中国农村小额信贷风险管理研究
|
摘要
小额信贷于20世纪70年代发端于孟加拉国，旨在面向贫困人口提供金融服务，是农村扶贫的一种有效金融工具。90年代初，我国引入小额信贷，经过十多年的发展，已经历了四个阶段：一是小额信贷试点的初期阶段；二是小额信贷项目的扩展阶段；三是全面试行推广小额信贷阶段；四是进入探索“商业性小额信贷”的全新阶段。随着我国小额信贷蓬勃发展，已经形成了非政府组织（NGO）小额信贷、农行/农发行（国有银行）开展的扶贫贴息小额信贷、农村信用社系统的小额信贷、城市商业银行和担保公司开展的小额信贷项目、只贷不存的小额贷款公司开展的小额信贷、邮政储蓄银行开展的小额信贷、村镇银行小额信贷、农村资金互助社开展的小额信贷、股份制商业银行小额信贷等多种类型的小额信贷。小额信贷，在扶贫领域取得了令人瞩目的成就，在解决农户贷款难问题、支持农村经济发展、促进农民增收等方面发挥了重要而积极的作用，受到了广大农户的普遍欢迎。然而，我国农村小额信贷业务的可持续发展也面临着诸多的问题，其中最为突出的难点在于小额信贷的各种风险（比如信用风险、利率风险、市场风险、自然风险、操作风险等），直接导致我国农户小额贷款困难，农户小额信贷市场普遍存在低覆盖率，难以满足农村经济发展的需要。我国农村小额信贷风险能否得到有效管理和化解，不仅关系到小额信贷机构的生存和发展以及农户增收的扶持资金能否得到保障，而且关系到农村信贷市场秩序稳定以及农户小额信贷今后可持续发展，最终影响到我国的社会主义新农村建设进程。
本文从中国农村小额信贷风险状况出发，以风险管理理论为基础，重点研究了中国农村小额信贷的利率风险及管理；从中国农村小额信贷机构治理结构入手，分析其要解决的委托代理问题和内部人控制问题，并从小额信贷机构主体角度提出风险管理的方法；分析小额信贷客户信用等级评分方法及信用卡评分模型，按照评分等级进行小额信贷风险管理；介绍国际小额信贷成功监管方式，分析中国小额信贷机构监管面临的挑战，借鉴国际小额信贷机构成功监管经验，提出中国小额信贷机构有效监管框架；通过小额信贷风险形成原因分析，最终提出中国农村小额信贷风险控制策略。论文既包括小额信贷风险的基本理论，又包括小额信贷风险管理的实践探索；既有我国农村小额信贷风险现状、类型的考察，又有小额信贷风险形成原因的分析及采取的相应对策；既介绍了小额信贷风险量化的理论模型，也对中国农村小额信贷风险进行了实证分析；在此基础上，建立与我国实际情况相符合的农村小额信贷风险管理体系，进一步促进中国农村小额信贷的可持续发展。本文具体内容的安排如下：
第一章：导论。阐述中国国农村小额信贷风险管理的选题背景、研究目的和意义、研究思路和方法以及本论文的可能创新之处。
第二章：小额信贷风险管理基础理论。介绍了小额信贷的相关理论基础；对国内外小额信贷风险管理的文献进行了较为系统的梳理，并对国际国内小额信贷风险管理理论和实践进行介绍性评价。
第三章：中国农村小额信贷风险状况及风险管理问题。介绍了中国农村小额信贷发展的历史沿革和发展现状；实证考察了非政府组织小额信贷机构、农村信用社、村镇银行、小额贷款公司开展小额信贷的具体情况及风险状况，分析了小额信贷机构信贷风险和风险管理存在的主要问题。
第四章：中国农村小额信贷利率分析及风险管理。介绍了小额信贷利率机制和测算方法，重点分析了农户小额信贷利率的理论模型，得出结论：小额信贷机构进行风险控制，必须提高利率水平；通过案例分析，农户可以接受的利率水平在20%-30%。
第五章：中国农村小额信贷机构治理与风险管理。从小额信贷机构的治理结构入手，分析其要解决的委托代理问题和内部人控制问题以及治理结构框架问题；论述了小额信贷机构的内部控制和内部审计，做好小额信贷机构的风险管理。
第六章：中国小额信贷机构评估与客户信用等级评分管理。小额信贷机构评估和客户信用等级评分，是小额信贷机构自身风险管理和客户信用风险控制的重要前提和基础。本章具体论述了小额信贷机构评估的方法，分析小额信贷客户信用等级评分的可行性和必要性，并通过建立信用评分卡模型和应用，以及建立评分政策和在操作上监督，来控制小额信贷信用风险。
第七章：中国农村小额信贷的有效监管。介绍了国际小额信贷机构监管的原则和成功经验；分析了中国小额信贷机构有效监管框架和审慎监管准则，以及小额信贷机构监管面临的挑战。
第八章：中国农村小额信贷风险管理策略。介绍了农村小额信贷风险表现形式，并分析小额信贷风险产生的原因；分析比较国内外小额信贷风险控制模式；最终提出中国农村小额信贷风险管理策略。
Microfinance was originated from Bangladesh in the1970s, to face poverty populationto provide financial services.It is a kind of effective financial instrument to help poverty. In90s, microfinance was introduced to the our country.After more than10years development,our country microfinance experienced four stages: one is the microfinance first stage; two ismicrofinance project extension stages; Three is the comprehensive trial promotionmicrofinance stage; Four is to explore “commercial microfinance” new stage. With ourmicrofinance vigorous development, we have formed non-governmental organizations (NGOs)microfinance, agriculture bank(state-owned Banks) carrying out of poverty relief discountmicrofinance, rural credit cooperatives system microfinance, city commercial Banks and theguarantee company conducting microfinance projects, only borrowing not existing smallloans companies projiects, postal savings bank s projiects, small rural towns credit projects,rural financial institution of microfinance projects, joint stock commercial Banksmicrofinance projects,etc. Microfinance, in aid-the-poor work has made remarkableachievements and has been active fuction in solving farmers question of loans, supportting forrural economic development, promoting the increase in farmers' income.The majority offarmers generally welcome. However, at present our country rural microcredit business ofsustainable development is faced with many problems, some of the most prominent is thedifficulty of microfinance to all kinds of risk (such as credit risk, the interest rate risk, marketrisk, natural risk, operation risk, etc), led directly to the farmers small loans difficult andfarmers microfinance market is widespread low coverage, not to meet the needs of ruraleconomic development. Therefore, Our microfinance risk can be or not be effective and todissolve, is not only related to the survival and development of farmers' income and thesupport of the funding, and related to the rural credit market order and farmers microfinancethe sustainable development in the future, and ultimately affect China's construction ofsocialist new countryside construction.
This article from the international and domestic microfinance development history,present situation, based on risk management theory, according to credit risk management,borrow before when risk management and credit risk management after logical sequence, withour rural financial system reform and microfinance development present situation, hascomprehensively study the credit risk appeared in the process of the development of our rural microcredit. The Paper includes the basic theory of microfinance risk, and includes thepractice exploration of microfinance risk manangement; includes the investigation of themicrofinance current situation and types, and the microfinance risk analysis of the cause andtakes countermeasures; not only introduces the microfinance risk quantitative theoreticalmodel, and empirically analysis the microfinance risk by establishing econometric model. Onthis basis,it set up a set of microfinance risk management system according with the actualsituation in our country,and further promotting our rural microcredit sustainable development.This article specifically arranges the content as follows:
Chapter1: An introduction to the paper.It is a choosing background, research purposeand meaning, thoughts and methods of our rural microcredit risk management and thepossible innovation of the paper.
Chapter2: The present situation of microfinance risk management at home and abroadand the theory reviewed. This chapter introduces the related theories of microfinance;introduces systemly the literature of domestic and foreign microfinance risk management, andcombins theory and practice of the international and domestic microfinance risk management,in order to existing introductory research of microfinance risk manangement based on presentresearch work.
Chapter3: The Chinese rural microfinance risk situation, and the question of riskmanagement. This chapter presents the development of rural microcredit historical evolutionand development present situation. It empirically studies the NGOs institutions, rural creditcooperatives, villages Banks, and analyzes the microfinance institutions credit risk and thereason, then puts forward some countermeasures.
Chapter4: Microfinance rates analysis and risk management. The interest rate is theimportant content of microfinance. This chapter discusses the microfinance rates mechanismand measuring methods, and discusses the theory model of peasant household microfinancerates; At the same time, analyzes the microcredit interest rate marketization and influencefactors.
Chapter5:Microfinance institutions governance and risk management. This chapter frommicrofinance institutions of the governance structure, analyzes the problems to solve andgovernance framework; discusses the microfinance institutions internal control and theinternal audit, further works microfinance institutions risk management.
Chapter6: Microfinance institutions evaluation and customer credit ratings management.Microfinance institutions evaluation and customer credit rating score are an importantpremise and foundation of microfinance institutions its own risk management and customercredit risk control. This chapter discusses the method of evaluating the microfinance institutions, analyzes the feasibility and necessity of microfinance customer credit rating score;and controls the microfinance credit risk by establishing credit score card model and theapplication, and by establishing rating policy and supervision in operation.
Chapter7: The Chinese rural microfinance effective regulatory. This chapter presents theinternational microfinance institutions the principles of successful experience and supervision;analyzes the Chinese microfinance institutions effective regulatory framework and prudentsupervision standards, and the facing challenges of microfinance institutions supervision.
Chapter8: The Chinese rural microfinance risk management strategy and policysuggestion. This chapter summarizes the types, characteristics and causes of microfinance risk;compares the controlling model of domestic and foreign microfinance risk; analysis thegeneral techniques and tools of microfinance risk control, puts forward to create the earlywarning system of microfinance risk control.
本文从中国农村小额信贷风险状况出发，以风险管理理论为基础，重点研究了中国农村小额信贷的利率风险及管理；从中国农村小额信贷机构治理结构入手，分析其要解决的委托代理问题和内部人控制问题，并从小额信贷机构主体角度提出风险管理的方法；分析小额信贷客户信用等级评分方法及信用卡评分模型，按照评分等级进行小额信贷风险管理；介绍国际小额信贷成功监管方式，分析中国小额信贷机构监管面临的挑战，借鉴国际小额信贷机构成功监管经验，提出中国小额信贷机构有效监管框架；通过小额信贷风险形成原因分析，最终提出中国农村小额信贷风险控制策略。论文既包括小额信贷风险的基本理论，又包括小额信贷风险管理的实践探索；既有我国农村小额信贷风险现状、类型的考察，又有小额信贷风险形成原因的分析及采取的相应对策；既介绍了小额信贷风险量化的理论模型，也对中国农村小额信贷风险进行了实证分析；在此基础上，建立与我国实际情况相符合的农村小额信贷风险管理体系，进一步促进中国农村小额信贷的可持续发展。本文具体内容的安排如下：
第一章：导论。阐述中国国农村小额信贷风险管理的选题背景、研究目的和意义、研究思路和方法以及本论文的可能创新之处。
第二章：小额信贷风险管理基础理论。介绍了小额信贷的相关理论基础；对国内外小额信贷风险管理的文献进行了较为系统的梳理，并对国际国内小额信贷风险管理理论和实践进行介绍性评价。
第三章：中国农村小额信贷风险状况及风险管理问题。介绍了中国农村小额信贷发展的历史沿革和发展现状；实证考察了非政府组织小额信贷机构、农村信用社、村镇银行、小额贷款公司开展小额信贷的具体情况及风险状况，分析了小额信贷机构信贷风险和风险管理存在的主要问题。
第四章：中国农村小额信贷利率分析及风险管理。介绍了小额信贷利率机制和测算方法，重点分析了农户小额信贷利率的理论模型，得出结论：小额信贷机构进行风险控制，必须提高利率水平；通过案例分析，农户可以接受的利率水平在20%-30%。
第五章：中国农村小额信贷机构治理与风险管理。从小额信贷机构的治理结构入手，分析其要解决的委托代理问题和内部人控制问题以及治理结构框架问题；论述了小额信贷机构的内部控制和内部审计，做好小额信贷机构的风险管理。
第六章：中国小额信贷机构评估与客户信用等级评分管理。小额信贷机构评估和客户信用等级评分，是小额信贷机构自身风险管理和客户信用风险控制的重要前提和基础。本章具体论述了小额信贷机构评估的方法，分析小额信贷客户信用等级评分的可行性和必要性，并通过建立信用评分卡模型和应用，以及建立评分政策和在操作上监督，来控制小额信贷信用风险。
第七章：中国农村小额信贷的有效监管。介绍了国际小额信贷机构监管的原则和成功经验；分析了中国小额信贷机构有效监管框架和审慎监管准则，以及小额信贷机构监管面临的挑战。
第八章：中国农村小额信贷风险管理策略。介绍了农村小额信贷风险表现形式，并分析小额信贷风险产生的原因；分析比较国内外小额信贷风险控制模式；最终提出中国农村小额信贷风险管理策略。
Microfinance was originated from Bangladesh in the1970s, to face poverty populationto provide financial services.It is a kind of effective financial instrument to help poverty. In90s, microfinance was introduced to the our country.After more than10years development,our country microfinance experienced four stages: one is the microfinance first stage; two ismicrofinance project extension stages; Three is the comprehensive trial promotionmicrofinance stage; Four is to explore “commercial microfinance” new stage. With ourmicrofinance vigorous development, we have formed non-governmental organizations (NGOs)microfinance, agriculture bank(state-owned Banks) carrying out of poverty relief discountmicrofinance, rural credit cooperatives system microfinance, city commercial Banks and theguarantee company conducting microfinance projects, only borrowing not existing smallloans companies projiects, postal savings bank s projiects, small rural towns credit projects,rural financial institution of microfinance projects, joint stock commercial Banksmicrofinance projects,etc. Microfinance, in aid-the-poor work has made remarkableachievements and has been active fuction in solving farmers question of loans, supportting forrural economic development, promoting the increase in farmers' income.The majority offarmers generally welcome. However, at present our country rural microcredit business ofsustainable development is faced with many problems, some of the most prominent is thedifficulty of microfinance to all kinds of risk (such as credit risk, the interest rate risk, marketrisk, natural risk, operation risk, etc), led directly to the farmers small loans difficult andfarmers microfinance market is widespread low coverage, not to meet the needs of ruraleconomic development. Therefore, Our microfinance risk can be or not be effective and todissolve, is not only related to the survival and development of farmers' income and thesupport of the funding, and related to the rural credit market order and farmers microfinancethe sustainable development in the future, and ultimately affect China's construction ofsocialist new countryside construction.
This article from the international and domestic microfinance development history,present situation, based on risk management theory, according to credit risk management,borrow before when risk management and credit risk management after logical sequence, withour rural financial system reform and microfinance development present situation, hascomprehensively study the credit risk appeared in the process of the development of our rural microcredit. The Paper includes the basic theory of microfinance risk, and includes thepractice exploration of microfinance risk manangement; includes the investigation of themicrofinance current situation and types, and the microfinance risk analysis of the cause andtakes countermeasures; not only introduces the microfinance risk quantitative theoreticalmodel, and empirically analysis the microfinance risk by establishing econometric model. Onthis basis,it set up a set of microfinance risk management system according with the actualsituation in our country,and further promotting our rural microcredit sustainable development.This article specifically arranges the content as follows:
Chapter1: An introduction to the paper.It is a choosing background, research purposeand meaning, thoughts and methods of our rural microcredit risk management and thepossible innovation of the paper.
Chapter2: The present situation of microfinance risk management at home and abroadand the theory reviewed. This chapter introduces the related theories of microfinance;introduces systemly the literature of domestic and foreign microfinance risk management, andcombins theory and practice of the international and domestic microfinance risk management,in order to existing introductory research of microfinance risk manangement based on presentresearch work.
Chapter3: The Chinese rural microfinance risk situation, and the question of riskmanagement. This chapter presents the development of rural microcredit historical evolutionand development present situation. It empirically studies the NGOs institutions, rural creditcooperatives, villages Banks, and analyzes the microfinance institutions credit risk and thereason, then puts forward some countermeasures.
Chapter4: Microfinance rates analysis and risk management. The interest rate is theimportant content of microfinance. This chapter discusses the microfinance rates mechanismand measuring methods, and discusses the theory model of peasant household microfinancerates; At the same time, analyzes the microcredit interest rate marketization and influencefactors.
Chapter5:Microfinance institutions governance and risk management. This chapter frommicrofinance institutions of the governance structure, analyzes the problems to solve andgovernance framework; discusses the microfinance institutions internal control and theinternal audit, further works microfinance institutions risk management.
Chapter6: Microfinance institutions evaluation and customer credit ratings management.Microfinance institutions evaluation and customer credit rating score are an importantpremise and foundation of microfinance institutions its own risk management and customercredit risk control. This chapter discusses the method of evaluating the microfinance institutions, analyzes the feasibility and necessity of microfinance customer credit rating score;and controls the microfinance credit risk by establishing credit score card model and theapplication, and by establishing rating policy and supervision in operation.
Chapter7: The Chinese rural microfinance effective regulatory. This chapter presents theinternational microfinance institutions the principles of successful experience and supervision;analyzes the Chinese microfinance institutions effective regulatory framework and prudentsupervision standards, and the facing challenges of microfinance institutions supervision.
Chapter8: The Chinese rural microfinance risk management strategy and policysuggestion. This chapter summarizes the types, characteristics and causes of microfinance risk;compares the controlling model of domestic and foreign microfinance risk; analysis thegeneral techniques and tools of microfinance risk control, puts forward to create the earlywarning system of microfinance risk control.
引文
[美]埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆.社会资本：流行的狂热或基本的概念？[J].经济与社会体制比较.2003(2).
[美]麦金农.经济发展中的货币与资本[M].上海三联书店.1998.
[美]詹姆斯·科尔曼.社会理论的基础(上)[M].社会科学文献出版社.1990:337-345.
爱德华.肖.经济发展中的金融深化[M].上海三联书店.1988.
卜文辉.我国农村小额信贷信用制度亟待完善[J].农村经济,2009(8):68-69.
曹凤歧,郭志文.我国小额信贷问题研究[J].农村金融研究,2008(9):76-79.
曹辛欣.小额信贷的利率分析[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2007(5):99-101.
陈涛,彭志彗.小额信贷机构治理结构研究[J].科技创新月刊,2005(3):30-32.
陈庭强,王冀宁.基于博弈论的农户小额信贷风险管理研究[J].中国农村金融,2010(7):62-67.
程恩江,刘西川.中国非政府小额信贷和农村金融[M].浙江大学出版社,2007.
戴根有.中国小额信贷的发展与展望[M].中国小额信贷十年,2005(1):3.
董小君.金融风险预警机制研究[M].北京,经济管理出版社,2004.
董志勇，黄迈，刘文忻.农村小额信贷的激励理论述评[J].经济理论与管理，2008（10）：27-31。
杜晓山，刘文璞.小额信贷原理及运作[M].上海财经大学出版社.2001(8):150-154
杜晓山,刘文璞等.小额信贷原理及运作[M].上海财经大学出版社,2001(8):114-119.
杜晓山,刘文璞等.小额信贷原理及运作[M].上海财经大学出版社,2001(8):23.
杜晓山.小额信贷发展与普惠性金融体系框架[J].中国农村经济,2006(8):72-75.
杜晓山.小额信贷十年[M].社会科学文献出版社,2005(1):5-17.
杜晓山.中国农村小额信贷的实践尝试[J].中国农村经济,2004(8):13-20.
费玉娥,刘志英.农户小额信贷信用风险控制模式研究[J].农业金融研究,2009(10):72-75.
郭明奇.小额信用贷款与农村信用体系建设[J].金融研究,2002(10):118-125.
何道峰,卫丽莉.小额信贷与中国扶贫开发方式变革[A].中国扶贫论文精粹[C]2001.
何广文.从农村居民资金借贷行为看农村金融抑制与金融深化[J].中国农村经济,1999(10).
何广文.改善小额信贷与优化农户贷款环境[J].农村经济与科技,2003(1):19-21.
何广文.小额信贷运作与管理[M].国培机构.2010.
何敏峰.完善农户小额信用贷款制度的政策建议[J].金融实务,2005(6):37.
黄忆寒.小额信贷风险的类型及防范建议[J].中国农村金融,2010(6):77-78.
贾峤,房军,吕萍.我国农村小额信贷的文化环境建设研究[J].农业经济,2009(6):95.
蒋定之.大力发展农村小额信贷有效支持社会主义新农村建设[J].中国农村信用合作,2008(2):8-10.
焦瑾璞,陈瑾.建设中国普惠金融体系[M].中国金融出版社.2009(11):27-34.
焦瑾璞,杨骏.小额信贷和农村金融[M].中国金融出版社.2006(9):109-110.
孔荣,杨秀珍.农村小额信贷农户满意度评价体系构建[J].经济问题,2010(8):83-85.
李平则.基于粗糙集的小额农贷信贷风险评价[J].农业与技术,2009(2):104-107.
李洋,宫琛等.农村小额信贷中借贷双方的“互斥现象”分析[J].农村金融研究,2009(10),68-73.
联合国资本发展基金会.微型金融远程学习课程.2002(9):37-39.
刘仁伍.新农村建设中的金融问题[M].中国金融出版社.2006(11):72-79.
刘文璞.非政府组织小额信贷的可持续发展[M].小额信贷十年,社会科学文献出版社2005(5):60-66.
骆玉鼎,刘莉亚等.农户融资现状及其成因分析[J].中国农村观察,2009(3):4-12
马成林.完善我国农村小额信贷的博弈路径分析[J].农村经济,2010(12):71-74.
马忠富.政策加力推动农村小额贷款[J].银行家,2007(11):110-112.
茅于轼.兴办小额贷款的几点经验[J].农村金融研究,2006(2):41-42.
茅予轼.推广小额贷款的若干问题[N].学习时报,2006,12,25.
聂勇.多目标决策的农户小额信贷绩效评价模型研究[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2009(1):6-9,51.
饶卫,闵宗陶,魏修建.农村小额信贷中的外部性效应分析[J].经济问题,2011(9):84-87.
石俊志.小额信贷发展模式的国际比较及其对我国的启示[J].国际金融研究,2007(10):6-11.
石庆炎,秦宛顺.个人信用评分模型及其应用[M].中国方正出版社,2006(10):98-103.
舒圣祥.给农民贷款利率越高越好吗?[N].中华工商时报,2006,11,29.
苏国霞.扶贫开发是中国特色社会主义的伟大实践[J].经济研究参考,2008(32):37-40
孙若梅.小额信贷与农民收入[M].中国经济出版社,2006(1):10-11.
孙同全.中国小额信贷政策法律环境的现状与前景[J].中国金融,2008(23):65-68.
汤敏.小额信贷为什么要有高利率?[J].经济界,2007(3):16-18.
汪三贵,李文.中国农村贫困研究[M].中国财政经济出版社,2005.
王睿,蒲勇健.中西部地区农村小额信贷机构发展现状实证研究[J].统计研究,2008(4):110-112.
王顺.金融风险管理[M].中国金融出版社.2009(10):4-6.
王卓.农村小额信贷利率及其需求弹性[J].中国农村经济,2007(6):64-72.
王卓.小额信贷扶贫的实践和思考[J].财经科学,1998(1):18-20.
吴国宝.扶贫模式——中国小额信贷扶贫研究[M].中国经济出版社,2001.
吴国宝.小额信贷对中国扶贫与发展的贡献[J].金融与经济,2003(11):8-11.
吴国宝.小额信贷扶贫试验及其启示[J].改革,1998(4):87-94.
吴晓灵.建立现代农村金融制度的若干看法[J].内蒙古金融研究,2009(1):6-9.
武建平.关于农业银行到户扶贫贷款的调查一思考[M].小额信贷十年,社会科学文献出版社.2005(5):106-107.
向东明.农村小额信贷一个文献综述[J].银行家,2009(6):111-114.
小额信贷机构业绩评测:报告、分析及监控框架.The SEEP Network.
小额信贷研究——小额信贷的财务透明度.中国社科院农村发展研究所小额信贷中心,2003(5).
小额信贷研究---小额信贷客户等级评分.中国社科院农村发展研究所小额信贷中心,2004年第三期.
熊嫕.以加强信任关系推进农村小额信贷——基于农民信任度的因子分析[J].农村经济,2009(7):79-82.
徐振春,任大鹏.我国农村小额信贷立法问题研究[J].农村经济,2007(1):69-71.
杨大楷,郭春红.小额信贷可持续发展:困境与出路[J].上海金融,2007(3):14-18.
杨红,张成翠.我国农村金融机构小额信贷问题探讨[J].农业经济,2010(10):51-53.
杨红丽,辛瑞.农户小额信贷风险预警体系的创立[J].商业研究,2009(6):164-165.
杨骏.小额信贷的国际发展趋势和风险管理机制[A].农村金融改革与小额信贷研讨培训班资料[C].北京:2006.
姚先斌,程恩江．小额信贷的概念、原则及在中国的实践[J]．中国农村经济,1998(4):52-57.
袁泽清.小额贷款公司的公司治理结构评析[J].南方金融,2008(6):62-64.
张改清,陈凯.小额信贷的小组联保机制运行机理与创新研究[J].生产力研究,2003(3):73-75.
张改清,陈凯.中国小额信贷利率探析[J].商业研究,2003(16):109-1OO.
张平.发展农村小额信贷，完善普惠金融体系建设[J].开发研究,2011(2):108-110.
张平.中国农村小额信贷持续发展的路径探讨[J].生产力研究,2011(4):69-71.
张其仔.社会资本论［M］.北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990.
张文静,孔荣,卡利姆·特维.我国农村小额信贷的诚信机制研究[J].商业研究,2009(3):157-160.
张旭昆,胡沁.中国农村小额信贷市场各主体博弈行为研究[J].生产力研究,2008(19):43-45.
张忠法.关于小额信贷问题研究与对策[J].经济研究参考,2000(7):4-9.
张忠永,朱乾宇.村镇银行的风险控制问题[J].银行家,2008(11):98-102.
张转方.农村信用建设与小额贷款[M].中国金融出版社.2008(12):149-165
章元,论团体贷款对信贷市场低效率的可能改进[J]．经济研究，2005，(1)．
章元.对团体贷款高还款率的解释:一个社会担保模型[J].世界经济文汇,2005(2):89-91.
赵爱清,何泽荣,文国权.中国农村小额信贷的内生发展机制——以黑龙江省通河县新村融资为例[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009(4):82-87.
赵岩青,何广文.声誉机制、信任机制与小额信贷[J].金融论坛,2008(1):33-39.
中国金融教育发展基金会.中国小额信贷案例选编[M].中国市场出版社.2009(3):78.
中国农村金融学会.中国农村金融发展改革发展三十年[M].中国金融出版社.2008(8):14-15.
周脉伏,成琴,葛大江.信贷风险管理[M].西南财经大学出版社.2009(6):14-26.
周振海.基于垄断和价格管制条件下的中国农村小额信贷市场分析[J].金融研究,2007(8):186-194.
周忠明.小额信贷的风险控制[J].金融纵横,2003(11):3-6.
朱乾宇.中国农户小额信贷影响研究[M].人民出版社.2010(4)
朱有奎,赖检发.小额信贷扶贫面临的挑战与对策[M].小额信贷十年,社会科学文献出版社2005(5):122-127.
Aghion, The economics of Microfinance[M]. MIT Press,Cambridge,MA,2005.
Beatriz Armendariz de Aghion,Jonathan Morduch.The economics of Microfinance[M].MITPress,Cambridge,MA,2005.
Christen R,Rosenberg,R.The Rush to Regulate:Legal Framework for Microfinance.CGAP OccasionalPaper,No.4,2000.
Cohen M.,The Impact of Microfinance,CGAP Donor Brief,No.13,2003.
Colin M.,Peer Group Micro-lending Programs in Canada and the United States.Journal of Development
Economics,No.60,1999.
Cornwall A.,White S.Men,Masculinities and Development:Politics,Policies and Practice,IDSBulletin,31,No.2,2000.
Denotes Vigenina，Alexander S．Kritikos．The Individual Micro-lending Contract：Is It a Better Design thanJoint liability?Evidence from Georgia[J]．Economic Systems，2004，(28)．
Doney PM, Cannon J P, Mullen M R. Understanding The Influence of National Cultrue On TheDevelopment of Trust[J]. Academy of Management Review.1998,23(3):601-620.
Duval A.,The Impact of Interest Rate Ceilings on Mircrofinance,CGAP Donor Brief,No.18,2004.
Eric Van Tasse1．Group1．ending under Asymmetric Information[J]．Journal of Development Economics，1999，(60)．
G.Impavido,Credit Rationing,Group Lending and Optimal Group Size [J].Annals of Public andCooperative Economics,1998,69(2).
Ghazala Mansuri．A Little at a Time： The Use of Regularly Scheduled Repayments in MicrofinancePrograms[J]．Journal of Development Economics．2003，(72)．
Gwendolyn Alexander Tedeschi． Here Today， Gone Tomorrow： Can Dynamic Incentives MakeMicrofinance More Flexible?[J].Journal of Development Economics，2006，(80)．
Hulme D.,Mosley P.,Finance Against Poverty,London:Routledge,1966.
Impavido,gregorio,1998.credit rationging,group lending and optimal group size,annals ofpublic&cooperative economics jun vol.69issue2.
J．Conning．Group Lending，Moral Hazard，and the Creation of Social Collateral[Z]．IRIS Working Paper，1996，(195)．
J.E.Stigliz,A.Weiss.Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information[J].The American EconomicReview,1981,71(3).
Joel M．Guttman．Assortative Matching，Adverse Selection and Group Lending[J]．Journal of DevelopmentEconomics，2O08．(87)．
Jonathan Morduch, Barbara Haley.Analysis of Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction[W]. NYUWangner Working Paper Series,2002,(6):23-34.
Jonathan Morduch. The Grameen Bank: A Financial Reckoning[C]. Unpublished Paper,1999:55
Jonathan Morduch．The Microfinance Promise[J]．Journal of Economic Literature，1999，37(4)．
Joseph Stiglitz．Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets[J]．World Bank Economic Review，1990，(4)
M．Ghatak，Timothy W．Guinnane．The Economic of Lending with Joint Liability：Theory andPractice[J]．Journal of Development Economics，1999，(60)．
M．Ghatak．Group I．ending。Local Information and Peer Selection[J]．Journal of Development Economics，1999，60(1)．
M．Ghatak．Joint Liability Group Lending Contracts and the Peer Selection Effects[z]．University ofChicago：Department of Economics，1997．
M．Ghatak．Screening by the Company You Keep：Joint Liability Lending and the Peer SelectionEffect[J]．The Economic Journa1．2000，(110)．
March JG, Simonh A. Organization[M]. New York: Wiley,1958:204-206.
Maurer K.,Bank Rakyat Indonesia:Twenty Years of Large-Scale Microfinance,Scaling up PovertyReduction:A Global Learning Process and Conference Shanghai,2004,May25-27.
Merton R.C.A Functional Perspective of Financial Intermediation.Financial Management No.2,1995.
Prabal Roy Chowdhury．Group lending with Sequential Financing，Contingent Renewal and SocialCapital[J]．Journal of Development Economics．2007，(84)．
Robert Peck Christen, Elisabeth Rhyne, Robert C. Vogel. Maximizing the Outreach of MicroenterpriseFinance: An Analysis of Successful Microfinance Programs [R].USAID Program and OperationsAssessment Report,1995,(8):10-16.
Rosenberg R,Lyman T.Regulation and Supervision of Microfinance.CGAP Donor Brief,NO.1,2003.
Sonia B.Saltzman,Rachel Rock,Darcy Sslinger.Performance and Standards in Microfinance:ACCIONSExperience with the CAMEL Instrument.A Publication of ACCION International,Discussion PaperSeries Document No.7.
Stiglitz J.E.,Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets,World Bank Economic Review,No.3,1990.
T．Besley，S．Coate．Group Lending，Repayment Incentives and Social Collateral[J]．Journal ofDevelopment Economics，l995，(46)．
Thierry van bastelaer,Howard Leathers,2006.Trust in lending social capital and joint liability seed loans insouthern zambia,journal of world development,vol.34,No.10:1788-1807.
Thomas Hladik,etal:VBNK Boards and Governance,77-81.
World Bank,China:Overcoming Rural Poverty,The World Bank,Washington,D.C.,2001.
Yaron, Jacob. What makes rural finance institutions successful?[J]. World Bank Research Observe,1994,9(1):56-71.
Zohir S.,Matin I.,Wider Impacts of Microfinance Institutions:Issues and Concepts,Journal of InternationalDevelopment,No.3,2004.
[美]麦金农.经济发展中的货币与资本[M].上海三联书店.1998.
[美]詹姆斯·科尔曼.社会理论的基础(上)[M].社会科学文献出版社.1990:337-345.
爱德华.肖.经济发展中的金融深化[M].上海三联书店.1988.
卜文辉.我国农村小额信贷信用制度亟待完善[J].农村经济,2009(8):68-69.
曹凤歧,郭志文.我国小额信贷问题研究[J].农村金融研究,2008(9):76-79.
曹辛欣.小额信贷的利率分析[J].黑龙江对外经贸,2007(5):99-101.
陈涛,彭志彗.小额信贷机构治理结构研究[J].科技创新月刊,2005(3):30-32.
陈庭强,王冀宁.基于博弈论的农户小额信贷风险管理研究[J].中国农村金融,2010(7):62-67.
程恩江,刘西川.中国非政府小额信贷和农村金融[M].浙江大学出版社,2007.
戴根有.中国小额信贷的发展与展望[M].中国小额信贷十年,2005(1):3.
董小君.金融风险预警机制研究[M].北京,经济管理出版社,2004.
董志勇，黄迈，刘文忻.农村小额信贷的激励理论述评[J].经济理论与管理，2008（10）：27-31。
杜晓山，刘文璞.小额信贷原理及运作[M].上海财经大学出版社.2001(8):150-154
杜晓山,刘文璞等.小额信贷原理及运作[M].上海财经大学出版社,2001(8):114-119.
杜晓山,刘文璞等.小额信贷原理及运作[M].上海财经大学出版社,2001(8):23.
杜晓山.小额信贷发展与普惠性金融体系框架[J].中国农村经济,2006(8):72-75.
杜晓山.小额信贷十年[M].社会科学文献出版社,2005(1):5-17.
杜晓山.中国农村小额信贷的实践尝试[J].中国农村经济,2004(8):13-20.
费玉娥,刘志英.农户小额信贷信用风险控制模式研究[J].农业金融研究,2009(10):72-75.
郭明奇.小额信用贷款与农村信用体系建设[J].金融研究,2002(10):118-125.
何道峰,卫丽莉.小额信贷与中国扶贫开发方式变革[A].中国扶贫论文精粹[C]2001.
何广文.从农村居民资金借贷行为看农村金融抑制与金融深化[J].中国农村经济,1999(10).
何广文.改善小额信贷与优化农户贷款环境[J].农村经济与科技,2003(1):19-21.
何广文.小额信贷运作与管理[M].国培机构.2010.
何敏峰.完善农户小额信用贷款制度的政策建议[J].金融实务,2005(6):37.
黄忆寒.小额信贷风险的类型及防范建议[J].中国农村金融,2010(6):77-78.
贾峤,房军,吕萍.我国农村小额信贷的文化环境建设研究[J].农业经济,2009(6):95.
蒋定之.大力发展农村小额信贷有效支持社会主义新农村建设[J].中国农村信用合作,2008(2):8-10.
焦瑾璞,陈瑾.建设中国普惠金融体系[M].中国金融出版社.2009(11):27-34.
焦瑾璞,杨骏.小额信贷和农村金融[M].中国金融出版社.2006(9):109-110.
孔荣,杨秀珍.农村小额信贷农户满意度评价体系构建[J].经济问题,2010(8):83-85.
李平则.基于粗糙集的小额农贷信贷风险评价[J].农业与技术,2009(2):104-107.
李洋,宫琛等.农村小额信贷中借贷双方的“互斥现象”分析[J].农村金融研究,2009(10),68-73.
联合国资本发展基金会.微型金融远程学习课程.2002(9):37-39.
刘仁伍.新农村建设中的金融问题[M].中国金融出版社.2006(11):72-79.
刘文璞.非政府组织小额信贷的可持续发展[M].小额信贷十年,社会科学文献出版社2005(5):60-66.
骆玉鼎,刘莉亚等.农户融资现状及其成因分析[J].中国农村观察,2009(3):4-12
马成林.完善我国农村小额信贷的博弈路径分析[J].农村经济,2010(12):71-74.
马忠富.政策加力推动农村小额贷款[J].银行家,2007(11):110-112.
茅于轼.兴办小额贷款的几点经验[J].农村金融研究,2006(2):41-42.
茅予轼.推广小额贷款的若干问题[N].学习时报,2006,12,25.
聂勇.多目标决策的农户小额信贷绩效评价模型研究[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2009(1):6-9,51.
饶卫,闵宗陶,魏修建.农村小额信贷中的外部性效应分析[J].经济问题,2011(9):84-87.
石俊志.小额信贷发展模式的国际比较及其对我国的启示[J].国际金融研究,2007(10):6-11.
石庆炎,秦宛顺.个人信用评分模型及其应用[M].中国方正出版社,2006(10):98-103.
舒圣祥.给农民贷款利率越高越好吗?[N].中华工商时报,2006,11,29.
苏国霞.扶贫开发是中国特色社会主义的伟大实践[J].经济研究参考,2008(32):37-40
孙若梅.小额信贷与农民收入[M].中国经济出版社,2006(1):10-11.
孙同全.中国小额信贷政策法律环境的现状与前景[J].中国金融,2008(23):65-68.
汤敏.小额信贷为什么要有高利率?[J].经济界,2007(3):16-18.
汪三贵,李文.中国农村贫困研究[M].中国财政经济出版社,2005.
王睿,蒲勇健.中西部地区农村小额信贷机构发展现状实证研究[J].统计研究,2008(4):110-112.
王顺.金融风险管理[M].中国金融出版社.2009(10):4-6.
王卓.农村小额信贷利率及其需求弹性[J].中国农村经济,2007(6):64-72.
王卓.小额信贷扶贫的实践和思考[J].财经科学,1998(1):18-20.
吴国宝.扶贫模式——中国小额信贷扶贫研究[M].中国经济出版社,2001.
吴国宝.小额信贷对中国扶贫与发展的贡献[J].金融与经济,2003(11):8-11.
吴国宝.小额信贷扶贫试验及其启示[J].改革,1998(4):87-94.
吴晓灵.建立现代农村金融制度的若干看法[J].内蒙古金融研究,2009(1):6-9.
武建平.关于农业银行到户扶贫贷款的调查一思考[M].小额信贷十年,社会科学文献出版社.2005(5):106-107.
向东明.农村小额信贷一个文献综述[J].银行家,2009(6):111-114.
小额信贷机构业绩评测:报告、分析及监控框架.The SEEP Network.
小额信贷研究——小额信贷的财务透明度.中国社科院农村发展研究所小额信贷中心,2003(5).
小额信贷研究---小额信贷客户等级评分.中国社科院农村发展研究所小额信贷中心,2004年第三期.
熊嫕.以加强信任关系推进农村小额信贷——基于农民信任度的因子分析[J].农村经济,2009(7):79-82.
徐振春,任大鹏.我国农村小额信贷立法问题研究[J].农村经济,2007(1):69-71.
杨大楷,郭春红.小额信贷可持续发展:困境与出路[J].上海金融,2007(3):14-18.
杨红,张成翠.我国农村金融机构小额信贷问题探讨[J].农业经济,2010(10):51-53.
杨红丽,辛瑞.农户小额信贷风险预警体系的创立[J].商业研究,2009(6):164-165.
杨骏.小额信贷的国际发展趋势和风险管理机制[A].农村金融改革与小额信贷研讨培训班资料[C].北京:2006.
姚先斌,程恩江．小额信贷的概念、原则及在中国的实践[J]．中国农村经济,1998(4):52-57.
袁泽清.小额贷款公司的公司治理结构评析[J].南方金融,2008(6):62-64.
张改清,陈凯.小额信贷的小组联保机制运行机理与创新研究[J].生产力研究,2003(3):73-75.
张改清,陈凯.中国小额信贷利率探析[J].商业研究,2003(16):109-1OO.
张平.发展农村小额信贷，完善普惠金融体系建设[J].开发研究,2011(2):108-110.
张平.中国农村小额信贷持续发展的路径探讨[J].生产力研究,2011(4):69-71.
张其仔.社会资本论［M］.北京：社会科学文献出版社，1990.
张文静,孔荣,卡利姆·特维.我国农村小额信贷的诚信机制研究[J].商业研究,2009(3):157-160.
张旭昆,胡沁.中国农村小额信贷市场各主体博弈行为研究[J].生产力研究,2008(19):43-45.
张忠法.关于小额信贷问题研究与对策[J].经济研究参考,2000(7):4-9.
张忠永,朱乾宇.村镇银行的风险控制问题[J].银行家,2008(11):98-102.
张转方.农村信用建设与小额贷款[M].中国金融出版社.2008(12):149-165
章元,论团体贷款对信贷市场低效率的可能改进[J]．经济研究，2005，(1)．
章元.对团体贷款高还款率的解释:一个社会担保模型[J].世界经济文汇,2005(2):89-91.
赵爱清,何泽荣,文国权.中国农村小额信贷的内生发展机制——以黑龙江省通河县新村融资为例[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009(4):82-87.
赵岩青,何广文.声誉机制、信任机制与小额信贷[J].金融论坛,2008(1):33-39.
中国金融教育发展基金会.中国小额信贷案例选编[M].中国市场出版社.2009(3):78.
中国农村金融学会.中国农村金融发展改革发展三十年[M].中国金融出版社.2008(8):14-15.
周脉伏,成琴,葛大江.信贷风险管理[M].西南财经大学出版社.2009(6):14-26.
周振海.基于垄断和价格管制条件下的中国农村小额信贷市场分析[J].金融研究,2007(8):186-194.
周忠明.小额信贷的风险控制[J].金融纵横,2003(11):3-6.
朱乾宇.中国农户小额信贷影响研究[M].人民出版社.2010(4)
朱有奎,赖检发.小额信贷扶贫面临的挑战与对策[M].小额信贷十年,社会科学文献出版社2005(5):122-127.
Aghion, The economics of Microfinance[M]. MIT Press,Cambridge,MA,2005.
Beatriz Armendariz de Aghion,Jonathan Morduch.The economics of Microfinance[M].MITPress,Cambridge,MA,2005.
Christen R,Rosenberg,R.The Rush to Regulate:Legal Framework for Microfinance.CGAP OccasionalPaper,No.4,2000.
Cohen M.,The Impact of Microfinance,CGAP Donor Brief,No.13,2003.
Colin M.,Peer Group Micro-lending Programs in Canada and the United States.Journal of Development
Economics,No.60,1999.
Cornwall A.,White S.Men,Masculinities and Development:Politics,Policies and Practice,IDSBulletin,31,No.2,2000.
Denotes Vigenina，Alexander S．Kritikos．The Individual Micro-lending Contract：Is It a Better Design thanJoint liability?Evidence from Georgia[J]．Economic Systems，2004，(28)．
Doney PM, Cannon J P, Mullen M R. Understanding The Influence of National Cultrue On TheDevelopment of Trust[J]. Academy of Management Review.1998,23(3):601-620.
Duval A.,The Impact of Interest Rate Ceilings on Mircrofinance,CGAP Donor Brief,No.18,2004.
Eric Van Tasse1．Group1．ending under Asymmetric Information[J]．Journal of Development Economics，1999，(60)．
G.Impavido,Credit Rationing,Group Lending and Optimal Group Size [J].Annals of Public andCooperative Economics,1998,69(2).
Ghazala Mansuri．A Little at a Time： The Use of Regularly Scheduled Repayments in MicrofinancePrograms[J]．Journal of Development Economics．2003，(72)．
Gwendolyn Alexander Tedeschi． Here Today， Gone Tomorrow： Can Dynamic Incentives MakeMicrofinance More Flexible?[J].Journal of Development Economics，2006，(80)．
Hulme D.,Mosley P.,Finance Against Poverty,London:Routledge,1966.
Impavido,gregorio,1998.credit rationging,group lending and optimal group size,annals ofpublic&cooperative economics jun vol.69issue2.
J．Conning．Group Lending，Moral Hazard，and the Creation of Social Collateral[Z]．IRIS Working Paper，1996，(195)．
J.E.Stigliz,A.Weiss.Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information[J].The American EconomicReview,1981,71(3).
Joel M．Guttman．Assortative Matching，Adverse Selection and Group Lending[J]．Journal of DevelopmentEconomics，2O08．(87)．
Jonathan Morduch, Barbara Haley.Analysis of Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction[W]. NYUWangner Working Paper Series,2002,(6):23-34.
Jonathan Morduch. The Grameen Bank: A Financial Reckoning[C]. Unpublished Paper,1999:55
Jonathan Morduch．The Microfinance Promise[J]．Journal of Economic Literature，1999，37(4)．
Joseph Stiglitz．Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets[J]．World Bank Economic Review，1990，(4)
M．Ghatak，Timothy W．Guinnane．The Economic of Lending with Joint Liability：Theory andPractice[J]．Journal of Development Economics，1999，(60)．
M．Ghatak．Group I．ending。Local Information and Peer Selection[J]．Journal of Development Economics，1999，60(1)．
M．Ghatak．Joint Liability Group Lending Contracts and the Peer Selection Effects[z]．University ofChicago：Department of Economics，1997．
M．Ghatak．Screening by the Company You Keep：Joint Liability Lending and the Peer SelectionEffect[J]．The Economic Journa1．2000，(110)．
March JG, Simonh A. Organization[M]. New York: Wiley,1958:204-206.
Maurer K.,Bank Rakyat Indonesia:Twenty Years of Large-Scale Microfinance,Scaling up PovertyReduction:A Global Learning Process and Conference Shanghai,2004,May25-27.
Merton R.C.A Functional Perspective of Financial Intermediation.Financial Management No.2,1995.
Prabal Roy Chowdhury．Group lending with Sequential Financing，Contingent Renewal and SocialCapital[J]．Journal of Development Economics．2007，(84)．
Robert Peck Christen, Elisabeth Rhyne, Robert C. Vogel. Maximizing the Outreach of MicroenterpriseFinance: An Analysis of Successful Microfinance Programs [R].USAID Program and OperationsAssessment Report,1995,(8):10-16.
Rosenberg R,Lyman T.Regulation and Supervision of Microfinance.CGAP Donor Brief,NO.1,2003.
Sonia B.Saltzman,Rachel Rock,Darcy Sslinger.Performance and Standards in Microfinance:ACCIONSExperience with the CAMEL Instrument.A Publication of ACCION International,Discussion PaperSeries Document No.7.
Stiglitz J.E.,Peer Monitoring and Credit Markets,World Bank Economic Review,No.3,1990.
T．Besley，S．Coate．Group Lending，Repayment Incentives and Social Collateral[J]．Journal ofDevelopment Economics，l995，(46)．
Thierry van bastelaer,Howard Leathers,2006.Trust in lending social capital and joint liability seed loans insouthern zambia,journal of world development,vol.34,No.10:1788-1807.
Thomas Hladik,etal:VBNK Boards and Governance,77-81.
World Bank,China:Overcoming Rural Poverty,The World Bank,Washington,D.C.,2001.
Yaron, Jacob. What makes rural finance institutions successful?[J]. World Bank Research Observe,1994,9(1):56-71.
Zohir S.,Matin I.,Wider Impacts of Microfinance Institutions:Issues and Concepts,Journal of InternationalDevelopment,No.3,2004.