球形离散颗粒抑制热喷流红外辐射规律研究
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摘要
海湾战争以及近年的几次中东局部战争以来,红外制导武器对现代化高价值作战平台的威胁已得到广泛认可。与此相对的是飞行器发动机动力性能的不断提高,使其红外辐射相应增加。飞行器发动机是一个高温动力设备,如果以牺牲其动力性能换取红外辐射的降低显然是不现实的,这就使得其红外辐射的消除或大幅度减弱成为一个非常困难的任务,因而红外辐射的抑制方法及其理论研究具有很高的军事价值。
针对发动机后向,由热空腔-尾喷流形成的红外辐射是飞行器的重要辐射源,气溶胶红外遮蔽技术就是针对其开展的一种红外抑制技术,并已在少数军事大国得到实际应用。气溶胶红外遮蔽的实质是利用悬浮的粒子对红外辐射能量的散射和吸收特性,达到抑制高温尾喷流红外辐射传输的效果。此外,目前红外制导武器的探测窗口多数都在中红外(3～5μm)波段,也有一部分兼顾中、远红外(8～14μm)两个大气窗口。
论文以此为研究背景,从离散颗粒的光学消光特性研究入手,结合实验研究,分析获得球形离散颗粒抑制热喷流(含热空腔)红外辐射传输的主要影响因素,最后通过系统的数值研究探讨了这几个因素对红外抑制率的影响规律。研究波段以中红外为主,研究角度为喷流后向0o～90 o。
研究结果表明,影响离散颗粒红外抑制规律的因素可分为两个方面:一方面与颗粒本身的光学特性有关,其中涉及的基本因素是颗粒粒径和颗粒的复折射率,通过这两个因素确定辐射传输计算中所需的消光效率因子、非对称因子以及颗粒的前向散射因子,进而影响辐射传递规律;另一方面与颗粒在喷流射流中的扩散分布,即与每个计算单元体中的颗粒数浓度密切相关,其中涉及的主要因素有粒径、喷射浓度、喷射速度、颗粒导热系数等。
以上因素中粒径对抑制率的影响规律最为复杂,不仅直接影响颗粒消光特性参数,还影响到颗粒在喷流中的扩散规律及单位体积内的颗粒数浓度,研究范围内显示粒径在1.0μm左右最佳;复折射率的实部对抑制率的影响不大,虚部的影响显著,最佳值在3.0左右;喷射浓度的提高可显著提高红外抑制率,但抑制率并不是随喷射浓度的增加成线性增大;喷射速度对抑制率有一定影响,当颗粒的喷射速度与喷射点当地的喷流速度接近时,可一定程度上提高抑制率;由于研究的颗粒尺度较小,颗粒的导热系数对抑制率的影响并不显著。
此外从离散颗粒的研制出发,研究显示首先应该根据入射波长确定合适的颗粒粒径,其次选择的颗粒材料以能获得较高的消光效率因子,兼顾相对较小的非对称因子及前向散射因子为选材基本原则。
During the last 40 years, infrared radiation (IR) guided missiles have been the leading killer of combat aircraft. The aero engine is one of the most important IR sources of aircraft and it becomes to be much more distinct with the increase of its performance. This results in a great challenge of IR suppression of combat aircraft especially the aero engine. Thus understanding and controlling aircraft IR signature are the essential and significant element in addressing the mission effectiveness of future conflicts.
Aerosol obscure is one of effectual techniques of IR suppression, which has been applied to decrease the IR signature of hot air exhausted from aero engine in a few countries. Scattering and absorbing of IR energy can be combined together with the small particles suspended in obscure, and the transmission of IR will be reduced according to those.
All the results show that the IR signature of exhausted hot air from aero engine is affected by the optical characters of discrete particles and the distributions of discrete particles in aerosol at the same time. And the basal parameters of optical character is complex index of refraction, which is decided by extinction efficiency factor, asymmetry factor and forward scattering factor. The distribution of discrete particles in aerosol is decided by the diameter, velocity, thermal conductivity and thickness of discrete particles.
It was found in investigations that the rule of IR signature affected by the diameter of discrete particles was the most complicated. And there existed the best IR signature extinction when the diameter of particles was in the range of 1.0μm.
The results presented that the IR signature is much more sensitive to the imaginary part of complex index of refraction than the real part. Better IR signature was achieved when the imaginary part of complex index of refraction equals 3.0.
Among these three parameters of velocity, thermal conductivity and thickness of discrete particles, the IR signature was decreased greatly in the case of higher thickness and it decreased a certain extant in the case of larger velocity. The diameter of discrete particles is so small that the IR signature was affected by thermal conductivity faintly.
Experimental and numerical results also demonstrated that the chosen of discrete particle in aerosol should confirm the diameter by wavelength firstly, select the material whose extinction efficiency factor is higher, and pick out the material whose asymmetry factor, forward scattering factor are lower followed.
针对发动机后向,由热空腔-尾喷流形成的红外辐射是飞行器的重要辐射源,气溶胶红外遮蔽技术就是针对其开展的一种红外抑制技术,并已在少数军事大国得到实际应用。气溶胶红外遮蔽的实质是利用悬浮的粒子对红外辐射能量的散射和吸收特性,达到抑制高温尾喷流红外辐射传输的效果。此外,目前红外制导武器的探测窗口多数都在中红外(3～5μm)波段,也有一部分兼顾中、远红外(8～14μm)两个大气窗口。
论文以此为研究背景,从离散颗粒的光学消光特性研究入手,结合实验研究,分析获得球形离散颗粒抑制热喷流(含热空腔)红外辐射传输的主要影响因素,最后通过系统的数值研究探讨了这几个因素对红外抑制率的影响规律。研究波段以中红外为主,研究角度为喷流后向0o～90 o。
研究结果表明,影响离散颗粒红外抑制规律的因素可分为两个方面:一方面与颗粒本身的光学特性有关,其中涉及的基本因素是颗粒粒径和颗粒的复折射率,通过这两个因素确定辐射传输计算中所需的消光效率因子、非对称因子以及颗粒的前向散射因子,进而影响辐射传递规律;另一方面与颗粒在喷流射流中的扩散分布,即与每个计算单元体中的颗粒数浓度密切相关,其中涉及的主要因素有粒径、喷射浓度、喷射速度、颗粒导热系数等。
以上因素中粒径对抑制率的影响规律最为复杂,不仅直接影响颗粒消光特性参数,还影响到颗粒在喷流中的扩散规律及单位体积内的颗粒数浓度,研究范围内显示粒径在1.0μm左右最佳;复折射率的实部对抑制率的影响不大,虚部的影响显著,最佳值在3.0左右;喷射浓度的提高可显著提高红外抑制率,但抑制率并不是随喷射浓度的增加成线性增大;喷射速度对抑制率有一定影响,当颗粒的喷射速度与喷射点当地的喷流速度接近时,可一定程度上提高抑制率;由于研究的颗粒尺度较小,颗粒的导热系数对抑制率的影响并不显著。
此外从离散颗粒的研制出发,研究显示首先应该根据入射波长确定合适的颗粒粒径,其次选择的颗粒材料以能获得较高的消光效率因子,兼顾相对较小的非对称因子及前向散射因子为选材基本原则。
During the last 40 years, infrared radiation (IR) guided missiles have been the leading killer of combat aircraft. The aero engine is one of the most important IR sources of aircraft and it becomes to be much more distinct with the increase of its performance. This results in a great challenge of IR suppression of combat aircraft especially the aero engine. Thus understanding and controlling aircraft IR signature are the essential and significant element in addressing the mission effectiveness of future conflicts.
Aerosol obscure is one of effectual techniques of IR suppression, which has been applied to decrease the IR signature of hot air exhausted from aero engine in a few countries. Scattering and absorbing of IR energy can be combined together with the small particles suspended in obscure, and the transmission of IR will be reduced according to those.
All the results show that the IR signature of exhausted hot air from aero engine is affected by the optical characters of discrete particles and the distributions of discrete particles in aerosol at the same time. And the basal parameters of optical character is complex index of refraction, which is decided by extinction efficiency factor, asymmetry factor and forward scattering factor. The distribution of discrete particles in aerosol is decided by the diameter, velocity, thermal conductivity and thickness of discrete particles.
It was found in investigations that the rule of IR signature affected by the diameter of discrete particles was the most complicated. And there existed the best IR signature extinction when the diameter of particles was in the range of 1.0μm.
The results presented that the IR signature is much more sensitive to the imaginary part of complex index of refraction than the real part. Better IR signature was achieved when the imaginary part of complex index of refraction equals 3.0.
Among these three parameters of velocity, thermal conductivity and thickness of discrete particles, the IR signature was decreased greatly in the case of higher thickness and it decreased a certain extant in the case of larger velocity. The diameter of discrete particles is so small that the IR signature was affected by thermal conductivity faintly.
Experimental and numerical results also demonstrated that the chosen of discrete particle in aerosol should confirm the diameter by wavelength firstly, select the material whose extinction efficiency factor is higher, and pick out the material whose asymmetry factor, forward scattering factor are lower followed.
引文
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