舰船气泡尾流的前向光散射特性及探测技术研究
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摘要
为了提高舰船光尾流自导中对气泡尾流的感知能力,论文提出了一种新的前向光尾流探测技术。这种探测技术通过探测尾流气泡的前向散射光,反演光束在气泡尾流中的小角度近似光辐射传输模型,获得气泡尾流的气泡数密度这项特征参数从而实现对尾流的感知。针对前向光尾流探测的特点,在分析尾流气泡光散射特性的基础上建立了小角度近似光辐射传输模型。与传统的前向小角度近似辐射传输方程相比,论文中的模型做了两项改进:用修正的二阶高斯函数代替传统的一阶高斯函数拟合气泡群的散射相函数,对辐射传输中的约化强度进行了前向散射修正。最后采用研制的样机对模拟的尾流气泡进行了探测实验,验证了论文提出的探测方法的可行性。
论文首先研究了尾流气泡的光散射特性,包括单个气泡散射特性、气泡群散射特性和光束在气泡尾流中的传输特性。对单个气泡散射特性的分析包括光学效率因子、偏振特性、强度分布特性、能量分布特性等;在此基础上,研究了气泡群散射光的强度分布特性和能量分布特性。为便于分析能量分布特性,引入了能量分布函数的概念和表达式。根据尾流气泡的大部分生命时间内覆盖着有机膜的实际情况,对气泡散射特性的分析又分为干净气泡、覆盖着不同成分有机膜和不同厚度有机膜的脏气泡几种情况。对气泡光散射特性的分析采用的方法为Mie理论。根据分析得到的气泡群散射光的强度和能量分布特性,改进了小角度辐射传输方程中已有的相函数高斯拟合方法,同时对约化强度进行了前向散射修正。基于改进的小角度辐射传输方程,研究了光束在尾流中传输的复散射效应,探讨了测量尾流光束衰减的复散射校正和气泡数密度与光束在尾流中衰减的关系,为设计探测尾流气泡数密度的样机提供了理论支持。
在分析光束在尾流中传输特性的基础上,探讨了通过探测尾流气泡的前向散射光信号获取气泡数密度的方法。论文提出了一种适用于复散射条件下的基于辐射传输方程的反演法,即根据小角度辐射传输方程的解,通过数值计算得到一系列关于气泡数密度和光束能量透射比的点,然后采用曲线拟合法获得气泡数密度与光束能量透射比之间的函数关系式。实际探测尾流时,只要测量到了透射比,就可以由这个关系式得到实际的气泡数密度。
为了验证论文提出的探测方法的有效性,需要已知尺度分布和数密度的尾流气泡作为基准。论文中采用电化学方法,用电解水产生的氢气泡来模拟尾流气泡。通过显微照相、图像处理和统计分析方法获得产生的氢气泡的尺度分布;通过控制电解电流按能量守恒的方法获得产生的氢气泡的数密度。
最后,研制了一套实验样机,包括光学系统、电子系统、上位机软件和机械结构等。用这套样机对模拟的尾流气泡进行了探测实验,测量到的数密度与模拟尾流的数密度符合较好,从而验证了论文提出的探测技术的可行性。
To improve the apperception for bubbles wakes by optical technique in wakes homing, a new technology for detection of bubbles wakes is proposed. This technology arrives at the apperception by detection of forward light scattered by wake bubbles, inversion of light beam transfer model in small angle approximation and obtainment of the bubbles' number density in wakes. According to the characteristics of detecting bubbles wakes by forward light scattering, the model of light transfer in small angle approximation is established based on light scattering properties of wake bubbles. Compared to traditional transfer equation in small angle approximation, this model has two improvements. One is that correctional linear combination of two Gauss function replaces old one Gauss function in phase function fit; the other is the correction of forward scattering to un-scattering intensity. Finally, the method is confirmed to be feasible by detecting simulated wake bubbles using the testing equipment developed in this paper.
Firstly, the light scattering properties of wake bubbles are investigated, which include the scattering properties of single bubble, bubble populations and the extinction features of light beam transferring in bubbles wakes. The optical efficiency factor, polarization, intensity distribution and energy distribution of light scattered by single bubble are discussed. Based on single bubble's light scattering properties, the characteristics of light scattered by bubble populations are studied. The energy distribution function is introduced for analyzing the energy distribution of light scattering conveniently. According to the fact that bubbles in ocean are coated with organic film in their most part of lifetime, the searches for bubbles' scattering characteristics includes clean bubbles and dirty bubbles coated with different component and thickness organic film. The approach used to research into the bubbles scattering is Mie theory. According to the properties of intensity and energy distribution of bubbles' light scattering, traditional Gauss fit for scattering phase applied in traditional transfer equation in small angle approximation is improved, and the forward scattering error is also corrected. Based on the improved transfer equation, the multiple scattering, the correction to multiple scattering and the relationship between bubbles number density and light beam attenuation are analyzed when light beam propagates through bubbles wakes. These analyses give a theoretical support for design of testing equipment for detecting bubbles number density.
Secondly, the approaches, which obtain bubbles' number density by detecting forward light scattered by wake bubbles, are discussed, on basis of transfer characteristics of light beam in wakes. An inversion method to transfer equation is presented, which is fit for multiple scattering. A series of points about bubbles number density and energy transmission ratio are obtained by numeric calculation utilizing the solution of improved light transfer equation in small angle approximation. Then function between bubbles number density and energy transmission ratio can be gotten by fit the points in the least squares sense. So in actual detection of wake bubbles, one can easily obtain the bubbles number density utilizing the function, after the energy transmission ratio is measured.
Thirdly, wake bubbles are simulated by hydrogen bubbles produced by water electrolysis. To validate the method of obtaining bubbles number density presented in this paper, a wake bubbles having known size distribution function and number density is necessary to act as benchmark. Here, the simulated wake bubbles' size distribution function is gotten by micrography, digital image processing and statistic analysis; the number density is achieved by controlling the current in electrolysis in terms of current conservation.
Lastly, testing equipment for validating the detecting method proposed in this paper is designed and manufactured, which consists of optical system, electronic system, PC software and mechanical structure. The simulated wake bubbles were detected by the testing equipment, and the number density measured by the testing equipment is fairly consistent with the number density controlled in electrochemistry, which confirm that the technology presented in this paper is feasible.
论文首先研究了尾流气泡的光散射特性,包括单个气泡散射特性、气泡群散射特性和光束在气泡尾流中的传输特性。对单个气泡散射特性的分析包括光学效率因子、偏振特性、强度分布特性、能量分布特性等;在此基础上,研究了气泡群散射光的强度分布特性和能量分布特性。为便于分析能量分布特性,引入了能量分布函数的概念和表达式。根据尾流气泡的大部分生命时间内覆盖着有机膜的实际情况,对气泡散射特性的分析又分为干净气泡、覆盖着不同成分有机膜和不同厚度有机膜的脏气泡几种情况。对气泡光散射特性的分析采用的方法为Mie理论。根据分析得到的气泡群散射光的强度和能量分布特性,改进了小角度辐射传输方程中已有的相函数高斯拟合方法,同时对约化强度进行了前向散射修正。基于改进的小角度辐射传输方程,研究了光束在尾流中传输的复散射效应,探讨了测量尾流光束衰减的复散射校正和气泡数密度与光束在尾流中衰减的关系,为设计探测尾流气泡数密度的样机提供了理论支持。
在分析光束在尾流中传输特性的基础上,探讨了通过探测尾流气泡的前向散射光信号获取气泡数密度的方法。论文提出了一种适用于复散射条件下的基于辐射传输方程的反演法,即根据小角度辐射传输方程的解,通过数值计算得到一系列关于气泡数密度和光束能量透射比的点,然后采用曲线拟合法获得气泡数密度与光束能量透射比之间的函数关系式。实际探测尾流时,只要测量到了透射比,就可以由这个关系式得到实际的气泡数密度。
为了验证论文提出的探测方法的有效性,需要已知尺度分布和数密度的尾流气泡作为基准。论文中采用电化学方法,用电解水产生的氢气泡来模拟尾流气泡。通过显微照相、图像处理和统计分析方法获得产生的氢气泡的尺度分布;通过控制电解电流按能量守恒的方法获得产生的氢气泡的数密度。
最后,研制了一套实验样机,包括光学系统、电子系统、上位机软件和机械结构等。用这套样机对模拟的尾流气泡进行了探测实验,测量到的数密度与模拟尾流的数密度符合较好,从而验证了论文提出的探测技术的可行性。
To improve the apperception for bubbles wakes by optical technique in wakes homing, a new technology for detection of bubbles wakes is proposed. This technology arrives at the apperception by detection of forward light scattered by wake bubbles, inversion of light beam transfer model in small angle approximation and obtainment of the bubbles' number density in wakes. According to the characteristics of detecting bubbles wakes by forward light scattering, the model of light transfer in small angle approximation is established based on light scattering properties of wake bubbles. Compared to traditional transfer equation in small angle approximation, this model has two improvements. One is that correctional linear combination of two Gauss function replaces old one Gauss function in phase function fit; the other is the correction of forward scattering to un-scattering intensity. Finally, the method is confirmed to be feasible by detecting simulated wake bubbles using the testing equipment developed in this paper.
Firstly, the light scattering properties of wake bubbles are investigated, which include the scattering properties of single bubble, bubble populations and the extinction features of light beam transferring in bubbles wakes. The optical efficiency factor, polarization, intensity distribution and energy distribution of light scattered by single bubble are discussed. Based on single bubble's light scattering properties, the characteristics of light scattered by bubble populations are studied. The energy distribution function is introduced for analyzing the energy distribution of light scattering conveniently. According to the fact that bubbles in ocean are coated with organic film in their most part of lifetime, the searches for bubbles' scattering characteristics includes clean bubbles and dirty bubbles coated with different component and thickness organic film. The approach used to research into the bubbles scattering is Mie theory. According to the properties of intensity and energy distribution of bubbles' light scattering, traditional Gauss fit for scattering phase applied in traditional transfer equation in small angle approximation is improved, and the forward scattering error is also corrected. Based on the improved transfer equation, the multiple scattering, the correction to multiple scattering and the relationship between bubbles number density and light beam attenuation are analyzed when light beam propagates through bubbles wakes. These analyses give a theoretical support for design of testing equipment for detecting bubbles number density.
Secondly, the approaches, which obtain bubbles' number density by detecting forward light scattered by wake bubbles, are discussed, on basis of transfer characteristics of light beam in wakes. An inversion method to transfer equation is presented, which is fit for multiple scattering. A series of points about bubbles number density and energy transmission ratio are obtained by numeric calculation utilizing the solution of improved light transfer equation in small angle approximation. Then function between bubbles number density and energy transmission ratio can be gotten by fit the points in the least squares sense. So in actual detection of wake bubbles, one can easily obtain the bubbles number density utilizing the function, after the energy transmission ratio is measured.
Thirdly, wake bubbles are simulated by hydrogen bubbles produced by water electrolysis. To validate the method of obtaining bubbles number density presented in this paper, a wake bubbles having known size distribution function and number density is necessary to act as benchmark. Here, the simulated wake bubbles' size distribution function is gotten by micrography, digital image processing and statistic analysis; the number density is achieved by controlling the current in electrolysis in terms of current conservation.
Lastly, testing equipment for validating the detecting method proposed in this paper is designed and manufactured, which consists of optical system, electronic system, PC software and mechanical structure. The simulated wake bubbles were detected by the testing equipment, and the number density measured by the testing equipment is fairly consistent with the number density controlled in electrochemistry, which confirm that the technology presented in this paper is feasible.
引文
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