现代五项运动员运动能力和机能状态监控与评价的研究
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摘要
目的:现代五项项目五个单项的组合对运动员的体能、心理和技战术训练等均具有较高的要求,在各个单项的训练中存在着既相互影响又相互矛盾的关系。在体能训练中如何把五项当作一个整体来练,各个单项的负荷和整体负荷如何安排,如何把单项训练对其他项目的制约因素减少到最小更是尚未解决的问题,这就要求教练和科研人员在平时训练时既要考虑每个单项运动能力的提高,又要考虑单项训练对其他项目运动能力的影响。如何能让现代五项运动员在五个项目均衡发展,是对体育科研提出的挑战性问题。本研究针对现代五项五个单项项目在比赛中的权重关系,通过各种指标测试评价不同训练周期和训练手段对现代五项运动员运动能力和机能状态的影响,以期达到发现薄弱环节,帮助教练员进行可行性调控,提高训练的科学性,保证运动员的体能和训练水平的不断提高。
实验方法:通过有氧能力和无氧能力测试、简单反应时和选择反应时、闪光融合频率等指标测试,评价高住低训、高原训练、不同训练周期对优秀现代五项运动员运动能力的影响,应用血液生化指标对运动员在训练的不同时期机能状态进行评定。现代五项新规则制定后,测试跑射联项训练中运动员血乳酸、心率和射击命中率等指标,分析相关性。
结果:
1)准备期初期,大运动量训练引起女运动员血红蛋白下降,准备期末运动量减少或机体适应,血红蛋白回升;男运动员随着体能训练比例的加大,第四周时血红蛋白最低。在竞赛周期第三、四周男女运动员白细胞均不同程度升高。男运动员准备期第四周肌酸激酶值显著升高,睾酮、皮质醇不同程度降低,但都在正常范围内。竞赛期第四周睾酮非常显著升高。女运动员准备周期的第四周尿素氮、肌酸激酶、睾酮和皮质醇值均有不同程度降低。竞赛期第四周睾酮明显降低,尿素氮、肌酸激酶值均有不同程度升高。
2)现代五项运动员有氧和无氧代谢能力的评定:女运动员绝对最大摄氧量、最大通气量与前国家女运动员和八一女队员相比没有明显差异,但相对最大摄氧量水平比前国家队女队员好而不如八一队女队员;男运动员的有氧代谢能力属于我国优秀现代五项男运动员水平。现代五项男女运动员无氧功峰值比我国优秀现代五项运动员高,且男运动员更显著。
3)闪光融合频率、简单反应时和选择反应时测试提示HiLo整体来说对现代五项运动员技能性项目无显著影响,但是存在运动员的个体化差异。
4)四周高原训练,既可显著提高现代五项运动员机体的血氧容量,又能明显促进血液中氧向周围组织释放,能有效的提高血液运氧能力,从而提高机体有氧能力,对运动员无氧能力无明显影响。高原训练对运动员中枢神经系统无疲劳积累和明显负面影响。
5)心率监控运动员跑射联项结果提示男女运动员之间相同心率,命中率和射击时间是不同的,因此不能用同样的心率评价标准。乳酸阈上训练有利于运动员改善乳酸的消除能力
结论:
1)监控现代五项运动员准备期和竞赛期机能状态敏感的生化指标为血红蛋白、红细胞压积、平均红细胞容积和白细胞和尿素氮、肌酸激酶和睾酮、皮质醇。
2)评价现代五项运动员有氧代谢能力的指标,除最大摄氧量绝对值、最大摄氧量相对值和最大通气量等指标外,Bla max也是一个重要的评价指标。
3)高住低训促进现代五项运动员红细胞和血红蛋白含量增加,并改善心肺功能和最大摄氧量。由此推论,HiLo不能保证提高现代五项运动员的运动成绩,但为提高运动员的有氧耐力水平提供了可能。高住低训前后现代五项运动员闪光融合频率、简单反应时和选择反应时测试值无明显差异,但对技能性项目的影响仍需通过一系列专项指标来做出评定。
4)四周高原训练增强了现代五项运动员有氧代谢能力,对速度耐力无明显影响,可以作为提高运动员有氧耐力的训练手段。
5)评价1 km×3跑射联项运动训练中、后运动员血乳酸和心率的变化,可以作为评价运动员射击状态的最佳依据。
Objective: The combination of five individual items in Modern Pentathlon has high requirements of the physical fitness, psychology and skill tactics training, the relationship among individual items are not only influencing but also contradictory. In the fitness training process, how to take five items as a whole, the load of every single item, the arrangement of whole load, and even how to minimize the restrictive factors of single item to others are unsolved questions yet. Which require coaches consider not only the improvement of exercise performance of every single item but also the influence of every single item to others, thus could develop five items of modern pentathlon overall. This study aim directly at weight relationship of five items in competition, use various indexes to evaluate the effects of different training cycle and training methods to the athletes of modern pentathlon, hope to find the weak links, assist coaches take regulation in training process, thus improve the scientific training, ensure the improvement of fitness activity and training level consistently.
Methods: Use blood biochemical indexes、aerobic and anaerobic testings、simple reaction time & select reaction time and flashlight blending frequency to evaluate the effect of training methods of four weeks Living high- Training low hypoxia training and four weeks sub- plateau training, different training cycles of Shanghai modern pentathlon athletes, some of them are the most excellent athletes in China. After adopting the "combined event" as the new competition format for Modern Pentathlon, test blood lactate , heart rate and shooting average, analyse their relevance.
Results:
1) In initial time of preparation period, the great training load caused the female athletes’hemoglobin to drop; hemoglobin raised due to training load reduced or organism adaptation at the end of preparation period; In the third and forth week, male and female athletes’leucocyte raised in different degree. In the forth week of preparation period, CK increased highly significant, Testerone and Cortisol decreased in different level, but with normal limits. Testerone increased significantly in the forth week, BUN, CK, Testerone and Cortisol decreased in different level. Testerone decreased significantly and BUN, CK increased in certain level.
2) Evaluating the aerobic and anaerobic of modern pentathlon athletes: compared to Ex-national female athletes and army female athletes, VO2max, VEmax of our female athletes have no obvious difference, but VO2max/kg is better than Ex-national female athletes and less than army female athletes. The aerobic capacity of male athletes belong to the level of Chinese excellent male athletes, the peak power of anaerobic capacity is higher than Chinese excellent male athletes.
3) Simple reaction time & select reaction time and flashlight blending frequency test results prompts HiLo have no influence in skill items of modern pentathlon, but there are existing individual differences.
4) Four-week plateau training not only improved modern pentathlon athletes’blood oxygen capacity, but also promoted the oxygen in blood peripherad release to tissue, could effectively enhance the ability of transport the oxygen in blood, thus improve the aerobic capacity, which have no obviously affect on anaerobic capacity. Plateau training had no fatigue and negative influence on athletes’central nervous system.
5) Heart rate monitoring’in“combined event”showed that the HR,shooting average and shooting time between male and female modern pentathlon athletes are different, therefore cannot use the same evaluation criteria. Training above lactic acid is in favor of improving athletes’capacity of eliminate lactic acid.
Conclusion:
1)The subtile blood biochemical indexes to mornitor physical function of modern pentathlon athletes are Hb, Hct, Mcv, WBC, BUN, CK, Testerone and Cortisol.
2)The indexes to mornitor aerobic capacity , besides VO2max, VO2max/kg and VEmax, Bla max is also an important index.
3)HiLo promoted the level of red blood cell and hemoglobin, improved cardiopulmonary function and VO2max of modern pentathlon athletes. Therefore, HiLo cann’t guarantee enhance sports performance of modern pentathlon athletes, but possiblely enhance the level of aerobic endurance. There is no difference in results of simple reaction time & select reaction time and flashlight blending frequency pre and after HiLo, However, the impact of the skill items need to make assessment through a series of specific indexes.
4)Four weeks plateau training enhanced aerobic capacity of modern pentathlon athletes, had no obvious effect on anaerobic endurance ability, so the plateau is a suitable training method to improve aerobic endurance.
5) Analyse heart rate and blood lactate in“combined event”can master athletes’ideal shooting state thus to provide scientific and theoretical basis.
实验方法:通过有氧能力和无氧能力测试、简单反应时和选择反应时、闪光融合频率等指标测试,评价高住低训、高原训练、不同训练周期对优秀现代五项运动员运动能力的影响,应用血液生化指标对运动员在训练的不同时期机能状态进行评定。现代五项新规则制定后,测试跑射联项训练中运动员血乳酸、心率和射击命中率等指标,分析相关性。
结果:
1)准备期初期,大运动量训练引起女运动员血红蛋白下降,准备期末运动量减少或机体适应,血红蛋白回升;男运动员随着体能训练比例的加大,第四周时血红蛋白最低。在竞赛周期第三、四周男女运动员白细胞均不同程度升高。男运动员准备期第四周肌酸激酶值显著升高,睾酮、皮质醇不同程度降低,但都在正常范围内。竞赛期第四周睾酮非常显著升高。女运动员准备周期的第四周尿素氮、肌酸激酶、睾酮和皮质醇值均有不同程度降低。竞赛期第四周睾酮明显降低,尿素氮、肌酸激酶值均有不同程度升高。
2)现代五项运动员有氧和无氧代谢能力的评定:女运动员绝对最大摄氧量、最大通气量与前国家女运动员和八一女队员相比没有明显差异,但相对最大摄氧量水平比前国家队女队员好而不如八一队女队员;男运动员的有氧代谢能力属于我国优秀现代五项男运动员水平。现代五项男女运动员无氧功峰值比我国优秀现代五项运动员高,且男运动员更显著。
3)闪光融合频率、简单反应时和选择反应时测试提示HiLo整体来说对现代五项运动员技能性项目无显著影响,但是存在运动员的个体化差异。
4)四周高原训练,既可显著提高现代五项运动员机体的血氧容量,又能明显促进血液中氧向周围组织释放,能有效的提高血液运氧能力,从而提高机体有氧能力,对运动员无氧能力无明显影响。高原训练对运动员中枢神经系统无疲劳积累和明显负面影响。
5)心率监控运动员跑射联项结果提示男女运动员之间相同心率,命中率和射击时间是不同的,因此不能用同样的心率评价标准。乳酸阈上训练有利于运动员改善乳酸的消除能力
结论:
1)监控现代五项运动员准备期和竞赛期机能状态敏感的生化指标为血红蛋白、红细胞压积、平均红细胞容积和白细胞和尿素氮、肌酸激酶和睾酮、皮质醇。
2)评价现代五项运动员有氧代谢能力的指标,除最大摄氧量绝对值、最大摄氧量相对值和最大通气量等指标外,Bla max也是一个重要的评价指标。
3)高住低训促进现代五项运动员红细胞和血红蛋白含量增加,并改善心肺功能和最大摄氧量。由此推论,HiLo不能保证提高现代五项运动员的运动成绩,但为提高运动员的有氧耐力水平提供了可能。高住低训前后现代五项运动员闪光融合频率、简单反应时和选择反应时测试值无明显差异,但对技能性项目的影响仍需通过一系列专项指标来做出评定。
4)四周高原训练增强了现代五项运动员有氧代谢能力,对速度耐力无明显影响,可以作为提高运动员有氧耐力的训练手段。
5)评价1 km×3跑射联项运动训练中、后运动员血乳酸和心率的变化,可以作为评价运动员射击状态的最佳依据。
Objective: The combination of five individual items in Modern Pentathlon has high requirements of the physical fitness, psychology and skill tactics training, the relationship among individual items are not only influencing but also contradictory. In the fitness training process, how to take five items as a whole, the load of every single item, the arrangement of whole load, and even how to minimize the restrictive factors of single item to others are unsolved questions yet. Which require coaches consider not only the improvement of exercise performance of every single item but also the influence of every single item to others, thus could develop five items of modern pentathlon overall. This study aim directly at weight relationship of five items in competition, use various indexes to evaluate the effects of different training cycle and training methods to the athletes of modern pentathlon, hope to find the weak links, assist coaches take regulation in training process, thus improve the scientific training, ensure the improvement of fitness activity and training level consistently.
Methods: Use blood biochemical indexes、aerobic and anaerobic testings、simple reaction time & select reaction time and flashlight blending frequency to evaluate the effect of training methods of four weeks Living high- Training low hypoxia training and four weeks sub- plateau training, different training cycles of Shanghai modern pentathlon athletes, some of them are the most excellent athletes in China. After adopting the "combined event" as the new competition format for Modern Pentathlon, test blood lactate , heart rate and shooting average, analyse their relevance.
Results:
1) In initial time of preparation period, the great training load caused the female athletes’hemoglobin to drop; hemoglobin raised due to training load reduced or organism adaptation at the end of preparation period; In the third and forth week, male and female athletes’leucocyte raised in different degree. In the forth week of preparation period, CK increased highly significant, Testerone and Cortisol decreased in different level, but with normal limits. Testerone increased significantly in the forth week, BUN, CK, Testerone and Cortisol decreased in different level. Testerone decreased significantly and BUN, CK increased in certain level.
2) Evaluating the aerobic and anaerobic of modern pentathlon athletes: compared to Ex-national female athletes and army female athletes, VO2max, VEmax of our female athletes have no obvious difference, but VO2max/kg is better than Ex-national female athletes and less than army female athletes. The aerobic capacity of male athletes belong to the level of Chinese excellent male athletes, the peak power of anaerobic capacity is higher than Chinese excellent male athletes.
3) Simple reaction time & select reaction time and flashlight blending frequency test results prompts HiLo have no influence in skill items of modern pentathlon, but there are existing individual differences.
4) Four-week plateau training not only improved modern pentathlon athletes’blood oxygen capacity, but also promoted the oxygen in blood peripherad release to tissue, could effectively enhance the ability of transport the oxygen in blood, thus improve the aerobic capacity, which have no obviously affect on anaerobic capacity. Plateau training had no fatigue and negative influence on athletes’central nervous system.
5) Heart rate monitoring’in“combined event”showed that the HR,shooting average and shooting time between male and female modern pentathlon athletes are different, therefore cannot use the same evaluation criteria. Training above lactic acid is in favor of improving athletes’capacity of eliminate lactic acid.
Conclusion:
1)The subtile blood biochemical indexes to mornitor physical function of modern pentathlon athletes are Hb, Hct, Mcv, WBC, BUN, CK, Testerone and Cortisol.
2)The indexes to mornitor aerobic capacity , besides VO2max, VO2max/kg and VEmax, Bla max is also an important index.
3)HiLo promoted the level of red blood cell and hemoglobin, improved cardiopulmonary function and VO2max of modern pentathlon athletes. Therefore, HiLo cann’t guarantee enhance sports performance of modern pentathlon athletes, but possiblely enhance the level of aerobic endurance. There is no difference in results of simple reaction time & select reaction time and flashlight blending frequency pre and after HiLo, However, the impact of the skill items need to make assessment through a series of specific indexes.
4)Four weeks plateau training enhanced aerobic capacity of modern pentathlon athletes, had no obvious effect on anaerobic endurance ability, so the plateau is a suitable training method to improve aerobic endurance.
5) Analyse heart rate and blood lactate in“combined event”can master athletes’ideal shooting state thus to provide scientific and theoretical basis.
引文
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