土壤供氮特征及其对烤烟氮素营养的影响
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摘要
在我国主要烟叶产区贵州省金沙县,利用15N示踪技术,对不同种植方式及不同有机添加物下烤烟氮素吸收、累积分配规律进行了研究,并结合田间原位培养试验,分析了土壤氮素矿化及氮素平衡与烤烟氮素营养的关系。通过田间原位培养与室内培养相结合的方法,探讨了烤烟生长期间不同条件下的土壤氮素矿化规律,并对土壤氮素矿化量及矿化势进行模拟研究。主要研究结果如下:
1旱地轮作土壤烤烟干物质及氮素累积动态呈慢-快-持平型,水旱轮作土壤烤烟干物质及氮素累积动态呈慢-缓慢持续增加型。旱地轮作土壤有利于烤烟生长前期对土壤氮素的吸收,水旱轮作土壤增加了烤烟生长后期对土壤氮的吸收。
2在有机添加物与无机氮肥配施条件下,烤烟对有机添加物中氮的吸收规律基本符合优质烟的需氮规律,其中烤烟对菜籽饼肥、稻草秸秆、油菜秸秆所含氮素的利用率分别为19.5%、15.5%、8.1%,所配施无机氮肥的利用率分别为41.1%、42.7%和35.7%,菜籽饼肥、稻草秸秆、油菜秸秆对烤烟氮素累积量的贡献分别为1.0%、2.4%、2.7%。
3不同轮作方式及添加有机物条件下氮素平衡结果显示,烤烟生长期间的氮输入总量为156.3-405.5kg.hm-2,其中矿化氮量为输入总氮量的22.6%-54.3%,平均为34.5%,约为输入总氮量的1/3;肥料氮的利用率为31.4%-42.7%;植烟土壤氮素表观损失率在37.5%-57.2%,平均为46.9%,约为输入总氮量的一半。烤烟氮素累积量与输入氮总量呈显著正相关,因此在调控土壤氮素供应时,应考虑矿化氮、起始氮和肥料氮等的综合影响。
4在烤烟生长期间,不施肥植烟土壤矿化氮供应存在两个高峰,一是在烤烟旺长期(烤烟移栽后49天左右),二是在烤烟打顶后(烤烟移栽后77天左右)。在烤烟生长期间,随着时间的推进矿化氮累积量增加,至烤烟移栽后91天左右,矿化氮累积量趋于平缓。土壤有机质含量对土壤氮矿化速率动态的影响不显著,肥料的施用导致土壤氮矿化动态波动幅度变大,在烤烟生长前期形成净固定,在烤烟生长后期对土壤净矿化产生显著正激发效应。饼肥施入土壤后21天已开始产生净矿化,稻草秸秆与油菜秸秆在施入土壤49天开始矿化释放无机氮,增加了烤烟生长后期的土壤氮矿化速率,形成前低后高的矿化速率动态。
5变温培养下土壤氮素矿化动态与恒温培养显著不同,变温下土壤矿化氮的累积动态以积温模型的拟合效果最好。指数模型能够较好描述土壤有机氮矿化对土壤水分含量的反应。在土壤氮素矿化积温模型和水分函数的基础上,建立基于温度与水分的土壤氮素矿化模型,可以利用有效积温和土壤含水量来预测田间土壤氮素矿化量。
6对我国主要植烟区土壤样品的分析显示,我国植烟土壤的潜在供氮能力较高,矿化势平均为130.6mg.kg-1左右,其中贵州省植烟土壤的矿化势平均为170.2mg.kg-1左右。不同区域土壤、不同类型土壤的潜在供氮能力差异显著。土壤氮矿化势与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,据此建立简单回归模型可依据土壤有机质含量粗略预测土壤氮矿化势。
Laws of absorption, accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in flue-cured tobacco under different cropping patterns were studied by 15N tracing technique in Jinsha County, Guizhou Province which is main tobacco-producing areas of China. Combined with in situ incubation field experiments, the relationship between soil nitrogen mineralization and tobacco nitrogen nutrition and tobacoo-soil system nitrogen balance were researched. The soil nitrogen mineralization and its simulation were studied by indoor cultivation methods with a combination of in situ incubation experiments during growing stage of flue-cured tobacco. The main findings are as follows:
1 The accumulation dynamics of dry matter and nitrogen in flue-cured tobacco were slow- fast– stable type on dryland soil with maize-tobacco rotation and slow - slowly continued increase type on paddy soil with rice-tobacco rotation. It is conducive to uptake soil nitrogen for flue-tobacco on dryland soil with maize-tobacco rotation before topping (60 days after transplanting) and uptake soil nitrogen for flue-tobacco on paddy soil with rice-tobacco rotation after topping.
2 The nitrogen utilization efficiency of rapeseed cake, rice straw and rape straw were 19.5%, 15.5%, 8.1% respectively, and the inorganic fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency were 41.1%, 42.7% and 35.7% under the combined application of organic additives and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. The contribution rate of rapeseed cake, rice straw, rape straw to accumulated nitrogen of flue-cured tobacco were 1.0%, 2.4%, 2.7% respectively by the combined application of organic additives and nitrogen fertilizer. Flue-cured tobacco for organic nitrogen absorption meet with the nitrogen needs laws of high-quality tobacco, indicating that the combined application organic additives and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer reduces the nicotine content of tobacco, an increase of sugar/nicotine ratio and improved the quality of tobacco. In which the role of rice and rape straw is greater than the rapeseed cake can be used as measures to lower nicotine.
3 Nitrogen accumulation in flue-cured tobacco with the total nitrogen input was a significant positive correlation during the growth stage of flue-cured tobacco. The total nitrogen input for the 156.3-405.5kg.hm-2, in which the soil nitrogen mineralization capacity account for 22.6% -54.3%, with an average of 34.5%, that is, soil nitrogen mineralization accounted for 1/3 of the total nitrogen input. Utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for the 31.4% -42.7%, tobacco nitrogen use efficiency in paddy soil above that of in dry land crop rotation soil. The apparent loss of nitrogen with total nitrogen input was also significantly positive correlation, tobacco apparent loss rate of nitrogen was for 37.5% -57.2%, with an average of 46.9 percent, about half of total nitrogen input.
4 In flue-cured tobacco growth period, the supply of soil nitrogen mineralization in two peaks, one at the flue-cured tobacco rapid growing stage (49 days after transplanting), the second is after topping stage (77 days after transplanting). During growth of the flue-cured tobacco, with the advance of time the cumulative increase in nitrogen mineralization, to flue-cured tobacco for about 91 days after transplanting, the cumulative amount of nitrogen mineralization tends to slow. Soil organic matter content on soil nitrogen mineralization rate dynamics was not significant, the use of nitrogen fertilizers leads to soil nitrogen mineralization dynamics large fluctuations. The soil mineral nitrogen was net fixed in early growth stage of flue-cured tobacco and net mineralization were excited to have a significant effect in the late growth stage. Rapeseed Cake applied 21 days after the soil has begun to generate a net mineralization, rice straw and rapeseed straw in the soil applied 49 days to start the release of inorganic nitrogen, to increase the soil nitrogen mineralization rate in the late growth satge, forming a mineralization rate dynamic which lower in early growth stage and higher in late growth stage.
5 Soil nitrogen mineralization dynamics under fluctuated temperature markedly differ from soil nitrogen mineralization under constant temperature incubation. The accumulated temperature model could fit the best of the dynamic accumulation of mineralized nitrogen under fluctuated culture temperature. Index model can better describe the response of soil organic nitrogen mineralization to soil moisture content. A soil nitrogen mineralization model was created based on temperature and soil moisture, could to predict soil nitrogen mineralization in field by using the effective temperature and soil moisture content data.
6 Mineralization potential of planting tobacco soil was for about 130.6mg.kg-1 in china, with higher N-supplying. Soil N-supplying potentials were significant differences among in different regions and different soil types, in which mineralization potential of soil on average 170.2mg.kg-1 in Guizhou Province. National Tobacco soil sample analysis results showed that there were significant relationship between soil nitrogen mineralization potential and soil organic matter content, so a model was established on soil organic matter content to predict the soil nitrogen mineralization potential.
1旱地轮作土壤烤烟干物质及氮素累积动态呈慢-快-持平型,水旱轮作土壤烤烟干物质及氮素累积动态呈慢-缓慢持续增加型。旱地轮作土壤有利于烤烟生长前期对土壤氮素的吸收,水旱轮作土壤增加了烤烟生长后期对土壤氮的吸收。
2在有机添加物与无机氮肥配施条件下,烤烟对有机添加物中氮的吸收规律基本符合优质烟的需氮规律,其中烤烟对菜籽饼肥、稻草秸秆、油菜秸秆所含氮素的利用率分别为19.5%、15.5%、8.1%,所配施无机氮肥的利用率分别为41.1%、42.7%和35.7%,菜籽饼肥、稻草秸秆、油菜秸秆对烤烟氮素累积量的贡献分别为1.0%、2.4%、2.7%。
3不同轮作方式及添加有机物条件下氮素平衡结果显示,烤烟生长期间的氮输入总量为156.3-405.5kg.hm-2,其中矿化氮量为输入总氮量的22.6%-54.3%,平均为34.5%,约为输入总氮量的1/3;肥料氮的利用率为31.4%-42.7%;植烟土壤氮素表观损失率在37.5%-57.2%,平均为46.9%,约为输入总氮量的一半。烤烟氮素累积量与输入氮总量呈显著正相关,因此在调控土壤氮素供应时,应考虑矿化氮、起始氮和肥料氮等的综合影响。
4在烤烟生长期间,不施肥植烟土壤矿化氮供应存在两个高峰,一是在烤烟旺长期(烤烟移栽后49天左右),二是在烤烟打顶后(烤烟移栽后77天左右)。在烤烟生长期间,随着时间的推进矿化氮累积量增加,至烤烟移栽后91天左右,矿化氮累积量趋于平缓。土壤有机质含量对土壤氮矿化速率动态的影响不显著,肥料的施用导致土壤氮矿化动态波动幅度变大,在烤烟生长前期形成净固定,在烤烟生长后期对土壤净矿化产生显著正激发效应。饼肥施入土壤后21天已开始产生净矿化,稻草秸秆与油菜秸秆在施入土壤49天开始矿化释放无机氮,增加了烤烟生长后期的土壤氮矿化速率,形成前低后高的矿化速率动态。
5变温培养下土壤氮素矿化动态与恒温培养显著不同,变温下土壤矿化氮的累积动态以积温模型的拟合效果最好。指数模型能够较好描述土壤有机氮矿化对土壤水分含量的反应。在土壤氮素矿化积温模型和水分函数的基础上,建立基于温度与水分的土壤氮素矿化模型,可以利用有效积温和土壤含水量来预测田间土壤氮素矿化量。
6对我国主要植烟区土壤样品的分析显示,我国植烟土壤的潜在供氮能力较高,矿化势平均为130.6mg.kg-1左右,其中贵州省植烟土壤的矿化势平均为170.2mg.kg-1左右。不同区域土壤、不同类型土壤的潜在供氮能力差异显著。土壤氮矿化势与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,据此建立简单回归模型可依据土壤有机质含量粗略预测土壤氮矿化势。
Laws of absorption, accumulation and distribution of nitrogen in flue-cured tobacco under different cropping patterns were studied by 15N tracing technique in Jinsha County, Guizhou Province which is main tobacco-producing areas of China. Combined with in situ incubation field experiments, the relationship between soil nitrogen mineralization and tobacco nitrogen nutrition and tobacoo-soil system nitrogen balance were researched. The soil nitrogen mineralization and its simulation were studied by indoor cultivation methods with a combination of in situ incubation experiments during growing stage of flue-cured tobacco. The main findings are as follows:
1 The accumulation dynamics of dry matter and nitrogen in flue-cured tobacco were slow- fast– stable type on dryland soil with maize-tobacco rotation and slow - slowly continued increase type on paddy soil with rice-tobacco rotation. It is conducive to uptake soil nitrogen for flue-tobacco on dryland soil with maize-tobacco rotation before topping (60 days after transplanting) and uptake soil nitrogen for flue-tobacco on paddy soil with rice-tobacco rotation after topping.
2 The nitrogen utilization efficiency of rapeseed cake, rice straw and rape straw were 19.5%, 15.5%, 8.1% respectively, and the inorganic fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency were 41.1%, 42.7% and 35.7% under the combined application of organic additives and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. The contribution rate of rapeseed cake, rice straw, rape straw to accumulated nitrogen of flue-cured tobacco were 1.0%, 2.4%, 2.7% respectively by the combined application of organic additives and nitrogen fertilizer. Flue-cured tobacco for organic nitrogen absorption meet with the nitrogen needs laws of high-quality tobacco, indicating that the combined application organic additives and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer reduces the nicotine content of tobacco, an increase of sugar/nicotine ratio and improved the quality of tobacco. In which the role of rice and rape straw is greater than the rapeseed cake can be used as measures to lower nicotine.
3 Nitrogen accumulation in flue-cured tobacco with the total nitrogen input was a significant positive correlation during the growth stage of flue-cured tobacco. The total nitrogen input for the 156.3-405.5kg.hm-2, in which the soil nitrogen mineralization capacity account for 22.6% -54.3%, with an average of 34.5%, that is, soil nitrogen mineralization accounted for 1/3 of the total nitrogen input. Utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer for the 31.4% -42.7%, tobacco nitrogen use efficiency in paddy soil above that of in dry land crop rotation soil. The apparent loss of nitrogen with total nitrogen input was also significantly positive correlation, tobacco apparent loss rate of nitrogen was for 37.5% -57.2%, with an average of 46.9 percent, about half of total nitrogen input.
4 In flue-cured tobacco growth period, the supply of soil nitrogen mineralization in two peaks, one at the flue-cured tobacco rapid growing stage (49 days after transplanting), the second is after topping stage (77 days after transplanting). During growth of the flue-cured tobacco, with the advance of time the cumulative increase in nitrogen mineralization, to flue-cured tobacco for about 91 days after transplanting, the cumulative amount of nitrogen mineralization tends to slow. Soil organic matter content on soil nitrogen mineralization rate dynamics was not significant, the use of nitrogen fertilizers leads to soil nitrogen mineralization dynamics large fluctuations. The soil mineral nitrogen was net fixed in early growth stage of flue-cured tobacco and net mineralization were excited to have a significant effect in the late growth stage. Rapeseed Cake applied 21 days after the soil has begun to generate a net mineralization, rice straw and rapeseed straw in the soil applied 49 days to start the release of inorganic nitrogen, to increase the soil nitrogen mineralization rate in the late growth satge, forming a mineralization rate dynamic which lower in early growth stage and higher in late growth stage.
5 Soil nitrogen mineralization dynamics under fluctuated temperature markedly differ from soil nitrogen mineralization under constant temperature incubation. The accumulated temperature model could fit the best of the dynamic accumulation of mineralized nitrogen under fluctuated culture temperature. Index model can better describe the response of soil organic nitrogen mineralization to soil moisture content. A soil nitrogen mineralization model was created based on temperature and soil moisture, could to predict soil nitrogen mineralization in field by using the effective temperature and soil moisture content data.
6 Mineralization potential of planting tobacco soil was for about 130.6mg.kg-1 in china, with higher N-supplying. Soil N-supplying potentials were significant differences among in different regions and different soil types, in which mineralization potential of soil on average 170.2mg.kg-1 in Guizhou Province. National Tobacco soil sample analysis results showed that there were significant relationship between soil nitrogen mineralization potential and soil organic matter content, so a model was established on soil organic matter content to predict the soil nitrogen mineralization potential.
引文
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