越目标。社群情怀是人生而具有的潜能，但是只有通过适恰的引导和训练才能表现出来。早期的家庭环境中父母亲与子女的关系成为影响社群情怀的关键因素。阿德勒把社会兴趣作为判断心理成熟度的标准。健康的人具有较高的社会兴趣，并且贯穿其一生，可以自由的选择或拒绝外在标准，成为他自己。
     接着，考察了个体心理学的理论应用。个体心理学本身就是一种应用性的心理学理论，个体心理学是阿德勒在临床实践的基础上提出的，反过来，阿德勒还把其个体心理学的理论观点，应用和扩展于人类理智生活的众多领域，特别是在心理治疗、宗教、教育等领域。在心理治疗方面，个体心理学是一种开放而灵活的治疗取向，阿德勒反对封闭和僵化的治疗方法。个体心理学开拓的治疗方法具有鲜明的综合性、开放性、短程化的特点。阿德勒在其学术生涯的晚期还把个体心理学的观点扩展和应用到对宗教问题的解释上。阿德勒认为，上帝是人类理想和完美（目标）的具体化，宗教是人类关系的神圣化。阿德勒并未否定宗教的作用，阿德勒还认为宗教的“灵魂救赎”乃是心理治疗的先驱。在现代心理治疗建立之前，宗教起到了心理治疗的作用。因此阿德勒认为，倘若你不信仰任何宗教的话，个体心理学是一个不错的选择。在教育方面，阿德勒认为，个体心理学与教育是同一现实和同一问题的两个方面。阿德勒重视家庭和学校、家长和教师在儿童教育方面的互补、互动和合作。父母能够弥补学校教育的不足，教师则能够矫正家庭教育的缺陷。
     最后，考察了个体心理学的理论回响。阿德勒个体心理学的真知灼见远远领先于他的时代，其对主体认知因素、社会文化因素的强调和重视使他成功预见了当代心理学的发展趋势。阿德勒的个体心理学对精神分析、人本主义心理学产生了重要影响。阿德勒的观点为弗洛伊德、霍妮、沙利文等分析学家所采纳。人本主义心理学的三位创建者都曾跟随阿德勒学习，受到阿德勒启发。在这个意义上说，阿德勒不仅是人本主义心理学的先驱，而且还对人本主义心理学产生了直接的影响。另外个体心理学的一些观点在当代的一些重要的心理学思潮中得到了有效的回应，如心理学的文化转向、女性主义等心理学思潮。阿德勒是女性主义心理学的先驱，他认为“男尊女卑”与两性对立状态是一种“文明的错误”，其个体心理学中蕴含着性别平等与性别合作的女性主义观点。个体心理学主张社会文化力量与心理发展能动性是一个辩证的整体，个体心理学的这一主张在当代心理学的“文化转向”的趋势中得以体现。
Individual Psychology is a psychological system founded by Alfred Adler（1870-1937）who was a great psychologist from Austria. Individual Psychology isnot only one kind of personality theory, but also is a kind of therapeutive approach.Individual Psychology thought mainly exists in Adler's major works. Past studies aregenerally put Adler's Individual Psychology as a transition between Freud and itssuccessors. This study analyzes the thought pedigree and theoretical construction ofIndividual Psychology from the point of view of history and logic. It is suggested thatthe Individual Psychology as an independent and unified system.
     First of all, this study explores Adler's Individual Psychology's developmentprocess and train of thought. Individual Psychology is closely related to its founderAdler's special life course. Adler's Individual Psychology has a strong personalcharacteristics，There is a very close connection between his theory, his lifeexperience, and his work practice. In a manner of speaking, Individual Psychology isthe portrayal of Adler’s real life course. In other words, Adler had experienced andpracticed his Individual Psychology in person. The evolution process of Adler’sacademic ideas and theories may be divided into five basic stage of development. Thefirst stage is the social medical theory stage (1898-1906), The second stage is theIndividual Psychology preparation (1907-1911) , The third stage is the IndividualPsychology of the start-up rate (1912-1917), The fourth stage is the completion ofIndividual Psychology (1918-1930), The fifth stage is the development and updatingthe late (1931-1937). The generation of Individual Psychology isn't just a pureacademic event, the new view is the very product of social historical conditionsincluding economic, political, cultural setting. Individual Psychology is seemingly"simple", which has a complex thoughts source. Adler has consciously or unconsciously put some different thought into his Individual Psychology, So as toform the Individual Psychology "Mosaic". The formation of the IndividualPsychology also benefited from the influence and inspiration of many other thinkersand ideological trends, such as Sigmund Freud（1856－1939）, Friedrich WilhelmNietzsche（1844-1900）, Henri Bergson（1859-1941）, Hans Vaihinge（r1852—1933）,Evolutionism, Pragmatism, Marxism, etc.
     Secondly, The study illustrates theoretical standpoints in Individual Psychology.The term“Individual”of Individual Psychology in Latin means indivisible. Man isregarded as inseparable organic whole, every agencies to cooperate to the commonideal and goal which human beings have been pursuing. Holism and finalism(teleology) are the two main methodological principles, which are also the basictheoretical standpoint standpoints in Individual Psychology.
     Thirdly, this study establishes a Theory structure of Individual Psychology.Adler's Individual Psychology is a theory of the whole. In order to understand andgrasp the basic theory structure of Individual Psychology, The Individual Psychologysystem is divided into "inferiority-superiority" theory, "Life Style" theory,"Community Feeling" theory, concerning this three part of the study. In fact, the threeparts are not very different theory levels, they constitutes a organic whole together asIndividual Psychology. Individual Psychology’s "Inferiority-Superiority" theory isused to explain the main body personality or subjective dynamics problems.Inferiority is the starting point of the personality dynamics, Inferiority compensationand striving for Superiority are the subjective dynamical mechanism of the personalitydevelopment. "Inferiority-Superiority" theory is a bottom-up, minus-pluspsychodynamic theory. Individual Psychology’s "Life Style" theory is made torepresent individual Whole personality including self and action. Life Style originatesin interaction between heredity, environment and individual the creative power.According to Adler's Individual Psychology, Early Memory, Birth Order and theInterpretation of the Dream are the three " gateways" the mental life, which can be useto reveal the origin and development of Life Style. Man is not only striving forpersonal Superiority goals, but also for the others’and community’s interests, feelings and actions. On this basis, "Community Feeling" theory is put forward to understandpeople's Life Style and ideal personality. Community Feeling can be defined as anattitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as empathy for each memberof the human community. It manifests itself as cooperation with others for socialadvancement rather than for personal gain. Community Feeling is the naturalcondition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together. Socialinterest is rooted as potentiality in everyone, but it must be developed before it cancontribute to a useful style of life. It originates from the mother-child relationshipduring the early months of infancy. The father is a second important person in achild’s social environment. Social interest was Adler’s yardstick for measuringpsychological health and is thus“the sole criterion of human values”.
     Fourthly, this study examines the theoretical application of IndividualPsychology. Individual Psychology is a kind of applied psychological theory, Whichwas created in Adler’s clinical practice. Adler has also applied Individual Psychologyto many fields of human life, especially in the psychotherapy, religion, education, etc.In the field of psychotherapy, Individual Psychology is a kind of open and flexibletreatment approach, which has the distinct comprehensive, open, the short-rangecharacteristics. About religion，Some features of Individual Psychology were appliedto the religious world in Adler’s later academic and professional years. From theviewpoint of Individual Psychology, the contemplation of a deity is a concretization ofthe idea of perfection, greatness and superiority, which has been obvious in man’sthinking and feeling since time immemorial. Various Relationships in religiousactivities are the sanctification of human relations. As For Education, Adler said,Individual Psychology and education is the two aspects of the same question or reality.The interaction and cooperation between family and school, parents and teachers inchildren education should be stressed in Adler’s Individual Psychology. Parents cancomplement the shortage of the school education, teachers may correct the deficiencyof family education.
     Finally, this study explores various theoretical responses to IndividualPsychology. Adler’s profound insights in Individual Psychology are far ahead of his time. The emphasis on subjective cognitive factors, social and cultural factors makeshim successfully foresee the development trend of contemporary psychology. Adler'sIndividual Psychology had imposed important influence on Psychoanalysis,Humanism Psychology .has produced important influence. Adler's ideas wereabsorbed and adopted by Sigmund Freud（1856－1939），Karen Horney（1885-1952），Harry Stack Sullivan（1892～1949）. The basis premises of humanistic psychology areessentially the same as Adler’s Individual Psychology. All three leading cofounders ofHumanistic Psychology, Abraham Maslow（1908－1970）, Rollo May（1909－1994）,and Carl Roger（1902-1987）s, actually studied with Adler in Vienna or New Yorkearly in their careers and increasingly appreciated what they had learned from him,especially in their later years. Individual Psychology’s some ideas are got effectiveresponse in contemporary psychology thoughts, such as the cultural turn, feminism incontemporary psychology thoughts. Adler is the pioneer of feminist psychology.According to Adler,“women are inferior to men”is a kind of“Civilization mistake”.Individual Psychology contains some feminist perspectives, which claim genderequality and promote cooperation between men and women. Individual Psychologyadvocates social-cultural forces and mental agency is a dialectical whole, this claim ofIndividual Psychology is embodied in contemporary psychology of the "culturalturn" trend.

引文

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    6Bottome, P. Alfred Adler: a portrait from life. 3rd ed. [M]. New York: Vanguard Press, 1957: 84.
    12Orgler, H. Alfred Adler: the man and his work. [M]. London: Daniel, 1939: 211.
    3Millin, S. G. General Smuts . [M]. London: Faber & Faber, 1936: 36.Smuts, J. C. Die holistische Welt [M]. Transl. H. Minkowski; special preface by the author for German ed.
    4Berlin: Metzner, 1938.
    5Smuts, J. C. The Scientific world picture of today. Rep. brit. Ass. Adv. Sci.,1931:1-18.
    6Smuts, J. C. Das wissenschaftliche Weltbild der Gegenwart. Int. Z. Indiv. Psychol., 1932, 10:233-261.
    7Smuts, J. C. Jan Christian Smuts: a biography [M]. New York: Morrow, 1952: 285.
    8Hall, C. S., & Lindzey, G. Theories of Personality [M]. New York: Willey,1957: 125.Adler，A. Social interest: a challenge to mankind. London: Faber & Faber,1938: 68. (注：该书德语原版出版于
    1933年)
    9Bottome, P. Alfred Adler: a portrait from life. 3rd ed. [M].New York: Vanguard Press,1957: 84.
    10Orgler, H. Alfred Adler: the man and his work. [M]. London: Daniel, 1939: 211.
    12Orgler, H. Alfred Adler: the man and his work. [M]. London: Daniel, 1939: 212.Adler，A．The practice and theory of individual psychology [M]．NewYork：Harcourt, Brace & World, 1927：5．
    3[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.儿童的人格教育[M].彭正梅,彭莉莉译，译.北京：上海人民出版社，2011：20.
    1Adler, A. The science of living [M]. New York: Greenberg, 1929: 163.
    1墨菲.近代心理学历史导引（林方，译）[M].北京：商务印书馆，1982：291.
    1杜·舒尔兹(Duane P. Schultz)，西德尼·埃伦·舒尔兹(Sydney Ellen Schultz).现代心理学史（叶浩生，译）.
    2南京：江苏教育出版社，2005: 353.
    Freud, S. On the origins of psychoanalysis. In J. Stracchey (Ed. & Trans.). The standard edition of the complete
    3psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 1) [M]. London: Hogarth Press, 1953(1895): 359.
    Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [M]. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1929：3.
    4[奥]阿尔弗雷德.阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：5.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德.阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：5.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德.阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：63.
    3[奥]阿尔弗雷德.阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：122.
    1Dilthey, W. Descriptive psychology and historical understanding [M]. The Hague : Nijhoff, 1977：66.
    1Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：92.
    1Sartre, J.-P. Being and nothingness; an essay on phenomenological ontology. [M]. New York, PhilosophicalLibrary,1956: 561,579,732.
    1Adler，R. The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. Edited by H. L. & Rowena R. Ansbacher. [M]. NewYork: Basic Book, 1956：104.
    2Adler，R. The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. Edited by H. L. & Rowena R. Ansbacher. [M]. NewYork: Basic Book, 1956：114.
    3Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：177.
    1Murchison, C., Adler A. et al. Psychologies of 1930. [M]. Worcester, Mass., Clark University Press, 1930: 400.
    2Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [M]. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1929:3.
    Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [M]. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., 1929:4.
    12[德]黑格尔.精神现象学（上卷）[M].贺麟，王玖兴，译.北京：商务书馆，1979: 48.Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [M]. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1929：14.
    1Adler, A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind (original German, 1933) [M]. Translated by J. Linton andVaughan. London: Faber & Faber, 1938: 96.
    2Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：115.
    3Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    4Books, 1956：115.
    Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    5Books, 1956：117.
    Adler, A. What life should mean to you [M]. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931: 55-56.
    1Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [M]. London, Routledge &Kegan Paul Ltd., 1929：13-14.
    1Adler, A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind (original German, 1933) [M]. Translated by J. Linton and
    2Vaughan. London: Faber & Faber, 1938: 204.
    [奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生活的科学[M].苏克，周晓琪，译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店，1987：
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：38.
    2[美]墨菲（G.Murphy），（美）柯瓦奇（J.K.Kovach）.近代心理学历史导引[M].林方，王景和,译.北京:商务印书馆，1980：46-47.
    1Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：255.
    阿德勒个体心理学中Superiority这一术语与Inferiority相对而言，具有广泛的意义和内涵，根据不同的语境而有不同的理解和翻译，总体上包括了一切具有向上、卓越、完善、完美、优越、优势等概念在内，因此，这一术语在在本文中文表达上并不寻求形式上的完全一致性的翻译，而是根据具体语境来作出相应的理解和陈述。1Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    Books, 1956：106.2Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    Books, 1956：114.3Adler, A. Individual Psychology. In C. Murchison (Ed.), Psychologies of 1930 [M]. Worcester, Mass: Clark
    University Press, 1930: 398-399.4Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    Books, 1956：103.
    1Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：259.
    1Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    2Books, 1956：259.
    Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic Books, 1956：260.
    3阿德勒个体心理学所谓的“个体性”（individuality）是指“独一无二且无法分割的特性”。
    Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：174.
    阿德勒个体心理学中的lifestyle，style of life一般可以翻译为“生活风格”、“生活方式”、“生活型态”，阿德勒在早期还曾用“生活计划”、“生活路线”、“行动路线”等概念来表达这一概念。
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生活的科学[M].苏克，周晓琪，译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店，1987：62-63.
    1Adler, A. What life should mean to you [M]. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931: 57-58.
    2Adler, A. The pattern of life [M]. New York : Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1930：203.
    1Adler, A. The science of living [M]. New York: Greenberg, 1929: 54.
    2Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：206.
    在阿德勒的英文著作中关于早期记忆的同意表达有Early Memories、First Memories、Early Recollections、Old Remembers等。
    1Adler, A. What life should mean to you [M]. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931: 73.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 56.
    3[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生活的科学[M].苏克，周晓琪，译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店，1987：87.
    在阿德勒的个体心理学中，还常用Family Constellation来指代Birth Order，Order of Birth，FamilyConstellation表达了比“出生次序更为广泛的含义”。这一概念在后来的家庭心理学或家庭心理治疗中的最重要概念之一。
    1Adler, A. What life should mean to you [M]. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931:147.
    1Hoffman, E. The drive for self : Alfred Adler and the founding of individual psychology [M]. Reading, Mass. :Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1994: 11.
    1Adler, A. What life should mean to you [M]. Boston: Little, Brown, 1931: 151.
    2Adler, A. The science of living [M]. New York: Greenberg, 1929:168-169.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 70.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 74.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 76.
    1Adler, A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind [M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &Faber, 1938: 275.
    2Adler, A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind [M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &Faber, 1938: 276.
    3Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：142.
    1Adler, A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind [M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &
    2Faber, 1938: 275.Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    3Books, 1956：134.Adler, A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind [M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &Faber, 1938: 278.
    4Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：153.
    5Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    6Books, 1956：153.Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    7Books, 1956：153.Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : Basic
    8Books, 1956：154.Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：138.
    1Adler, A. Problems of neurosis:a book of case histories [M]. London : Routledge, 1929: 31.
    2Adler, A. On the origins of the striving for superiority and social interest. In H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher(Eds.), Superiority and social interest [M]. New York: Viking, 1973: 29-40.
    3Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：373.
    1Adler, A. Understanding human nature [M]. New York：Greenberg，1927：167.
    1Dreikurs, R. Fundamentals of Adlerian psychology [M]. New York：Greenberg，1989：8.
    2Adler,A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind.[M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &Faber, 1938：136.
    3Adler,A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind.[M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &Faber, 1938：141.
    1Adler,A. Social Interest: A Challenge to Mankind.[M]. Translated by J. Linton and Vaughan. London: Faber &Faber, 1938：90.
    2Adler,A. Critical Considerations on the meaning of life. In H. T. Stein，H. T. (Ed.) & Liebenau, G. L. (Trans.),The Collected clinical works of Alfred Adler (Vol. 5) [M]. Bellingham, WA : Classical Adlerian TranslationProject, 2003: 176.
    1Adler,A. Critical Considerations on the meaning of life. In H. T. Stein，H. T. (Ed.) & Liebenau, G. L. (Trans.),The Collected clinical works of Alfred Adler (Vol. 5) [M]. Bellingham, WA : Classical Adlerian TranslationProject, 2003: 18-19.
    2Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：128.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 205.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 220.
    1Adler, A. The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [M]. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.,1929：15.
    1Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：154.
    1Orgler, H. Alfred Adler, the man and his work : triumph over the inferiority complex[M]. London : Sidgwickand Jackson, 1973:167.
    1Wulff, D. M. Psychology of religion : classic and contemporary views [M]. New York : Wiley, 1991: 280.
    2Adler, A. Religion and Individual Psychology [J]. Individual Psychology,1987, 43(4): 522-526.
    12Adler, A. Religion and Individual Psychology [J]. Individual Psychology,1987, 43(4): 522-526.[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.儿童的人格教育[M].彭正梅,彭莉莉译，译.北京：上海人民出版社，2011：140.
    3[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.儿童的人格教育[M].彭正梅,彭莉莉译，译.北京：上海人民出版社，2011：110.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生命对你意味着什么[M].周朗，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000: 4.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.生活的科学[M].苏克，周晓琪，译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店，1987：128.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.儿童的人格教育[M].彭正梅,彭莉莉译，译.北京：上海人民出版社，2011：30.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.儿童的人格教育[M].彭正梅,彭莉莉译，译.北京：上海人民出版社，2011：32.
    3[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.儿童的人格教育[M].彭正梅,彭莉莉译，译.北京：上海人民出版社，2011：109.
    1（美）E·G·波林著.实验心理学史[M].高觉敷,译.北京：商务印书馆，1981：860.
    2Maslow, A. H. Tribute to Alfred Adler [J]. Journal of Individual Psychology, 1970，26: 13.
    1Rotter, J. B. The development and applications of social learning theory [M]. New York: Praeger, 1982: 1-2.
    1葛鲁嘉，陈若莉.文化困境与内心挣扎：荷妮的文化心理病理学[M].台北：猫头鹰出版社, 2000：48.
    Obuchowski, K. Alfred Adler: Precursor of humanistic psychology [J]. Individual Psychology, 1988，44:263-269.
    2Ansbacher, H. L. Alfred Adler's Influence on the Three Leading Cofounders of Humanistic Psychology [J].Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 30 (4): 45-53.
    1Ansbacher, H. L. Alfred Adler's Influence on the Three Leading Cofounders of Humanistic Psychology [J]. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 30 (4): 45-53.
    1987年2月8日芝加哥阿德勒学院成立三十五周年暨创建者Rudolf Dreikurs九十岁生日的庆典。罗杰斯
    收到邀请，因故不能前往而发了一封贺信，上述内容是贺信的第二段内容。
    1Watts, R. E. The Remarkable Parallel Between Rogers's Core Conditions and Adler's Social Interest [J].Individual psychology. 1998,54(1), (1998): 4-9.
    2Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：135.这是字面的翻译，有“将心比心，用心感受着对方的感受，想对方之所想，思对方之所思”的意思。
    3Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：341.
    1Hoffman, E. (1988). The right to be human: a biography of Abraham Maslow. Los Angeles, CA:J. P. Tarcher.1988: 102.
    马斯洛对阿德勒仰慕已久，对于马斯洛来说通过参加这个讨论会并与阿德勒当面讨教，确实是个千载难逢
    的机会。当时定期参加研讨会的人并不多，这就为马斯洛增加了接触阿德勒的机会。阿德勒的博学和智慧
    给马斯洛留下了深刻的印象，马斯洛还经常邀请同事和朋友一起参加。当时经常参加研讨会的还有著名的
    阿德勒思想的传播者和研究专家Heinz Ansbacher，他把阿德勒的诸多著作翻译成英文，使得阿德勒思想得
    到了更为广泛的传播。Ansbacher和马斯洛在哥伦比亚大学相识，1935年Ansbacher是正在著名心理学家
    Woodworth的门下读研究生，而马斯洛当时则是著名心理学家Thorndike的助理。出于对阿德勒思想的共
    同兴趣Ansbacher和马斯洛成为了很好的朋友。
    2(英)柯林·威尔森.心理学的新道路：马斯洛和后弗洛伊德主义[M].杜新宇,译.北京：华文出版社，2001:
    1Maslow, A. H. Motivation and personality [M]. New York: Harper & Row, 1970: 165.
    2Maslow, A. H. Motivation and personality [M]. New York: Harper & Row, 1970: 61.
    3Adler, A. Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler [M]. Ansbacher, H., & Ansbacher, R. edit. New York : BasicBooks, 1956：134.
    Wilson, C. New pathways in psychology : Maslow and the post-Freudian revolution [M]. New York : Taplinger,1972: 156.
    2Maslow, A. H. Tribute to Alfred Adler[J]. Journal of Individual Psychology,1970, 26: 13.
    1May, R. The art of counseling (rev. ed.) [M]. New York: Gardner.1989: 177-178.
    2Hall, C. S. [Review of Rollo May, The art of counseling] [J]. Contemporary Psychology, 1959, 4: 263.
    3Deutsch，D. [Review of Rollo May, The art of counseling] [J]. Journal of Individual Psychology, 1960, 16: 108.
    45May, R. The art of counseling (rev. ed.) [M]. New York: Gardner.1989: 7.May, R. The art of counseling (rev. ed.) [M]. New York: Gardner. 1989: 171.
    1May, R. Tribute to Alfred Adler[J]. Journal of Individual Psychology, 1970, 26: 13.
    2Ansbacher, H. L. Alfred Adler's Influence on the Three Leading Cofounders of Humanistic Psychology [J].Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 30 (4): 45-53.
    3（美）墨菲（G. Murphy），（美）柯瓦奇（J. K. Kovach）.近代心理学历史导引[M].林方，王景和,译.北京:商务印书馆，1980：409.
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：90.
    2[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：94.
    3[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：95.
    1李银河.妇女:最漫长的革命:当代西方女权主义理论精选[M].北京：生活、讀書、新知三联书店，1997：
    119.阿德勒曾提出“心理雌雄同体”（Psychic Hermaphroditism）的概念，即每一个人都同时具有女性和男性两种特质。
    1[奥]阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒.理解人性[M].陈太胜，陈文颖，译.北京：国际文化出版公司，2000：108.
    1葛鲁嘉，陈若莉.当代心理学发展的文化学转向[J].吉林大学社会科学学报，1999，（05）：80-87.
    1葛鲁嘉.心理资源论析——心理学的历史、现实与未来的形态.北京：中国社会科学出版社，2010: 35.这里所指的“文化心理学”是一种狭义的文化心理学，相区别于上述的“跨文化心理学”和“本土心理学”二者在内。
    1Grey, L. Alfred Adler, the forgotten prophet : a vision for the 21st century [M]. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 1998:1-2.
    2Adler, K. A., Deutsch, D. Essays in individual psychology [M]. New York, Grove Press，1959：XV.
    3Adler, A. The science of living [M]. New York: Greenberg, 1929: 227.
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