硬盘悬架窝点与挠臂的接触力学行为及微动磨损机理研究
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摘要
纳米技术的发展促进了信息存储技术的发展。硬盘作为信息存储的主要载体之一,在近十年得到了迅猛发展,主要表现在磁存储容量加大、读写速度加快及磁头飞行高度大幅度减低以致于几乎贴近磁盘盘面等。硬盘处于正常工作时,无论是在正常工作时还是受到的外部冲击时,悬架的窝点与挠臂的万向支架部分都会产生弹塑性变形或微小位移滑动,长期存在这种交替变形或相对滑移,会使得窝点与挠臂发生微动疲劳和微动磨损,这种磨损不仅会降低浮动块与悬架窝点本身的寿命,也大大降低硬盘使用寿命。更为严重的是微动磨损所产生的磨屑或颗粒掉在盘面上成为硬盘致命的污染源,造成读写出错率的增加甚至碟片的物理损伤而导致整个硬盘失效。然而目前对窝点与挠臂的接触行为研究甚少,对其径向及切向微动磨损机理并不明确,现有的接触理论主要集中在实心球的接触行为研究而不能应用于空心球壳结构的窝点。因此,本文采取了理论分析、有限元模拟及实验等相结合的方法,研究了窝点和挠臂之间的接触力学及微动磨损机理,具体的研究内容包括以下几个方面:
建立了可涵盖磁头组件在寻道、加载/卸载及紧急停靠等不同运行状态时的有限元模型,得出了加载条件、摩擦系数、材料属性、几何参数及外部冲击与振动对悬架窝点与挠臂的微动行为的影响规律,得出了窝点与挠臂相对位移与上述主要参数的函数关系,为后续进行微动磨损试验及优化悬架设计奠定了基础。
用理论分析及有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究了全滑移及全粘着条件下,空心球壳与刚性平面的弹性接触行为及屈服时的相关理论,提出了一无量纲化空心球壳参数λ,该球壳参数与球壳形状及材料性质有关。全滑移条件下,空心球位置只和球壳参数有关,而全粘着条件下,球壳屈服点位置除了与球壳参数有关外,还受泊松比的影响。得出了球壳发生屈服时临界载荷、临界位移及临界接触面积与无量纲化球壳参数λ/λp及泊松比的函数关系,并给出了经验公式。分析了窝点与挠臂在全滑移接触条件下,材料属性及几何参数对屈服时的关键参数及其弹塑性接触时的平均接触应力的影响规律,在一定条件下,窝点与挠臂仍可以等效为实心球与刚性平面的接触。
建立了球形非理想光滑表面与刚性平面接触的理论模型,得出了非理想光滑表面塑性指数及无量纲化载荷对分离距离、有效接触面积、切向力、最大静摩擦系数等关键参数的影响规律。建立了球形非理想光滑表面粗糙峰、球形基体及整体产生变形时的数学模型,提出了过渡载荷的定义方法,得出了非理想光滑表面塑性指数及无量纲化载荷对粗糙峰及基体变形的影响规律,提出了用于评价粗糙峰变形对球形非理想光滑表面整体变形的影响判定准则。
在基于纳米压痕仪的基础上,建立了可进行高精度的微纳米尺度径向微动磨损循环试验系统,并在该系统上进行窝点与挠臂的微纳米径向微动机理及实验研究。得出了径向微动循环次数、窝点表面形貌对径向微动的影响规律。当窝点与挠臂接触时,最大位移及残余位移都发生在初始阶段,随着循环周次的增加,最大位移及残余位移不断减小并趋向于一稳定值,即弹性安定,耗散能也会趋于一稳定值,即进入稳定磨损阶段。粗糙峰的塑性变形是窝点发生微纳米径向微动磨损的主要原因。验证了理论研究所得到的球形非理想光滑表面弹塑性接触时,无量纲化载荷与无量纲化位移及塑性指数的关系,过渡载荷等相关理论。
建立了一种可同时控制切向微动试验环境温度、湿度、微动频率及微动振幅等试验条件的微纳米切向微动试验系统。并在该系统上进行窝点与挠臂微纳米切向微动机理及实验研究。得出了窝点与挠臂切向微动载荷-摩擦力曲线及最大摩擦系数随循环次数的演化规律及机理。研究了微动频率、环境温度及湿度对窝点与挠臂切向微动磨损的影响规律。随着微动频率的增加,摩擦力增加,但相对位移减小,耗散能及累计耗散能减小,微动磨损磨痕区域减小。所研究的温度范围内,温度对微动磨损影响不太明显;在高温度及高湿度结合条件下,最大摩擦系数相对减小,在一定程度上可减小切向微动磨损。得出了不锈钢窝点与挠臂切向微动时表面可发生氧化的规律,金涂层挠臂试样在微动时摩擦力较小、耗散能较低,具有良好的抗切向微动损伤的能力。
Nano-technology has promoted the development of information storage technology. As one of the main carriers of information storage, hard disk drive has obtained a great progress in the last ten years. For example, the magnetic storage capacity bacomes larger and larger, the read/write speed becomes faster and faster, as well as the flying height is decreaser and decreaser and is even in contact with the disk. There is an elastic-plastic deformation and relative motion exsited in the dimple/gimbal interface due to the air bearing force and track following, not only during the operational of the hard disk drvie, but also subjecting to external shocks. The existence of such alternative elastic-plastic deformation or slip can generate fretting wear and fretting fatigue, which will not only reduce the own lifetime of the suspension and flexure, but also greatly reduce the durability of the hard disk drive. More seriously, the wear particles generated in the dimple/gimbal interface fall on the disk, causing an increase in the read-write error rate, physical damages of the disk or even the failure of the whole hard disk drive. However, only a few of the work has been done on the contact between the dimple and the flexure. The mechanism of the radial and tangential fretting wear of the dimple/flexure interface is still unclear. Existing contact theory only focused on the contact behavior of solid sphere and could not be used to analyze the dimple, which is a spherical shell. Therefore, the contact behavior and fretting wear mechanism between a dimple and a flexure will be investigated thoeretically and experimentally. The main content of the research includes:
A finite element model, which can be used to simulate the track following, load/unload and emergency parking, of a magetic head assembly was developed. The effect of load conditions, friction coefficient, material properties, geomtrical properties and external impact and vibration on the relative motion between the dimple and the flexure was obtained. The simulation results of the realative motion as functions of the previous parameters could be used for the optimization of the subsequent fretting wear test and suspension design.
The elastic contact behavior and the theory of the yield inception for the contact between a spherical shell and a rigid flat were investigaed using theoretical analysis and finite element method in perfectly slip and full stick contact conditions. A dimesionless shell paramterλ, which is functions of the shell geometry and material properties, was proposed. In the perfectly slip condition, the location of the yield inception is a universal function of the shell parameter, however, the location of the yield inception is not only a function of the shell parameter, but also is affected by the Poisson’s ratio. The critical load ratio, critical interference ratio and the crtical contact area ratio were found to be a univeral function of the dimensionless shell parameterλ/λp and Poisson’s ratio, respectively. The effect of the material properties and geometrical parameters on the critical parameters at yield inception, e.g. critical load and critical interference, and the mean contact pressure of the elastic-plastic contact, in a dimple contacting a flexure was obtained in a perfectly slip contact condition. The results show that the model of a solid sphere in contact with a rigid flat can be used to study the contact of the dimple and the flexure.
A contact model between a rough sphere and a rigid flat was developed. The effect of plasticity index and dimensionless normal load on the dimensionless separation, real contact area, tangential load and the maximum friction coefficient was indentified. The displacement of the asperities, bulk and the total displacement were calculated separately and are functions of plasticity index and normal load of a rough spherical contact. A transition normal load, which is a function of plasticity index and dimensionless interference of the bulk, was presented. A criterion, which was used to study the effect of the displacement of the asperities on the total displacement, was provided.
A radial nano-fretting wear test rig, which can be used to perform high precision radial fretting wear test, was built based on a nano-indenter. A number of radial fretting tests were performed in the test rig and the radial wear mechanism of the dimple and the gimbal was indentified. The effects of the numbers of load/unload cycles and the surface profile of the dimple on the fretting wear was studied. The maximum and the residual displacement occurred on the first load/unload cycles, and decrease with an increase the number of load/unload cycles, eventually reaches a constant value, namely, elastic shakedown. The dissipated energy shows the similar behavior as the maximum displacement and reaches a constant value, i.e., the radial fretting was in a steady state. The experimental results show a good correlation with the theoretical results presented in previous chapters.
A tangential nano-fretting test rig, in which the temperature, humidity and fretting frequency can be adjusted, was built. The tangential fretting wear experiments of the dimple and flexure were performed and the wear mechanism was obtained. The evolution of the friction loop and the maximum friction coefficient as a function of the cycles was identified. The effect of the fretting frequency, humidity and temperature on the fretting wear of the dimple and the flexure was investigated. The friction coefficient increases and the energy dissipation decreases with an increase in the fretting frequency. The effect of temperature studied in this work on the fretting wear is negligible; however, the maximum friction coefficient becomes smaller in the combined high temperature and high humidity environment. The wear mechanism that the steel can be oxidized during the fretting wear was found. As also found, the gold coated flexure material shows small frication confident and low dissipated energy, i.e. it has a good fretting wear resistant property.
建立了可涵盖磁头组件在寻道、加载/卸载及紧急停靠等不同运行状态时的有限元模型,得出了加载条件、摩擦系数、材料属性、几何参数及外部冲击与振动对悬架窝点与挠臂的微动行为的影响规律,得出了窝点与挠臂相对位移与上述主要参数的函数关系,为后续进行微动磨损试验及优化悬架设计奠定了基础。
用理论分析及有限元模拟相结合的方法,研究了全滑移及全粘着条件下,空心球壳与刚性平面的弹性接触行为及屈服时的相关理论,提出了一无量纲化空心球壳参数λ,该球壳参数与球壳形状及材料性质有关。全滑移条件下,空心球位置只和球壳参数有关,而全粘着条件下,球壳屈服点位置除了与球壳参数有关外,还受泊松比的影响。得出了球壳发生屈服时临界载荷、临界位移及临界接触面积与无量纲化球壳参数λ/λp及泊松比的函数关系,并给出了经验公式。分析了窝点与挠臂在全滑移接触条件下,材料属性及几何参数对屈服时的关键参数及其弹塑性接触时的平均接触应力的影响规律,在一定条件下,窝点与挠臂仍可以等效为实心球与刚性平面的接触。
建立了球形非理想光滑表面与刚性平面接触的理论模型,得出了非理想光滑表面塑性指数及无量纲化载荷对分离距离、有效接触面积、切向力、最大静摩擦系数等关键参数的影响规律。建立了球形非理想光滑表面粗糙峰、球形基体及整体产生变形时的数学模型,提出了过渡载荷的定义方法,得出了非理想光滑表面塑性指数及无量纲化载荷对粗糙峰及基体变形的影响规律,提出了用于评价粗糙峰变形对球形非理想光滑表面整体变形的影响判定准则。
在基于纳米压痕仪的基础上,建立了可进行高精度的微纳米尺度径向微动磨损循环试验系统,并在该系统上进行窝点与挠臂的微纳米径向微动机理及实验研究。得出了径向微动循环次数、窝点表面形貌对径向微动的影响规律。当窝点与挠臂接触时,最大位移及残余位移都发生在初始阶段,随着循环周次的增加,最大位移及残余位移不断减小并趋向于一稳定值,即弹性安定,耗散能也会趋于一稳定值,即进入稳定磨损阶段。粗糙峰的塑性变形是窝点发生微纳米径向微动磨损的主要原因。验证了理论研究所得到的球形非理想光滑表面弹塑性接触时,无量纲化载荷与无量纲化位移及塑性指数的关系,过渡载荷等相关理论。
建立了一种可同时控制切向微动试验环境温度、湿度、微动频率及微动振幅等试验条件的微纳米切向微动试验系统。并在该系统上进行窝点与挠臂微纳米切向微动机理及实验研究。得出了窝点与挠臂切向微动载荷-摩擦力曲线及最大摩擦系数随循环次数的演化规律及机理。研究了微动频率、环境温度及湿度对窝点与挠臂切向微动磨损的影响规律。随着微动频率的增加,摩擦力增加,但相对位移减小,耗散能及累计耗散能减小,微动磨损磨痕区域减小。所研究的温度范围内,温度对微动磨损影响不太明显;在高温度及高湿度结合条件下,最大摩擦系数相对减小,在一定程度上可减小切向微动磨损。得出了不锈钢窝点与挠臂切向微动时表面可发生氧化的规律,金涂层挠臂试样在微动时摩擦力较小、耗散能较低,具有良好的抗切向微动损伤的能力。
Nano-technology has promoted the development of information storage technology. As one of the main carriers of information storage, hard disk drive has obtained a great progress in the last ten years. For example, the magnetic storage capacity bacomes larger and larger, the read/write speed becomes faster and faster, as well as the flying height is decreaser and decreaser and is even in contact with the disk. There is an elastic-plastic deformation and relative motion exsited in the dimple/gimbal interface due to the air bearing force and track following, not only during the operational of the hard disk drvie, but also subjecting to external shocks. The existence of such alternative elastic-plastic deformation or slip can generate fretting wear and fretting fatigue, which will not only reduce the own lifetime of the suspension and flexure, but also greatly reduce the durability of the hard disk drive. More seriously, the wear particles generated in the dimple/gimbal interface fall on the disk, causing an increase in the read-write error rate, physical damages of the disk or even the failure of the whole hard disk drive. However, only a few of the work has been done on the contact between the dimple and the flexure. The mechanism of the radial and tangential fretting wear of the dimple/flexure interface is still unclear. Existing contact theory only focused on the contact behavior of solid sphere and could not be used to analyze the dimple, which is a spherical shell. Therefore, the contact behavior and fretting wear mechanism between a dimple and a flexure will be investigated thoeretically and experimentally. The main content of the research includes:
A finite element model, which can be used to simulate the track following, load/unload and emergency parking, of a magetic head assembly was developed. The effect of load conditions, friction coefficient, material properties, geomtrical properties and external impact and vibration on the relative motion between the dimple and the flexure was obtained. The simulation results of the realative motion as functions of the previous parameters could be used for the optimization of the subsequent fretting wear test and suspension design.
The elastic contact behavior and the theory of the yield inception for the contact between a spherical shell and a rigid flat were investigaed using theoretical analysis and finite element method in perfectly slip and full stick contact conditions. A dimesionless shell paramterλ, which is functions of the shell geometry and material properties, was proposed. In the perfectly slip condition, the location of the yield inception is a universal function of the shell parameter, however, the location of the yield inception is not only a function of the shell parameter, but also is affected by the Poisson’s ratio. The critical load ratio, critical interference ratio and the crtical contact area ratio were found to be a univeral function of the dimensionless shell parameterλ/λp and Poisson’s ratio, respectively. The effect of the material properties and geometrical parameters on the critical parameters at yield inception, e.g. critical load and critical interference, and the mean contact pressure of the elastic-plastic contact, in a dimple contacting a flexure was obtained in a perfectly slip contact condition. The results show that the model of a solid sphere in contact with a rigid flat can be used to study the contact of the dimple and the flexure.
A contact model between a rough sphere and a rigid flat was developed. The effect of plasticity index and dimensionless normal load on the dimensionless separation, real contact area, tangential load and the maximum friction coefficient was indentified. The displacement of the asperities, bulk and the total displacement were calculated separately and are functions of plasticity index and normal load of a rough spherical contact. A transition normal load, which is a function of plasticity index and dimensionless interference of the bulk, was presented. A criterion, which was used to study the effect of the displacement of the asperities on the total displacement, was provided.
A radial nano-fretting wear test rig, which can be used to perform high precision radial fretting wear test, was built based on a nano-indenter. A number of radial fretting tests were performed in the test rig and the radial wear mechanism of the dimple and the gimbal was indentified. The effects of the numbers of load/unload cycles and the surface profile of the dimple on the fretting wear was studied. The maximum and the residual displacement occurred on the first load/unload cycles, and decrease with an increase the number of load/unload cycles, eventually reaches a constant value, namely, elastic shakedown. The dissipated energy shows the similar behavior as the maximum displacement and reaches a constant value, i.e., the radial fretting was in a steady state. The experimental results show a good correlation with the theoretical results presented in previous chapters.
A tangential nano-fretting test rig, in which the temperature, humidity and fretting frequency can be adjusted, was built. The tangential fretting wear experiments of the dimple and flexure were performed and the wear mechanism was obtained. The evolution of the friction loop and the maximum friction coefficient as a function of the cycles was identified. The effect of the fretting frequency, humidity and temperature on the fretting wear of the dimple and the flexure was investigated. The friction coefficient increases and the energy dissipation decreases with an increase in the fretting frequency. The effect of temperature studied in this work on the fretting wear is negligible; however, the maximum friction coefficient becomes smaller in the combined high temperature and high humidity environment. The wear mechanism that the steel can be oxidized during the fretting wear was found. As also found, the gold coated flexure material shows small frication confident and low dissipated energy, i.e. it has a good fretting wear resistant property.
引文
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